《计算机专业英语》-Unit11Electronic-commerceKnowledge

TextA:E-commerce下一页返回TextA:E-commerce1.IntroductionE-commercewithinenterpriseshasbeendevelopedsinceearly1970’s.Atthattime,computersandinternetwerenotwidelyused;e-commercemainlyreliedonElectronicDataInterchange(EDI)technologies.Companiesexchangedtheirinformationthroughmodems,whichhadavoidedanumberofhumanerrors.Theywereabletosendinformationinstandardformatsthattherecipientscouldtheninterpretbyusingthesamestandards.TheUnitedNations(UN)hasformulatedasetofstandardsforEDIandintroducedittocountriesallovertheworld.FacingthecomplexbusinessenvironmentandonlyasmallnumberofcompaniesusingEDI,thesystemwasrunningatarelativelyhighcostwithlowconnectioncoverage.Thatiswhye-commercewasonlyconcentratedinsomebigenterprisesinternally.上一页下一页返回TextA:E-commerce2.DefinitionofE-commerceE-commerceistheresultofthecombinationofeconomicandinformationtechnologiesdevelopment.Thereare2levelsofmeaningsfore-commerce:confinedandbroadersense.Generallyspeaking,e-commerceinaconfinedsensemeansthebusinesstradingisbasedontheprocessingandtransmissionofdatathroughanopennetwork(mainlytheInternet).Thisincludesthebusinesstobusiness(BtoB),business-to-consumers(BtoC)andbusinesstogovernment(BtoG)tradingactivities.E-commerceinabroadersenseinvolvesawiderscope.Itdoesnotonlyincludethetransactionsbetweenenterprises,consumersandgovernment.Itisanewstyleofdoingbusiness,whichinvolvesInternet,上一页下一页返回TextA:E-commerceIntranetandExtranet.Allofthesecanhelptobringcustomers,vendors,suppliersandemployeestogetherinordertoprovideusefulinformationtosomeoneinneed.3.EarlyStage—TelegramTransactionInordertoacceleratethespeedofbusinessinformationtransaction,businessmenhadalreadytriedusingtelegramasawayofsendingandreceivinginformationin1893.Thiswasthebeginningofbusinessoperationsbyusingelectronicmedia.Attheearlystage,usesofcomputersinbusinesswerelimitedtoincreaseworkefficiencyandsubordinatetoinformationtransmission.Amoremeaningfule-commerceactivityhappened20yearsago.Then,informationtransmissionbetweencompaniesdependedonElectronicDataInterchange(EDI)inreceivingorders,productsdeliveriesandpayments.上一页下一页返回TextA:E-commerce4.ElectronicDataInterchange(EDI)StageE-commerceactivitiesrealizedbytheEDIattheearlystagehadbeenacombinationoflateelectronictechnologiesandbusinessactivities.However,restrictionsoccurredinlarge-scaledapplicationofEDI,suchasbusinesspartnerswouldhavetousethesamestandardsandrulesininformationtransmission.Moreover,interactiveeffectofnetworkdidnotgiveafullplay.Therefore,reallarge-scaledandpopulare-commerceactivitiesonlystartedaftertheexplorationofHyperTextTransferProtocol(HTTP)andtheadvancementofInternettechnology.上一页下一页返回TextA:E-commerce5.CustomerSuperiorityPeriodWhentheInternetbecamepopular,manytriedtofigureouthowtofullyutilizetheInternettoincreasethebusinessopportunities.Uptonow,theInternethasbeendevelopedinto3periods:(1)Brochurewareperiod(forpromotion)(2)Onlinetradingperiod(3)Customersuperiorityperiod上一页下一页返回TextA:E-commerceWordsandExpressionsElectronicDataInterchange(EDI):电子数据交换modem：n.调制解调器Intranet：n.内部网络；专用网络Extranet：n.外联网vendor：n.供应商telegram：n.电报subordinate：adj.下级的；v.使服从HyperTextTransferProtocol：超文本传输协议上一页下一页返回TextA:E-commercemiddlemen：n.中间商retailchannel：零售渠道commission：n.佣金lottery：n.奖券；彩票；抽奖parcel:n.包裹；邮报

