《计算机专业英语》-Unit1ComputerBasics

TextA:ComputerinOurLivesHowcanyouknowthelatestnews?Useyourcomputertoreadthewebsite.Howcanyouchatwithyourfriendsoverseascheaply?UseyourcomputertocommunicateonMSN.Howcanyouavoidyourunpleasanthandwriting?UseyourcomputertowriteontheMicrosoftOfficeWord.Moreandmorepeoplefinditdifficulttolivenormallywithoutcomputers.Thereisnodoubtthatweusecomputersalotforstudy,businessandentertainment.下一页返回TextA:ComputerinOurLivesInthe1970s,itwasnotessentialfortheaveragepeopletoknowhowtouseacomputerinhisorherjob/studyanditwasunknowntohaveacomputerathome.Computerswerelargeandexpensive,andfewpeoplehadaccesstothem.Furthermore,theuseofcomputersgenerallyrequiredalotoftechnicalknowledge.Mostcomputersusedinorganizationsjustcarriedouthigh-volumepaperworkprocessing,suchasissuingbillsandkeepingtrackofcustomersandproductbalances.Mostordinaryworkingpeoplewereafraidofcomputersandtherewerefewgoodreasonsforgettingfamiliarwiththem.上一页下一页返回TextA:ComputerinOurLivesSuddenlythingsbegantochange.Inthe1980s,computersbegantotakeupnewrolesinvariousforms.Asimplecomputercouldbeacashmachineinasupermarket,whichdoesnotlooklikeatraditionalone.Inthepasttwodecades,thepriceofcomponentsusedforcomputerssteadilyfellduetohighertechnologicaladvancement,reducedcostofmanufacturing,stiffercompetition,entranceofmoremanufacturers,newusagethatsimplifiedmanyprocesses,greatermarketdemandandinevitabilitytohigherproductivity.Andthetrendoftheusageofcomputersischangingrapidly,fromgovernmentaltocivilian.Tillnow,thebeginningofthe21stcentury,computersarebecomingmorepowerfulandfunctionalandmuchclosertoourdailylives.Microcomputers—inexpensivepersonalcomputersorPCs—werecreatedandtheuseofcomputerincreaseddramatically.Thisincreaseduseofcomputershasaffectedourpersonallives.上一页下一页返回TextA:ComputerinOurLivesTodaywearelivinginthemidstofacomputerrevolution,wheremanyjobsheavilydependonthecreation,collection,use,anddisseminationofinformation.What’smore,thisrevolutionisshowingnosignsofslowingdownbutaccelerating.Whetheryoubecomeateacher,lawyer,doctor,professionalathlete,executive,orskilledtradesperson,yourperformancewilllargelydependoninformationandyouwilluseit.Today’scomputers,withtheirdizzyingspeedsandhighlevelofaccuracyandreliability,arecontinuallytakingonnewrolesinoursociety.上一页下一页返回TextA:ComputerinOurLivesTheprominenceofinformationtechnologyoverthelastfewdecadeshasresultedinthistimeperiodbeingreferredtoastheinformationage.Nowaccordingtomanyexperts,weareenteringanewinformationrevolution,whichisusuallythoughtofasbeingtiedtothevastamountofinformationaccumulatedanddistributedviatheInternet.Theavailabilityofthishugecollectionofinformationhasagreatamountofadvantages,butithassomedisadvantages,aswell.