2026年二氧化碳移除技术：市场概况与承购机制白皮书（英文版）-世界经济论坛奥纬咨询

Incollaboration

withOliverWyman

CarbonDioxide

RemovalTechnologies:

MarketOverviewandOfftake

WHITEPAPERMARCH2026

Image:GettyImages

Contents

Foreword

3

Executivesummary4

1Introduction

6

1.1Whatiscarbonremoval?6

1.2Whyarecarbonremovalcontractsthekeytounlocking6

transformativenetzeroprogress?

1.3WhatarethechallengesinunlockingCDRprogress?7

1.4Whatistheobjectiveofthispaper,specificallyinhelping8

toaddressthechallengesinunlockingCDRprogress?

2

CDRtechnologies

9

2

.1Whatarethedifferenttechnologies?

9

2.2Whatisthecurrentscaleofdeploymentvs.thefuturescale12

ofdeployment?

2.3Whatwillaffectscalabilityofthesetechnologies?17

3CDRofftakes

21

3.1Forsignedofftakes,whataretypicalbuyerandsupplierprofiles?21

3.2Forsignedofftakes,whatdocontractstypicallyinclude26

andhowdotheycompareacrossCDRtechnology?

3.3Whatarekeyinsights(similaritiesanddifferences)forofftakes28

intheCDRspace?

Conclusion29

Contributors

30

Endnotes

31

Disclaimer

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Thefindings,interpretationsand

conclusionsexpressedhereinarearesultofacollaborativeprocessfacilitatedand

endorsedbytheWorldEconomicForumbutwhoseresultsdonotnecessarily

representtheviewsoftheWorldEconomicForum,northeentiretyofitsMembers,

Partnersorotherstakeholders.

©2026WorldEconomicForum.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orbyanyinformation

storageandretrievalsystem.

CarbonDioxideRemovalTechnologies:MarketOverviewandOfftake2

CarbonDioxideRemovalTechnologies:MarketOverviewandOfftake3

March2026

CarbonDioxideRemovalTechnologies:MarketOverviewandOfftake

Foreword

NoamBoussidan

ProgrammeHead,

FirstMoversCoalition,WorldEconomicForum

Amidacceleratingclimateimpacts,therace

tostayinlinewithtargetsundertheParis

Agreementdemandsbothdeepemissions

reductionsandlarge-scalecarbonremoval.The

challengeisformidable:heavyindustry,transportandagriculturecontinuetoemitbillionsoftonnesofCO2annually,whiletheatmosphericstockof

pastemissionskeepsrising.Achievingclimate

stabilitythereforedependsnotonlyoncuttingnewemissionsbutonremovingexistingones–atscaleandwithdurability.

Carbondioxideremoval(CDR)technologies

arequicklymovingfromthemarginstothe

mainstreamoftheclimatetransition.Once

consideredspeculative,theyarenowemerging

ascredible,investablepathways–rangingfrom

directaircapture(DAC)andbioenergywith

carboncaptureandstorage(BECCS)tobiochar

andenhancedrockweathering(ERW).These

technologiesaremovingfromconcepttoearly

commercialization,backedbygrowingcorporate

demand,policyincentivesandanewgenerationofinnovatorsandfinanciers.Yetthemarketremains

nascent:fragmentedstandards,unclearaccountingrulesandlimitedcapitalflowstocoverhighcosts

continuetoconstraindeployment.

Attheforefrontofeffortstochangethistrajectory

istheFirstMoversCoalition(FMC)–agroup

ofglobalcompaniescommittedtousingtheir

purchasingpowertoacceleratethescale-upof

emergingclimatetechnologies.Throughearlyofftakecommitmentsandadvancemarketsignals,FMC

membersarecatalysinginvestmentinfirst-of-a-kind

IlyaKhaykin

PartnerandHeadofClimateRiskandSustainableFinance,Americas,OliverWyman

carbonremovalprojects,transformingdemandintoadriverofinnovationandcostreduction.

Thispaperbuildsonthatmission.DevelopedbytheWorldEconomicForum,incollaborationwithOliverWymanandwithdataandintelligenceprovided

byClimeFi,itprovidesadata-drivenoverviewoftheCDRmarketandofftakelandscape.Drawingfromaggregatedmarketplacedataandindustryinterviews,itmapstheevolvingprofilesofbuyersandsuppliers,identifiesemergingfinancingandcontractingtrendsandexploresthedynamics

shapingmarketbankabilityandscalability.