上一页下一页返回TextA:E-commerceNotes①Theywereabletosendinformationinstandardformatsthattherecipientscouldtheninterpretbyusingthesamestandards.②FacingthecomplexbusinessenvironmentandonlyasmallnumberofcompaniesusingEDI,thesystemwasrunningatarelativelyhighcostwithlowconnectioncoverage.③Then,informationtransmissionbetweencompaniesdependedonElectronicDataInterchange(EDI)inreceivingorders,productsdeliveriesandpayments.④Therefore,reallarge-scaledandpopulare-commerceactivitiesonlystartedaftertheexplorationofHyperTextTransferProtocol(HTTP)andtheadvancementofInternettechnology.上一页下一页返回TextA:E-commerce⑤Atthattime,besidesusingweb-sitestopromoteproductsandservicestocustomers,somefrequentlyvisitedsiteswouldalsohelpearningpromotionfeesbypostingadvertisementsforothercompanies.⑥DHL:中外运—敦豪国际航空快件有限公司于1986年12月1日在北京正式成立。合资双方为中国对外贸易运输集团总公司和敦豪国际航空快递公司，双方各占一半股权。合资公司将敦豪作为国际快递业领导者的丰富经验和中国外运集团总公司在中国外贸运输市场的经营优势成功地结合在一起，为中国各主要城市提供航空快递服务。上一页返回TextB:ApplicationofE-commerce(B2C&B2B)下一页返回TextB:ApplicationofE-commerce(B2C&B2B)1.Business-to-Consumer(1)BusinesstoconsumerBusiness-to-consumer(commonlyreferredtoasB-to-CorB2C)e-commerceusestheInternetastheservicemedia.Thescopeofbusinessincludesprovidingservicetoconsumers,ensuringthatthemethodofpaymentisbyelectronicmeansandauthenticationofseller’sidentity.FollowingtheemergenceoftheWorldWideWeb,business-to-consumere-commercewillexpandevenmorerapidlyinthelongerterm.Itwilloccupyanimportantpositioninthefieldofe-commerce.上一页下一页返回TextB:ApplicationofE-commerce(B2C&B2B)(2)ShoppingbeyondtimesandspaceE-commercebypassesthelimitoftimeandspace,connectsthepurchaserandsellertogetherandeffectsrealtimedigitalinformationexchange.Comparedwiththetraditionalmodelofdoingbusiness,shoppingbye-commercehasarousedafundamentalchangeinshopping.上一页下一页返回TextB:ApplicationofE-commerce(B2C&B2B)(3)ExamplesProceduresofonlineshoppingbyaconsumer:①TheconsumerusesaPCtosearchthedesiredproductontheintern②Theconsumerfillsoutapurchaseorder.Thecontentisaboutbuyingacertainproductfromacertainshop,thequantityandinformationsuchaswhenandwheretheproductshouldbedeliveredandtowhom.上一页下一页返回TextB:ApplicationofE-commerce(B2C&B2B)③Theconsumerconnectswiththerelevantshopviatheserverofe-commerce.He/Shethenreceivesanimmediateresponsewithinformationsuchasthenameoftheproductpurchased,unitprice,amounttoberemittedanddeliverydate.④Uponacknowledgementbytheconsumer,thetransactionispaidbyelectronicwalletinstalledinthesystem.Theconsumerselectstherelateditemsintheelectronicwallet(e.g.balanceenquiryandmethodofpayment).Afterlaunchingtheelectronicwallet,theconsumerinputshisorherpassword.Theconsumerconfirmsitishisorherownelectronicwalletandthenpayswithanelectroniccreditcard.上一页下一页返回TextB:ApplicationofE-commerce(B2C&B2B)(4)SecurityguaranteeFromthepointofviewofthecustomers(onlineshoppingconsumers),thewholeprocessofB2Cissecuredandreliablefromthebeginningtotheend.Duringthebuyingprocess,thecustomercanuseanybrowser(forexample,Netscape)tobrowseandsearch.CustomerscanthenswitchonthePCtoviewtheelectronicshoppingbillwiththebrowser.Becausetheplaceofresidenceandpasswordstoredinthecreditcardisinvisibletootherpeople,cardsecurityisguaranteed.Thismethodofelectronicshoppingissoconvenientthatcustomersonlyneedtolaunchtheircreditcardsfromtheelectronicwallet.Customerscanalsoperformmerchantauthenticationtovalidatetheauthenticationoftheshopbyelectroniccertificationtools.