上一页下一页返回TextA:ComputerinOurLivesThebenefitsofhavingsuchacomputer-orientedsocietyarenumerous.Thespeed,accuracy,andreliabilityofcomputershavechangedthewaywedobusinessnotjustatamanagementlevelasinitiallyprojected,butonday-to-dayoperations.Thecapabilitytodesign,build,andtestnewbuildingsandotherstructuresbeforetheactualconstructionbeginshasledtosaferbuildingsandamoreefficientdevelopmentcycle.Theabilitytoshop,paybills,doproductresearch,andlookupthevastamountofinformationavailablethroughtheInternetfromhomeorwhereveryouhappentobeatthetimeisahugeconveniencethatfewwouldhaveevendreamedaboutevenadecadeago.Andtheabilityofbusinessestobeopenforbusiness24hours,7daysaweek,365daysayearviatheInternetandoperatemoreefficiently,aswell,isadistinctadvantage.上一页下一页返回TextA:ComputerinOurLivesAlongwiththebenefitsofacomputer-orientedsociety,computershavebroughtavarietyofproblemsrangingfromhealthconcernstopersonalsecurityandprivacyissuestoethics.ManybusinessesarefeelingpressuredtoquicklybecomepreparedtodobusinessviatheInternetorriskbeingleftbehind.Manyjobshavealsoevolvedwiththeemergenceofthecomputers,suchasincludingtaskspreviouslyperformedbyasecretaryoranassistant,simplybecausetheworkercannowhaveacomputeronhisorherdesk,briefcase,orpocket.上一页下一页返回TextA:ComputerinOurLivesAsfarasprivacyisconcerned,individualsneedtobeawareofthevastamountofinformationthatcanbeaccumulatedaboutthemanddistributedtoothers.Suchinformationcanbeobtainedfromtheironlineandofflinebuyinghistory,aswellasavailablepublicinformation,suchashomepurchases.Theaccumulationanddistributionofinformationareimportantfactorsofournew-networkedeconomy,anditisoneareaofgreatconcerntomanyconsumers.上一页下一页返回TextA:ComputerinOurLivesWordsandExpressionslatest:adj.最近的，最新的entertainment:n.娱乐essential:adj.基本的access:n.进入High-volume：adj.大量的keeptrackof:记录getfamiliarwith:熟悉；变得熟悉takeup:承担cashmachine:自动提款机；自动柜员机上一页下一页返回TextA:ComputerinOurLivescomponent:n.组件；元件stiff:adj.严厉的simplify:v.使……简化inevitability:n.必然性；不可逃避productivity:n.生产力；生产率；生产能力civilian:n.平民，百姓dissemination:n.宣传；散播accelerate:vt.使……加快；使……增速上一页下一页返回TextA:ComputerinOurLivesexecutive:adj.行政的；经营的n.经理；经理主管人员performance:n.绩效dizzying:adj.令人昏乱的；极快的accuracy:n.精确度，准确性reliability:n.可靠性prominence:n.突出；显著accumulated:adj.累积的；累计的上一页下一页返回TextA:ComputerinOurLivesvia:prep.通过；经由availability：n.可用性；有效性；实用性Computer-oriented:adj.以计算机为方向的numerous:adj.许多的initially:adv.最初，首先；开头capability:n.才能，能力；性能convenience:n.便利；方便distinct:adj.明显的；独特的上一页下一页返回TextA:ComputerinOurLivesbriefcase:n.公文包privacy:n.隐私；秘密individual:adj.个人的；个别的n.个人，个体obtain:vt.获得purchase:vt/n.购买networked:adj.网络的上一页下一页返回TextA:ComputerinOurLivesNotes

