计算机科学概论原版课件第九版

计算机科学概论原版课件第九版演示文稿第一页，共42页。Chapter10:ArtificialIntelligence10.1IntelligenceandMachines10.2Perception10.3Reasoning10.4AdditionalAreasofResearch10.5ArtificialNeuralNetworks10.6Robotics10.7ConsideringtheConsequences第二页，共42页。IntelligentAgentsAgent:A“device”thatrespondstostimulifromitsenvironmentSensorsActuatorsThegoalofartificialintelligenceistobuildagentsthatbehaveintelligently第三页，共42页。LevelsofIntelligentBehaviorReflex:actionsarepredeterminedresponsestotheinputdataIntelligentresponse:actionsaffectedbyknowledgeoftheenvironmentGoalseekingLearning第四页，共42页。Figure10.1Theeight-puzzleinitssolvedconfiguration第五页，共42页。Figure10.2Ourpuzzle-solvingmachine第六页，共42页。ApproachestoResearchinArtificialIntelligencePerformanceoriented:Researchertriestomaximizetheperformanceoftheagents.Simulationoriented:Researchertriestounderstandhowtheagentsproduceresponses.第七页，共42页。第八页，共42页。TechniquesforUnderstandingImagesTemplatematchingImageprocessingedgeenhancementregionfindingsmoothingImageanalysis第九页，共42页。LanguageProcessingSyntacticAnalysisSemanticAnalysisContextualAnalysis第十页，共42页。Figure10.3Asemanticnet第十一页，共42页。ComponentsofaProductionSystems1.CollectionofstatesStart(orinitial)stateGoalstate(orstates)2.Collectionofproductions:rulesormovesEachproductionmayhavepreconditions3.Controlsystem:decideswhichproductiontoapplynext第十二页，共42页。ReasoningbySearchingStateGraph:AllstatesandproductionsSearchTree:ArecordofstatetransitionsexploredwhilesearchingforagoalstateBreadth-firstsearchDepth-firstsearch第十三页，共42页。Figure10.4Asmallportionoftheeight-puzzle’sstategraph第十四页，共42页。Figure10.5Deductivereasoninginthecontextofaproductionsystem第十五页，共42页。Figure10.6Anunsolved

eight-puzzle第十六页，共42页。第十七页，共42页。Figure10.8Productionsstackedforlaterexecution第十八页，共42页。HeuristicStrategiesHeuristic:AquantitativeestimateofthedistancetoagoalRequirementsforgoodheuristicsMustbemucheasiertocomputethanacompletesolutionMustprovideareasonableestimateofproximitytoagoal第十九页，共42页。Figure10.9Anunsolved

eight-puzzle第二十页，共42页。Figure10.10Analgorithmforacontrolsystemusingheuristics第二十一页，共42页。Figure10.11Thebeginningsofourheuristicsearch第二十二页，共42页。Figure10.12Thesearchtreeaftertwopasses第二十三页，共42页。Figure10.13Thesearchtreeafterthreepasses第二十四页，共42页。Figure10.14Thecompletesearchtreeformedbyourheuristicsystem第二十五页，共42页。HandlingReal-WorldKnowledgeRepresentationandstorageAccessingrelevantinformationMeta-ReasoningClosed-WorldAssumptionFrameproblem第二十六页，共42页。LearningImitationSupervisedTrainingReinforcementEvolutionaryTechniques第二十七页，共42页。ArtificialNeuralNetworksArtificialNeuronEachinputismultipliedbyaweightingfactor.Outputis1ifsumofweightedinputsexceedsthethresholdvalue;0otherwise.Networkisprogrammedbyadjustingweightsusingfeedbackfromexamples.第二十八页，共42页。Figure10.15Aneuroninalivingbiologicalsystem第二十九页，共42页。Figure10.16Theactivitieswithinaprocessingunit第三十页，共42页。Figure10.17Representationofaprocessingunit第三十一页，共42页。Figure10.18Aneuralnetworkwithtwodifferentprograms第三十二页，共42页。Figure10.19Anartificialneuralnetwork第三十三页，共42页。Figure10.20Traininganartificialneuralnetwork第三十四页，共42页。Figure10.20Traininganartificialneuralnetwork(continued)第三十五页，共42页。Figure10.20Traininganartificialneuralnetwork(continued)第三十六页，共42页。Figure10.20Traininganartificialneuralnetwork(continued)第三十七页，共42页。Figure10.21ThestructureofALVINN第三十八页，共42页。AssociativeMemoryAssociativememory:TheretrievalofinformationrelevanttotheinformationathandOnedirectionofresearchseekstobuildassociativememoryusingneuralnetworksthatwhengivenapartialpattern,transitionthemselves