上一页下一页返回TextB:ApplicationofE-commerce(B2C&B2B)TheaboveprocessdiffersfromshoppingbyInternetalone.IfinternationalcreditcardsareusedtoshopontheInternet,themostworryingaspectistheriskofshoppingfromfakesellers.ThereleasedCustomerscreditcardsinformationisinsecure.Securitymeasuresprovidedbyelectroniccertificationtools(e.g.PKI,SSL,SET)ensurethatcustomerscanenjoyshoppingontheweb.上一页下一页返回TextB:ApplicationofE-commerce(B2C&B2B)Theaboveprocedure,inactualtransactionprocessfromfillingoutthepurchaseordertoreceiptofseller’selectronicacknowledgement,onlytakes5to120seconds.Althoughthebuyingprocessinvolvesseveralroundsofidentityconfirmationbycardissuingfirmsandcommercialbanks,bankauthorization,interchangeoffinancialdataandaccountingtransaction,allbusinessactivitiesarecarriedoutwithinanextremelyshortspanoftimevianetworktransport.Whentheelectroniccreditcardisvalid,thebuyingprocessiscompleteandtheconsumerobtainsaconfirmation.Onlineshoppingisamodernandhightechnologymethodofbuyingwhichisdifferentfromtraditionalbuyingmeans.上一页下一页返回TextB:ApplicationofE-commerce(B2C&B2B)2.Business-to-Business(B2B)ElectronicDataInterchangeTradeActivityProtocolTradingpartnersdoingbusinessbyElectronicDataInterchangeneedanagreementtoensurethatbusinesstransactionissoundandpredicable.InOctober1989,ElectronicCommerceImplementationCouncilsentareportentitledElectronicDataInterchangeTradeActivitiesProtocolModelandAnnotationtotheUniformCodeCouncil.TheprotocolmodelandannotationareforuseofbusinessesplanningtouseElectronicDataInterchange.Theprotocolmodelconsistsoffoursections.上一页下一页返回TextB:ApplicationofE-commerce(B2C&B2B)(1)ProtocolpremisesAnyreportsentandreceivedbytradingpartnersusingelectronicmeans,andwrittenagreementreachedbybothpartiesmustuseastandardstructure.Thesereportsaregenerallycalleddocument.Transmissionofanynon-standarddocumentmustbeindicatedbytherecipient.上一页下一页返回TextB:ApplicationofE-commerce(B2C&B2B)(2)TransmissionprocessAnydocumentreachingthePCofanaccountuserofElectronicDataInterchangemustbeacknowledgedbeforeitislegallyvalidated.Whenthereceivingpartnerreceivesadocument,itmustpromptlysendafunctionalacknowledgementtotheoriginator,unlesstheAnnotationstatesotherwise.Afunctionalacknowledgementformstheevidenceofacknowledgementofreceiptofthedocument.IftheAnnotationintheprotocolcontainsan“acknowledge”request,thedocumentwillnotberegardedaswrittenevidenceunlessanacknowledgementisreceived.上一页下一页返回TextB:ApplicationofE-commerce(B2C&B2B)(3)TermsandconditionsoftransactionThetermsandconditionsincludetransactioncost,informationconfidentiality,privacyconditions,legalityandenforceability.(4)IntegratedcontentThisincludestheexpirydayoftherightsandresponsibilitiesofbothparties,andarrangementsincaseofarbitrationfordamagesorlosses.上一页下一页返回TextB:ApplicationofE-commerce(B2C&B2B)3.E-commerceCaseStudyDellComputerisanAmericanfamouscomputerproducerandseller()whichisalsopioneerintelemarketingandselling.Theyhavebrokenthemouldintheirindustrysectorbyconsistentlyandpersistentlysellingcomputersdirectlytotheconsumers,bypassingthetraditionalnetworkofelectricalwholesalerandretailers.Itcouldprovideimmediateconnectionnotjustforsellingbuttohandlequeries,provideafter-salesserviceandkeepthecustomerssatisfied.上一页下一页返回TextB:ApplicationofE-commerce(B2C&B2B)12yearsago,peoplewereuncertainabouttheprospectofthiskindofbusinessbecausecustomerswouldnotacceptthewayitoperatedandservicesitprovided.Andnow,Dellisatitshighflytime,itsturnover,profit,marketshareandsharepriceareallgoingup.DellisoneofthebiggestoperatorsintheInternetworld;itsturnoverreaches6millionUSDollarsinasingledayandgrowseachmonthathighrates.Thisenormousprofitshouldattributetotheircustomerswhobelieveinthecompanyandtrustitsprofessionalism.上一页下一页返回TextB:ApplicationofE-commerce(B2C&B2B)Dell’swebpageprovidesnotonlydetailssuchasclassification,functionsandintroductionofdifferentproducts,butalsodifferentservicesandpurchasingguides,theproductlistsofbest-buying,andtrendsofnewproductstousers,makingsurethattheiremployeesdeliverthepersonaltouchthatmanycustomersdesire.ThemostprominentfeatureofDell’swebpageisthatitprovidesaspecialservicefortheInternetuserswhocanbuilduptheirowncomputers.Thecomponentsareselectedaccordingtotheusers-favoursandneeds.Dellwillgivethemadraftofhardwaredeploymentandsystemperformanceforecastthereafter.Thisgivesthecustomersanadvanceenjoymentofthe“tailor-made”effect.ItsvisionistohaveallitscustomerseventuallydobusinessthroughInternetandgivecustomersthefastestresponseandthemostsatisfactoryservices.上一页下一页返回TextB:ApplicationofE-commerce(B2C&B2B)WordsandExpressionsauthentication:n.认证emergence：n.出现；诞生bypass：v.绕过；越过；忽视fundamental：adj基本的；重要的remit：v.汇款acknowledgement：n.承认；确认transaction：n.交易balanceenquiry：余额查询validate：v.使有效；使生效上一页下一页返回TextB:ApplicationofE-commerce(B2C&B2B)electroniccertificationtool：电子认证工具receipt：n.收据；接收identityconfirmation：身份确认sound：合理的；可靠的entitle：v.命名为;给予授权Protocolpremise：协议前提recipient：n.接收者；收件人上一页下一页返回TextB:ApplicationofE-commerce(B2C&B2B)originator：n.发起人confidentiality：n.保密（性）enforceability：n.可执行性expiryday：到期日mould：n.模式turnover：n.营业额；销售额上一页下一页返回TextB:ApplicationofE-commerce(B2C&B2B)Notes①Thecontentisaboutbuyingacertainproductfromacertainshop,thequantityandinformationsuchaswhenandwheretheproductshouldbedeliveredandtowhom.②Customerscanalsoperformmerchantauthenticationtovalidatetheauthenticationoftheshopbyelectroniccertificationtools.③Securitymeasuresprovidedbyelectroniccertificationtools(e.g.PKI,SSL,SET)ensurethatcustomerscanenjoyshoppingontheweb.上一页下一页返回TextB:ApplicationofE-commerce(B2C&B2B)④Althoughthebuyingprocessinvolvesseveralroundsofidentityconfirmationbycardissuingfirmsandcommercialbanks,bankauthorization,interchangeoffinancialdataandaccountingtransaction,allbusinessactivitiesarecarriedoutwithinanextremelyshortspanoftimevianetworktransport.⑤InOctober1989,ElectronicCommerceImplementationCouncilsentareportentitled“ElectronicDataInterchangeTradeActivitiesProtocolModelandAnnotation”totheUniformCodeCouncil.上一页下一页返回TextB:ApplicationofE-comm