①Inthepasttwodecades,thepriceofcomponentsusedforcomputerssteadilyfellduetohighertechnologicaladvancement,reducedcostofmanufacturing,stiffercompetition,entranceofmoremanufacturers,newusagethatsimplifiedmanyprocesses,greatermarketdemandandinevitabilitytohigherproductivity.

②What’smore,thisrevolutionisshowingnosignsofslowingdownbutaccelerating.上一页下一页返回TextA:ComputerinOurLives③Theprominenceofinformationtechnologyoverthelastfewdecadeshasresultedinthistimeperiodbeingreferredtoastheinformationage.④Nowaccordingtomanyexperts,weareenteringanewinformationrevolution,whichisusuallythoughtofasbeingtiedtothevastamountofinformationaccumulatedanddistributedviatheInternet.上一页返回TextB:EvolutionofComputerENIAC,1946下一页返回TextB:EvolutionofComputerRegardedasthefirstgeneralpurposeelectroniccomputer,theElectronicNumericalIntegratorandComputer(ENIAC)wasinitiallycommissionedfortheuseinWorldWarII,butnotcompleteduntiloneyearafterthewarhadended.InstalledattheUniversityofPennsylvania,its40separateeight-foot-highracksand18,000tubeswereintendedtohelpcalculateballistictrajectories.上一页下一页返回TextB:EvolutionofComputerSAGE,1954上一页下一页返回TextB:EvolutionofComputerAgiganticcomputerizedairdefensesystem,SAGE(Semi-AutomaticGroundEnvironment)wasdesignedtohelptheAirForcetrackradardatainrealtime.Equippedwithtechnicaladvancessuchasmodemsandgraphicaldisplays,themachineweighed300tonsandoccupiedonefloorofaconcreteblockhouse.上一页下一页返回TextB:EvolutionofComputerNEC2203,1960上一页下一页返回TextB:EvolutionofComputerManufacturedbytheNipponElectricCompany(NEC),thedrum-basedmachinewasoneoftheearliesttransistorizedJapanesecomputers.Itwasusedforbusiness,scientificandengineeringapplications.IBMSystem/360,1964上一页下一页返回TextB:EvolutionofComputerPartofafamilyofinterchangeablecomputers,theIBMSystem/360mainframewasthefirsttocoveracompleterangeofapplications,fromsmalltolarge,fromcommercialtoscientific.Userswereabletoenlargeorshrinktheirsetupwithouthavingtomakeheadache-inducingsoftwareupgradesaswell.Higher-endSystem/360modelshadrolesinNASA’sApollomissionsaswellasairtrafficcontrolsystems.上一页下一页返回TextB:EvolutionofComputerCDC6600,1964Foratimethefastestmachineintheworld,ControlDataCorporation’s6600machinewasdesignedbynotedcomputerarchitectSeymourCray.Itretaineditsspeedcrownuntil1969,whenCraydesignedhisnextsupercomputer.上一页下一页返回TextB:EvolutionofComputerDECPDP8,1965Thefirstsuccessfulcommercialminicomputer,thePDP8,madebytheDigitalEquipmentCorporation,soldmorethan50,000unitsuponitsrelease,themostofanycomputeruptothattime.YearsbeforeAppleandGnu/LinuxofferedalternativestothedominantIBM/Microsoftparadigms,DECproposeditsownvision,byencouraginguserstoeducatethemselvesandtakepartintheevolutionoftheline.上一页下一页返回TextB:EvolutionofComputerInterfaceMessageProcessor（IMP）,1969ConceivedattheheightoftheColdWar,whentheU.S.governmentsoughtawaytokeepitsnetworkofcomputersaliveincasecertainnodesweredestroyedinanuclearattackorotherhostileact,theIMPfeaturedthefirstgenerationofgateways,whicharetodayknownasrouters.Assuch,IMPperformedacriticaltaskinthedevelopmentoftheARPANET(AdvancedResearchProjectsAgencyNetwork),theworld’sfirstoperationalpacketswitchingnetwork,andthepredecessorofthecontemporaryglobalInternet.上一页下一页返回TextB:EvolutionofComputerKenbak1,1971Oftenconsideredastheworld’sfirst“personalcomputer,”theKenbakwastoutedasaneasy-to-useeducationaltool,butitfailedtosellmorethanseveraldozenunits.Lackingamicroprocessor,ithadonly256bytesofcomputingpoweranditsonlyoutputwasaseriesofblinkinglights.Cray1,1976Atthetimeofitsrelease,theCray1,wasthefastestcomputingmachineintheworld.Despiteitspricetaggedbetween$5and$10million,itsoldwell.ItisoneofthemanymachinesdesignedbySeymourCray,acomputerarchitectwhodevotedhislifetothecreationofso-calledsupercomputers,machineswhichprioritizedprocessingcapacityandspeedofcalculation.上一页下一页返回TextB:EvolutionofComputerAppleI,1976InitiallyconceivedbySteveWozniak(a.k.a.“Woz”)asabuildityourselfkitcomputer,AppleIwasinitiallyrejectedbyhisbossesatHewlettPackard.Undeterred,heofferedittoSiliconValley’sHomebrewComputerCluband,togetherwithhisfriendSteveJobs,managedtosell50pre-builtmodelstoTheByteShopinMountainView,California.Thesuggestedretailprice:$666.Thoughsaleswerelow,themachinepavedthewayforthesmashsuccessoftheAppleⅡ.上一页下一页返回TextB:EvolutionofComputerIBMPersonalComputer(IBMPC),1981