Itsfindingsrevealbothprogressandparadox:

whilecorporateofftakecommitmentsareincreasing,long-terminvestmentremainsconstrainedby

regulatoryambiguity,fragmentedmarkets,highcostsandtheabsenceofstandardized

risk-sharingmechanisms.Closingthesegaps

willrequirecoordinatedaction–bypolicy-

makers,financiers,corporatesandinnovators–tocreatetheenablingframeworksthatcan

turnearlydemandintodurablesupply.

Asthisdecadeunfolds,durablecarbonremovalwillnotbeanoptionalsupplementtodecarbonization–itwillbeadefiningpillarofit.Bystrengthening

transparency,financingstructuresandofftake

confidence,wecanensurethatCDRbecomesnotjustaclimatenecessitybutanengineofinnovationandeconomicopportunity.

Together,wecanmovefrompromisetoproof–andfromearlycommitmentstoenduringimpact.

CarbonDioxideRemovalTechnologies:MarketOverviewandOfftake4

Executivesummary

Inthefinancialandcontractuallandscape

ofdurablecarbonremoval,varyingcapitalstructures,pricingmodelsandofftaketermsareshapingthepathwaystoscale.

AsFirstMoversCoalition(FMC)members

worktofulfiltheircommitmentstodurable

carbonremoval(CDR)offtake,theyfaceacomplexlandscapeoffinancingandcontractingstructures.WhileFMC’scommitmentsemphasizelong-term

carbonstorage,CDRprojectdevelopersoperateunderdiversefinancialconstraintsthatshapethe

termsofofftakeagreements.ThispaperdoesnotevaluatewhetherspecificCDRpathwaysmeet

FMC’sdurabilityrequirementsbutinsteadexaminesthefinancingprofilesandofftaketermsofCDR

suppliersemerginginthemarket.

Thepaperconsidersthefinancingstructures

andofftaketermsshapingtheCDRmarket,

mappingcapitalstructures,debtaccessibility,pricingmodelsandvolumecommitmentsacrossdifferenttechnologies.Theanalysishighlights

thetrade-offsbetweenhigh-durabilitybut

capital-intensivetechnologies,whichrequirelong-termfinancingandstructuredcontracts,andmoremature,lower-costCDRpathwayswithgreaterofftakeactivity.

Theseinsightscanhelpbuyerstransparently

navigatetheneedtosecurehigh-durabilitycarbonremovalwhilemanagingfinancialrisk,supply

constraintsandcontractflexibility,ultimatelyshapingprocurementstrategiesinarapidlyevolvingmarket.

ThefindingshighlighttheconsiderationsFMC

membersmusttakeintoaccountastheystructureCDRofftakeagreements.Buyersseekinghigh-

durabilitycarbonremovalmustweighfinancingneeds,supplyconstraintsandcontractflexibilityagainsttheirownriskappetiteandprocurementstrategies.Byincreasingtransparencyinsupplierfinancingprofilesandcontractstructures,this

researchprovidesafoundationforscalingCDRinvestments,bridgingthegapbetweenbuyerdemandandsuppliercapabilitiesinarapidlyevolvingmarket.

Thisresearchwasconductedincollaboration

withClimeFiandOliverWyman.ClimeFiprovidedaggregatedofftakedatafromitsplatform,which

connectsCDRsuppliersandbuyers,tocreate

acomprehensivedatasetoffinancingprofilesandcontractstructuresacrossdifferentCDRpathways.OliverWymansupportedtheanalysisoffinancial

mechanisms,riskfactorsandcontractualtrendsshapingtheCDRmarket.

CarbonDioxideRemovalTechnologies:MarketOverviewandOfftake5

TABLE1

Category

Currentofftakecontracttermcharacteristics,byCDRtechnology

FactorDACBECCSBiocharERW

Lessbankable,lessfavourableBankable,favourable

Gradientscale

Carbon

sequestrationquality

Netcarbonefficiency(lower:<50%,highest:>85%)

Durabilityofcarbonstorage(securityofstorageandrisksofleakage:low,medium,high)

Deploymentreadiness

Technologyreadinesslevel(TRL)(low,medium,high)

Measurement,reportingandverification

(MRV)readiness(low,medium,high)

Project

developerfinancingcharacteristics

Stageandmaturity(early,mid-stage,mature)

Capitalrequirements(low,medium,high)

Accesstodebtfinancing(limited,moderate,high)

Revenuediversification(low,medium,high)

Alignmentwithregionaltaxcredits/incentives

(weak,strong)

Offtake

contractterms

Contractlength,reflectinganticipatedtimeline

todelivercarboncredits(shorter:1–8years;

longer:5–12years)

Prepaymentlikelihood(low,medium,high)

Minimumcontractvolumecommitment

(lower,ranged,higher)

%ofsupplybuyersarewillingtosecurethrough

offtake(low,variable,high)

Cost-basedpricingmechanismlikelihood

(lower,higher)

Priceflexibility(reviewmechanisms:absent,present)

Resiliencetoforcemajeureevents

(weather,supplychain,policy:low,moderate,high)

Remedyperiods1(shorter:<6months;

medium:~6months;longer:<12months)

CarbonDioxideRemovalTechnologies:MarketOverviewandOfftake6

1

Introduction

CDRcanhelpcorporatesandtheworld

reachnetzerobutfacescommercializationandregulatorychallengestoscaleeffectively.

CDR2isessentialforachievingnet-zerotargets,butthemarketremainsunderfundedand

underdeveloped.Thispaperprovidesanoverview

ofsupplierprofilesforvariousCDRtechnologiesandthetrendsinCDRofftakeagreementsthathavescaleddeployment.

1.1

Whatiscarbonremoval?

CDRreferstoprocessesandtechnologies

thatextractCO2fromtheatmosphereandstoreitpermanentlyinnaturalorengineeredreservoirs.Thesemethodsinclude:

–Nature-basedsolutions:Reforestation,soilcarbonsequestration

–Engineeredsolutions:Directaircapture(DAC)andbioenergywithcarboncaptureandstorage(BECCS)

–Hybridsolutions:Biocharandenhancedrockweathering(ERW)

Unlikeemissionsreductions,whichprevent

CO2fromenteringtheatmosphere,CDRactivelyremovesexistingemissions,playingacrucialroleinaddressingresidualemissionsfromhard-to-abateindustriessuchasaviation,heavyindustry

andagriculture.

1.2

Whyarecarbonremovalcontractsthekey

tounlockingtransformativenet-zeroprogress?

Keepingglobalwarmingbelow2°Crequiresboth

emissionsreductionsandlarge-scalecarbon

removal.TheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)

emphasizesthatscalingCDRiscriticaltomeetingthisgoal.However,currentdeploymentlevelsremainfarbelowwhatisnecessary.

Whileannouncedcarboncaptureprojectshavegrowninnumber,thegapbetweenplannedandoperationalcapacityremainssignificant,with

currentdeploymentfallingshortofthescale

neededtoalignwithnet-zeroemissions(NZE)

targetsby2030.Expandinginvestmentand

acceleratingprojectexecutionwillbeessentialtoclosingthisgap.

Avitaldriverofthisaccelerationwillbethe

establishmentofofftakecontractsbetween

projectdeveloperscapturingcarbonandcorporateaswellasnon-corporateentities(suchas

governments).Asoperationalcapturecapacityscalesupoverthenextfiveyears–driven

bytheexpectedcommissioningofnumerousfacilitieswithinthenexttwotothreeyears–

thesecontractswillplayacriticalroleinsecuringtheinvestmentneededforfurtherexpansion.

Byprovidingrevenuecertainty,theywillfacilitatecapitalinflowsintothesefacilitiesandsupporttheircapacitygrowthinresponsetoincreasingmarketdemand.

CarbonDioxideRemovalTechnologies:MarketOverviewandOfftake7

Capturecapacity

inmillionsoftonnesofCO2

Growthofannouncedvs.operationalcarbonremovalcapacity

CO2captured

intheNZE

201820192020202120222030

AnnouncedcapturedOperationalcaptured

FIGURE1

1,200

800

400

0

2017

Source:IEA

WhatarethechallengesinunlockingCDRprogress?

1.3

Highcosts,

regulatory

uncertainty,limitedlong-termdemandcommitmentsandfragmentedmarketstructuresremaincriticalbottleneckstoprogress.

Despiteitsimportance,thescalingofCDR

technologiesfacessignificantbarriers.Regulatoryuncertainty–particularlyaroundtheeligibilityof

CDRcreditsforcorporateScope3emissions

reductionsunderframeworkssuchastheScienceBasedTargetsinitiative(SBTi)–limitscorporate

adoption.3Forexample,only32companies(0.5%)outofnearly6,000withscience-basedtargetshavepurchaseddurablecarbonremovalcredits.

Atthesametime,manyhigh-durabilityCDR

technologies–suchasDACandBECCS–remainsignificantlymoreexpensivethanconventional

abatementmeasuresandlower-costnature-basedsolutions.Currentpricelevels,oftenseveralhundreddollarspertonneforengineeredremovals,make

large-scaleprocurementdifficultwithoutpolicysupport,long-termofftakecommitmentsorrisk-sharingmechanisms.

Withoutrobustpolicyincentives,clearmarket

signalsandincreasedinvestment,CDR

technologieswillstruggletoachievethescale

neededtomeet2050climategoals.Highcosts,regulatoryuncertainty,limitedlong-termdemandcommitmentsandfragmentedmarketstructuresremaincriticalbottleneckstoprogress.

CDRdemandandroleofcarbonmarkets

Onthedemandside,corporationsand

governmentshavestartedincorporatingcarbonremovalintotheirnet-zerostrategies.

Companiescanpurchasecarboncreditsto

offsetemissionsviacarbonmarketsdirectlyfromsuppliers,throughbrokers.However,voluntaryandcompliancecarbonmarketsfacestructuralandoperationalchallengesthathindertheir

abilitytosupportthescalingofcarbonremovaltechnologieseffectively.

Voluntarymarketsareprimarilyusedbycompaniestomeetself-imposednet-zerogoals.Whilethey

supportarangeofprojects,includingnature-basedsolutionsandengineeredtechnologiessuchas

DAC,theyremainlargelyunregulated.

Thelackofoversightandinconsistentstandardsforverifyingcreditquality(forexample,permanence,

additionality)createsdistrustamongbuyersand

stiflesinvestment.Compliancemarkets,suchas

theEUEmissionsTradingSystem(EUETS),providegreateraccountabilitybutfocusmoreonemissionsreductioncreditsandofferlimitedsupportfor

carbonremoval.Asaresult,smallerCDRprojectsstruggletosecurefunding,andthescalingofcriticaltechnologiesisdelayed.

Anotherchallengeisfragmentationbetween

voluntaryandcompliancemarkets.Acreditcertifiedunderonesystemmaynotqualifyinanother,

limitingmarketliquidityandmakingitdifficultfor

smallerprojectstoaccessbuyers.Forexample,aDACprojectcertifiedunderavoluntarysystemmayfailtoattractcompliancemarketbuyers,further

stallingdevelopment.Aunifiedmarketsystemthatbridgesvoluntaryandcompliancemechanisms

couldimprovestandardization,attractmorebuyersandprovidemuch-neededtransparency.

CarbonDioxideRemovalTechnologies:MarketOverviewandOfftake8

Pathforward

Toaddressthesechallengesandclosethegap

by2030,targetedactionsmustfocusonscalingproduction,increasingdemand,strengthening

carbonmarketsandboostinginvestment.Actionsincludeexpandingpublicfundingthroughgrants

andtaxcredits,encouragingprivateresearchanddevelopment(R&D),buildinginfrastructureforCO2transportandstorageandaligningvoluntaryandcompliancemarketstocreateunifiedstandards.

KeyleverstounlockCDRscale

TABLE2

Goal

Expandcarbonremovalcapacity

Lever

–Expandpublicfunding:TaxcreditssuchastheUS45Q4andgrantsforpilotprojectscandriveinitialinvestmentandtechnologyscaling.

–IncentivizeprivateR&D:Subsidiesandlow-costfinancingcanencourageprivatecompaniestoinvestintechnologiessuchasDACandBECCS.

–Buildinfrastructure:DevelopingCO2storagefacilitiesandpipelineswillimprovecostefficiencyandscalability.

Increasingdemand

Strengtheningcarbonmarkets

Boostinginvestment

–ClarifyScope3guidance:TheSBTishoulddefinehowremovalscounttowardsScope3emissions,reducingcorporateuncertainty.

–Createprocurementmandates:Governmentscanrequirecompaniestosourceaportionofcreditsfromremovalstocreatesteadydemand.

–Reducebuyercosts:Subsidiesortaxbreaksforpurchasinghigh-qualityremovalcreditscanmakethemmoreattractivetocorporations.

–Standardizeverification:Developglobalcriteriaforverifyingcarbonremovalcreditstoensurequalityandbuildtrust.

–Unifymarkets:Linkingvoluntaryandcompliancemarketswouldenablecreditportabilityandexpandthepoolofbuyersandsellers.

–Enhancetransparency:Real-timeregistriesandmonitoringsystemswouldimprovecreditvisibilityandpromoteaccountability.

–Public–privatepartnerships:Governmentsandprivatefinancierscancollaboratetode-riskinvestmentsinearly-stageprojects.

–Dedicatedremovalfunds:Multilateraldevelopmentbanks(MDBs)andprivateequitycancreatespecializedfundstoscaleremovaltechnologies.

–Scaleinfrastructurefunding:Investmentinstorageandtransportsystemswillsupportlargerremovalprojects.

1.4

Whatistheobjectiveofthispaper,specifically

inhelpingtoaddressthechallengesofunlockingCDRprogress?

ThispaperexaminesofftakedataforfourprimaryCDRtechnologies:DAC,BECCS,biocharand

ERW.Theanalysis,basedondatafromClimeFi,5identifiestrends,challengesandopportunities

forofftakeineachpathwayandprovides

afoundationforevaluatingCDRtechnologiesandtheirroleindecarbonizationefforts.

CarbonDioxideRemovalTechnologies:MarketOverviewandOfftake9

2

CDRtechnologies

CDRcanfollowvariouspathways,but

supportivepoliciesandearlyinvestmentshaveaccelerateddeploymentforsometechnologies.

2.1

Whatarethedifferenttechnologies?

CDRtechnologiescanbebroadlycategorized

intoengineeredandnature-basedsolutions,eachrelyingondistinctphysical,chemicalorbiologicalprocessestocaptureandstoreCO2.

DAC

DACremovesCO2directlyfromambientair

usingchemicalprocesses.Airisdrawnthrough

contactorscontainingeitherliquidsolvents

(typicallyalkalinesolutionssuchaspotassium

hydroxide),whichchemicallybindCO2andformcarbonatecompounds,orsolidsorbents(amine-basedmaterialsormetal-organicframeworks),

whichadsorbCO2ontotheirsurfaces.

Oncecaptured,theCO2isreleasedthroughheatorpressurechanges(aregenerationstep),producingaconcentratedCO2stream.ThispurifiedCO2can thenbe:

–Injectedintodeepgeologicalformations(for

example,salineaquifersordepletedoilandgasreservoirs)forpermanentstorage

–Mineralizedbyreactingwithrockformationstoformstablecarbonates

DACishighlymeasurableanddurablebutalsoenergy-intensiveduetothelowconcentrationofCO2inair(~0.04%).Itsscalabilitydependsonaccesstolow-carbonenergyandCO2transportandstorageinfrastructure.

BECCS

BECCSintegratesbiomassenergyproductionwithcarboncaptureandstorage.Theprocessworks

asfollows:

1.PlantsabsorbCO2fromtheatmospherethroughphotosynthesisduringgrowth.

2.Biomass(forexample,agriculturalresidues,woodpellets,energycrops)iscombustedorconvertedintobiofuelstoproduceenergy.

3.CO2releasedduringcombustionorfermentationiscapturedatthefacilityusingpost-combustion

capturetechnologies(similartothoseusedinfossilfuelcarboncaptureandstorage).

4.ThecapturedCO2iscompressedand

transportedforpermanentgeologicalstorage.

BecausethecarbonoriginatedfromatmosphericCO2absorbedduringplantgrowth,andisthencapturedandstoredunderground,BECCScanresultinnet-negativeemissions.

Keyconstraintsincludesustainablebiomass

supply,land-useimpacts,life-cycleemissionsaccountingandtheavailabilityofCO2transportandstoragenetworks.

Biochar

Biocharisproducedthroughpyrolysis,a

thermochemicalprocessthatheatsbiomassinalow-oxygenenvironment.Insteadoffullycombusting,thebiomassdecomposesintoastablecarbon-richsolid(biochar),syngasandbio-oil.

Thecarboninbiocharischemicallystabilizedintoaromaticstructuresthatareresistanttomicrobialdecomposition.Whenappliedtosoils,biocharcan:

–Storecarbonfordecadesorcenturies

–Improvesoilwaterretention

–Enhancenutrientretentionandagriculturalproductivity

Thepermanenceofbiochardependsonfeedstocktype,pyrolysistemperatureandsoilconditions.

Itisconsideredahybridsolutionbecauseitreliesonnaturalcarboncyclingbutenhancesdurabilitythroughengineeredprocessing.

ERW

ERWacceleratesanaturalgeologicalprocess.Innature,silicaterocks(basalt,forexample)

chemicallyreactwithCO2andwaterover

thousandsofyears,formingstablebicarbonatesorcarbonateminerals.

CarbonDioxideRemovalTechnologies:MarketOverviewandOfftake10

ERWspeedsupthisprocessby:

–Miningandgrindingreactivesilicaterocksintofineparticlestoincreasesurfacearea

–Spreadingthematerialonagriculturallandorcoastlines

–AllowingnaturalchemicalreactionswithrainwaterandatmosphericCO2tooccur

ThereactionconvertsCO2intodissolved

bicarbonatesthatcaneventuallywashintooceansorformstablecarbonatesinsoils.Keytechnical

considerationsinclude:

–Energyusedforminingandgrinding

–Measurement,reportingandverification(MRV)complexity

–Environmentalco-benefitssuchassoilnutrientenhancement

Likebiochar,ERWisconsideredhybrid

becauseitenhancesanaturalprocessthroughindustrialintervention.

FIGURE2

Graphicrepresentationofpathways,andanoverviewoftheenergyandcapitalrequirements,nascencyandregionalsupport

CaptureStorage

CapexOpexNascency

Subsidy

support

Energy

needs

DAC

>

>

2

AmbientairCo-freeair

CO2

BECCS

Undergroundstorage

CO2

>

>

>

AgricultureBiomassCO2capture+

andforestrypelletselectricity/heat

by-products

Biochar

>

>

Stable,

carbon-rich

solid

LowO2

Soilenhancer

environment,

pyrolisis

Agricultureandforestryby-products

Increased

absorptionofCON/A

>or

2

fromatmosphereCrushedOceanLand

rockrichin

silicatecarbonate

ERW

HighMedium.Low

CDRtechnologiesvarysignificantlyintheir

effectiveness,scalabilityandresourcerequirements.Choosingtherighttechnologydependsnotonlyonitstechnicalreadinessorcostbutalsoonhowwellitalignswithspecificclimategoalsandoperationalrealities.Forexample,companiesorgovernmentswithlimitedenergyresourcesmayprioritizelow-

energyusetechnologiessuchasbiocharandBECCS,whilethoseseekinglong-termcarbonstoragemightoptforapproachessuchasDACorBECCS.

MRV6readinessreferstotheexistenceofa

standardizedmethodologyformeasuringand

verifyingthequantityofcarbonremoved.Validationisgenerallyeasierinclosedsystems,wherecarbonflowsoccurwithincontrolledindustrialfacilitiesandcanbedirectlymeasuredusingsensorsandmassbalancecalculations.TechnologiessuchasDAC

andcertainbiocharsystemsfallintothiscategory.

CarbonDioxideRemovalTechnologies:MarketOverviewandOfftake11

Buyershad

alreadybeen

purchasingDAC

creditsbefore

certification,

showingthat

investmentcan

occurevenwithoutfullyestablished

MRVframeworks.

Incontrast,opensystems7operateacrossnatural

environments,wherecarbonremovalprocesses

interactwithsoil,waterandatmosphericconditions.PathwayssuchasERWrelyongeochemical

reactionsthataremoredifficulttomeasuredirectly,requiringmodellingandenvironmentalsamplingtoestimateremovalvolumes.Thismakesvalidationmorecomplexandintroducesgreateruncertaintycomparedtoclosedsystems–suchasthoseusedbyDACandcertainbiocharapplications–wherecarbonflowsoccurwithincontrolledindustrial

facilitiesandcanbedirectlymonitoredandverified.

OtherfactorsinfluencingMRVreadinessinclude

thedurabilityofcarbonstorage(forexample,DAC’sgeologicalstoragevs.biochar’sdependency

onsoilconditions),theavailabilityofrobustMRV

standards(forexample,

Puro.earth

,Isometric8)andthecostandfeasibilityofimplementingmonitoringsystems.Forexample,

Puro.earth

validated

Climeworks’methodology–aDACcompany–

in2024.YetbuyershadalreadybeenpurchasingDACcreditsbeforethiscertification,showingthatinvestmentcanoccurevenwithoutfullyestablishedMRVframeworks.

Comparisonofproduct/technologyspecificationsbyCDRpathway

TABLE3

DAC

BECCS

Biochar

ERW

Netcarbon

efficiency9

55–80%

85–100%

90–100%

85–