Featuringanindependentkeyboard,printerandmonitor,theslick,completelookingpackagewhichwastheIBMPChelpedpushpersonalcomputingoutofthehobbyist’sgarageandintothecorporateandconsumermainstream.Itsimmensecommercialsuccessmadeitthehallmarkofpersonalcomputingformanyyearsandledothermanufacturerstoproducesimilardesktopmodels.上一页下一页返回TextB:EvolutionofComputerOsborne1PortableComputer,1981Thefirstcommercialportablecomputer,theOsborneweighed24lbsandcostlessthan$2,000.Itgainedpopularitybecauseofitslowpriceandtheextensivesoftwarelibrarythatcamewithit.HewlettPackard150(HP150),1983Representingthefirststepinatechnologywidelyavailabletoday,theHP150wasthefirstcommerciallyavailablecomputerwithtouchscreentechnology.The9inchcomputerscreenwassurroundedbyinfraredtransmittersandreceiversthatdetectedthepositionoftheuser’sfinger.上一页下一页返回TextB:EvolutionofComputerDeepBlue,1997BeganatIBMinthelate1980s,theDeepBlueprojectwasanattemptatusingparallelprocessingtosolveadifficultproblem,namely,beatingthebestchessplayerintheworld,GarryKasparov.Duringasixgamematch,whichKasparovultimatelylost,theconfoundedmasterattributedonemoveto“thehandofGod.”iPhone,2007ThehandylittledeviceintroducedbyAppleCEOSteveJobsin2007notonlybringstogetherInternetaccess,aregularcellphone,cameraandmediaplayer,itsupportsawidevarietyofthirdpartyapplications,orapps,thatsupplyeverythingfromrecipestomapsofthenightsky,andwrapsitallinasleek,glossyexterior.上一页下一页返回TextB:EvolutionofComputeriPad,2010Andnowthetabletisfinallyhere.It’scalledaniPad,andit’shalfaninchthick,weighs1.5poundsandfeaturesa9.7inchdisplay.AsSteveJobssaysinthepresentationabove,thedevicehasa10hourbatterylife,soyou’llbeabletouseallthe3rdpartyapps,games,videosandonlinenewspapersyouwant.TheWi-FiiPadbeginsat$499whilethe3Gversionbeginsat$629.上一页下一页返回TextB:EvolutionofComputerWordsandExpressionsgeneralpurpose:通用的commission:vt.委任；使服役；委托制作UniversityofPennsylvania:（美国）宾夕法尼亚大学rack:n.架子tube:n.管；电子管ballistic:adj.弹道的trajectory:n.轨道，轨线；弹道gigantic:adj.巨大的，庞大的airdefense:n.防空track:vt.追踪上一页下一页返回TextB:EvolutionofComputerblockhouse:n.(供观察火箭、导弹发射、核爆炸用的)钢筋混凝土掩体transistorized:adj.晶体管化的；装有晶体管的interchangeable:adj.可互换的；可交换的airtrafficcontrol:空中交通管制tout:vt.高度评价blinkinglights:闪光信号灯conceive:vt.构思undeterred:adj.未受阻的；未被吓住的上一页下一页返回TextB:EvolutionofComputerhobbyist:n.沉溺于某种癖好者，嗜某爱好成癖的人hallmark:n.特点；品质证明parallelprocessing:［计］并行处理ultimately:adv.最后recipe:n.食谱sleek:adj.圆滑的glossy:adj.光滑的；有光泽的exterior:n.外部；表面；外形iPad:苹果平板电脑Wi-Fi:无线上网技术上一页下一页返回TextB:EvolutionofComputerNotes①Agiganticcomputerizedairdefensesystem,SAGE(SemiAutomaticGroundEnvironment)wasdesignedtohelptheAirForcetrackradardatainrealtime.②Foratimethefastestmachineintheworld,ControlDataCorporation’s6600machinewasdesignedbynotedcomputerarchitectSeymourCray.③Itretaineditsspeedcrownuntil1969,whenCraydesignedhisnextsupercomputer.上一页下一页返回TextB:EvolutionofComputer④packetswitching:［通信］包交换技术;(信息)分组交换，包交换，信息包(或报文分组)交换［亦作packetswitching］［常用作定语］。⑤feature可以作名词解，其意思是“特点；特征”。但在本文中feature被用作一个动词，其意思是“以……为特色”。上一页返回GrammarFocus一、名词

名词可以分为专有名词（ProperNouns）和普通名词(CommonNouns）。专有名词是某个（些）人、地方、机构等专有的名称，如：Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面4类。（1）个体名词（IndividualNouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如gun。（2）集体名词（CollectiveNouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如family。下一页返回GrammarFocus（3）物质名词（MaterialNouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如air。（4）抽象名词（AbstractNouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如work。个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（CountableNouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（UncountableNouns）。上一页下一页返回GrammarFocus1.名词复数的规则变化上一页下一页返回GrammarFocus2.其他名词复数的规则变化(1)以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s，如：monkey—monkeys,holiday—holidays。(2)以o结尾的名词，变复数时许多加es，特别是一些常用词，如：heroes,potatoes,tomatoes,echoes,tornadoes,torpedoes,dominoes,vetoes,mosquitoes,Negroes,mangoes,buffaloes。②一些外来词，特别是音乐方面的词，如：pianos,solos,concertos,tobaccos,mottos,cellos。③一些缩写词和专有名词，如：kilos,photos,memos,micros,Eskimos,Filipnos。有个别词加两种词尾都可以，如：archipelago(e)s,zero(e)s,cargoes(英），cargos(美）。上一页下一页返回GrammarFocus3.名词复数的不规则变化（1）child—children，foot—feet，tooth—teeth，

mouse—mice，man—men，woman—women

注意：与man和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men和-women。如anEnglishman，twoEnglishmen。但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是theBowmans。上一页下一页返回GrammarFocus（2）单复同形，如：

deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese，

li，jin，yuan，twoli，threemu，fourjin。但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:adollar,twodollars;ameter,twometers。（3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。上一页下一页返回GrammarFocus(4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：①maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。②news是不可数名词。③theUnitedStates，theUnitedNations应视为单数。

TheUnitedNationswasorganizedin1945.联合国是1945年组建起来的。④以复数形式出现的书名、剧名、报纸、杂志名也可视为单数。上一页下一页返回GrammarFocus(5)表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses