2026年全国卷新高考英语高频考点大题规范卷（含解析）

2026年全国卷新高考英语高频考点大题规范卷（含解析）考试时间：______分钟总分：______分姓名：______第一部分阅读理解阅读下列材料，回答问题。ATheconceptofa"smartcity"hasgainedsignificanttractioninrecentyears,drivenbyadvancementsintechnologyandtheneedformoreefficienturbanmanagement.Atitscore,asmartcityutilizesdigitaltechnologytocollectandanalyzedatafromvarioussources,suchassensors,cameras,andsocialmedia,toimprovethequalityoflifeforitscitizensandtheefficiencyofurbanoperations.Oneofthekeyareaswheresmartcitytechnologyismakinganimpactistransportation.Byintegratingintelligenttrafficmanagementsystems,citiescanreducecongestion,optimizetrafficsignaltiming,andprovidereal-timeinformationtocommuters.Forinstance,London'sSmartTrafficSystemusessensorsandcamerastomonitortrafficflowandadjustsignaltimingsaccordingly,resultingina12%reductionintraveltimeduringpeakhours.Additionally,smartparkingsolutionshelpdriversfindavailableparkingspotsquickly,reducingthetimeandfuelwastedcirclingtheblock.Anothercriticalaspectistheenhancementofpublicsafety.SmartcityinitiativesoftenincludethedeploymentofsurveillancecameraswithAI-poweredanalyticstodetectandrespondtoincidentsinreal-time.Thistechnologycanhelppreventcrime,managecrowdsduringevents,andensureemergencyservicescanreachthoseinneedpromptly.Barcelona'sCityOSplatform,forexample,usesdatafromvarioussourcestopredictandmanagepotentialsecuritythreats,makingthecitysaferforitsresidents.However,theimplementationofsmartcitytechnologiesalsoraisesconcernsaboutprivacyandsecurity.Thecollectionandstorageofvastamountsofdataraisequestionsabouthowthisinformationisusedandwhohasaccesstoit.Itiscrucialforcitiestoestablishclearguidelinesandregulationstoprotectcitizens'privacywhilestillreapingthebenefitsofsmartcityinnovations.Despitethesechallenges,thepotentialbenefitsofsmartcitiesareundeniable.Byleveragingtechnologytoimproveurbanservices,enhancesustainability,andcreateabetterqualityoflife,citiescanbecomemorelivable,efficient,andresilient.Astechnologycontinuestoevolve,itislikelythatwewillseeevenmoreinnovativeapplicationsofsmartcityconceptsinthefuture.Questions:1.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?2.Accordingtothepassage,howdoessmartcitytechnologybenefittransportation?3.Whatexampleisgiventoillustratetheimprovementofpublicsafetyinsmartcities?4.Whatarethemainconcernsassociatedwithsmartcityinitiatives?5.Whatdoesthepassagesuggestaboutthefutureofsmartcitytechnology?BInrecentdecades,theglobalfascinationwithminimalistlivinghassurged,fueledbyadesireforsimplicity,mindfulness,andreducedclutter.Thislifestylemovement,oftenreferredtoas"minimalism,"advocatesfortheownershipoffewpossessionsandafocusonexperiencesratherthanmaterialgoods.Proponentsarguethatbystrippingawaytheunnecessary,individualscanachievegreaterclarity,peace,andappreciationforwhattrulymattersinlife.Theminimalistphilosophyextendsbeyondjustphysicalpossessions;itpermeatesvariousaspectsoflife,includingwork,relationships,andpersonalhabits.Manyminimalistsoptforcareersthatalignwiththeirvaluesandprovideasenseofpurpose,ratherthanseekinghigh-payingjobsformaterialgain.Theyprioritizemeaningfulrelationshipsoveraccumulatingalargesocialcircleandoftenadopthealthyhabits,suchasregularexerciseandmeditation,tocultivateabalancedandfulfillinglife.Whileminimalismoffersnumerouspotentialbenefits,itisnotwithoutitscritics.Somearguethatthemovementiselitist,asitoftenrequiresacertainleveloffinancialstabilitytoliveminimallywithoutsacrificingessentialneeds.Otherscontendthatminimalismcanleadtosocialisolationandalackofculturalengagement,asitencouragessimplifyingratherthanparticipatinginthebroadercommunity.Additionally,theactofdeclutteringandmaintainingaminimalistlifestylecanbetime-consumingandemotionallytaxingforsomeindividuals.Despitethesecriticisms,theminimalistmovementcontinuestogrowandevolve.Manypeoplearedrawntominimalismasawaytocombatconsumerism,reduceenvironmentalimpact,andfindgreatercontentmentinaworldthatoftenencouragesexcess.Asthemovementgainspopularity,itislikelytoinfluencemoreaspectsofsociety,promotingashifttowardsamoreintentionalandmeaningfulwayofliving.Questions:6.Whatistheprimarypurposeofthepassage?7.Accordingtothepassage,whataresomebenefitsofadoptingaminimalistlifestyle?8.Howdoestheminimalistphilosophyextendbeyondjustphysicalpossessions?9.Whataresomecriticismsofminimalism?10.Whatdoesthepassagesuggestaboutthefutureoftheminimalistmovement?CTheriseofsocialmediahasfundamentallyalteredthewaywecommunicate,shareinformation,andperceivetheworldaroundus.WhileplatformslikeFacebook,Instagram,Twitter,andTikTokhavemadeiteasierthanevertoconnectwithothersandstayupdatedoncurrentevents,theyhavealsointroducedahostofchallengesthatimpactmentalhealth,socialdynamics,andtheintegrityofinformation.Oneofthemostsignificanteffectsofsocialmediaisitsimpactonmentalhealth.Theconstantcomparisontocuratedversionsofothers'livescanleadtofeelingsofinadequacy,anxiety,anddepression.Thepressuretopresentaperfectimageonlinecanbeexhausting,andthefearofmissingout(FOMO)candriveindividualstospendexcessiveamountsoftimescrollingthroughfeeds,oftenattheexpenseofreal-worldinteractionsandactivities.Studieshaveconsistentlyshownacorrelationbetweenheavysocialmediauseandnegativementalhealthoutcomes,particularlyamongadolescentsandyoungadults.Anotherchallengeisthespreadofmisinformationandthepolarizationofopinions.Socialmediaalgorithmsaredesignedtomaximizeengagement,oftenbyshowinguserscontentthatconfirmstheirexistingbeliefs.Thiscancreateechochamberswhereindividualsareexposedonlytoinformationthatalignswiththeirperspectives,leadingtoincreasedpolarizationandalackofunderstandingbetweendifferentgroups.Additionally,theeasewithwhichfalseinformationcanbesharedonsocialmediaplatformshascontributedtopublichealthcrises,suchasthespreadofconspiracytheoriesduringtheCOVID-19pandemic.Despitethesechallenges,socialmediaremainsapowerfultoolforconnectionandactivism.Manypeopleusetheseplatformstosupportcausestheycareabout,buildcommunities,andfindasenseofbelonging.Socialmediahasalsoplayedacrucialroleinsocialmovements,allowingactiviststoorganize,mobilize,andsharetheirmessagewithaglobalaudience.Aswecontinuetonavigatethedigitalage,itisessentialtodevelopabalancedandcriticalapproachtosocialmediause,leveragingitsbenefitswhilemitigatingitspotentialharms.Questions:11.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?12.Accordingtothepassage,howdoessocialmediaaffectmentalhealth?13.Whatisonewaythatsocialmediaalgorithmscontributetothepolarizationofopinions?14.Whataresomepositiveusesofsocialmediamentionedinthepassage?15.Whatdoesthepassagesuggestasakeytakeawayregardingsocialmediause?第二部分完形填空阅读下面的短文，文中有十个空白，每个空白有四个选项。根据上下文的要求，选择最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。Lastweekend,Ihadtheopportunitytovolunteeratalocalanimalshelter.Theshelterislocatedinaquietneighborhoodandhousesavarietyofanimals,includingdogs,cats,rabbits,andevenafewbirds.Mytaskwastohelpcleanthecages,feedtheanimals,andspendtimeinteractingwiththemtoprovidesomemuch-neededcompanionship.AsIenteredtheshelter,thesmellofanimalswasimmediatelyapparent,butitwasafamiliarandcomfortingscenttome.ThefirstanimalIencounteredwasalargegoldenretrievernamedMax.Hewasexcitedtoseemeandwaggedhistailfuriously,jumpingupanddowntogetmyattention.Ispentthenexthourwalkinghim,playingfetch,andgivinghimagentlemassage.Maxseemedtoreallyenjoytheattentionandwasgratefulfortheinteraction.AfterspendingtimewithMax,Imovedontothecats.Thecatsweremorereservedthanthedogs,buttheystillappreciatedtheattention.Ifoundasmall,blackcatnamedLunawhoseemedparticularlyinterestedinme.Sheallowedmetopetherandevenletmestrokehersoftfur.Isatwithherforawhile,talkingsoftlyandwatchingherasshepurredcontentedly.Theexperiencewascalmingandmademerealizehowmuchtheseanimalscraveloveandattention.Next,Ihelpedcleantherabbitcages.Therabbitsweresmallanddelicate,andtheyseemedabitscaredatfirst.However,asIgentlyspoketothemandofferedthemsomefreshvegetables,theygraduallybecamemorecomfortable.Inoticedonerabbit,namedHoppy,whowasespeciallyplayful.Hewouldhoparoundthecageandnibbleonthehay,occasionallylookingupatmewithcuriouseyes.Itwasheartwarmingtoseehowhappyhewasjusttohavesomeonetointeractwith.Finally,Ispentsometimewiththebirds.Thebirdswerehousedinlargecageswithtoysandperchestokeepthementertained.Italkedtothemandtriedtoengagetheminconversation.Onebird,namedCharlie,seemedparticularlyintelligentandresponsive.HewouldmimicwordsIsaidandevenseemedtounderstandwhenIwastalkingtohim.Itwasfascinatingtoseehowintelligenttheseanimalswereandhowmuchtheycouldbenefitfromhumaninteraction.Leavingtheshelterthatday,Ifeltasenseoffulfillmentandgratitudefortheopportunitytohelp.Theanimalsattheshelterareluckytohavepeoplelikemewhotakethetimetocareforthem.Irealizedthateverylittlebitofattentionandlovewecangivetotheseanimalscanmakeabigdifferenceintheirlives.Volunteeringattheanimalshelterwasarewardingexperience,andIhopetocontinuehelpingoutwheneverIcan.Questions:16.______17.______18.______19.______20.______21.______22.______23.______24.______25.______第三部分语法填空阅读下面的短文，在空白处填入一个适当的词或括号内所给单词的正确形式。Lastmonth,myfriendandIdecidedtotakeatriptothecountrysideforaweekendgetaway.WehadheardwonderfulthingsaboutthesmalltownofPineville,locatedabouttwohoursawayfromourcity.Uponourarrival,wewereimmediatelystruckbythebeautyofthesurroundings.Thetownwasnestledinavalley,surroundedbylushgreenhillsandasparklingriverthatflowedthroughthecenteroftown.Wecheckedintoalocalbedandbreakfast,whichwasrunbyafriendlycouplewhoofferedushomemadebreakfastsandhelpfulrecommendationsforthingstodointhearea.Aftersettlingin,wedecidedtoexplorethetownonfoot.Wewalkedalongthemainstreet,whichwaslinedwithquaintshopsandcozycafes.Westoppedatasmallbookstoreandspentanhourbrowsingthroughtheshelves,findingseveralbookswewantedtotakebackwithusassouvenirs.Laterthatday,wevisitedthelocalwildlifepreserve.Thepreservewashometoavarietyofbirds,mammals,andreptiles,manyofwhichwerenativetotheregion.Wewereguidedbyaknowledgeablenaturalistwhoexplainedthedifferentspeciesandtheirhabitats.Wesawdeer,rabbits,andseveraltypesofbirds,andwelearnedagreatdealaboutthelocalecosystem.Intheevening,weenjoyedadeliciousdinneratalocalrestaurantthatwasknownforitsfresh,locallysourcedingredients.Themenuincludedavarietyofdishes,suchasgrilledfish,roastedvegetables,andhomemadepasta.Wealsohadtheopportunitytosamplesomelocalwine,whichwasmadebyawinerynearby.Thewinewasdeliciousandhadauniqueflavorthatwehadnevertastedbefore.OurtriptoPinevillewasawonderfulexperience.Welovedthepeacefulatmosphereofthetown,thedeliciousfood,andthebeautifulscenery.Wealsoappreciatedtheopportunitytolearnmoreaboutthelocalwildlifeandculture.WeleftPinevillefeelingrefreshedandrejuvenated,andweknewthatwewoulddefinitelybereturninginthefuture.第四部分书面表达假设你是李华，你的学校打算举办一场以“HealthyLifestyle”为主题的英语演讲比赛。请你根据以下要点，给校英语俱乐部写一封报名参赛的信，内容包括：1.说明你报名参赛的原因；2.简要介绍你的演讲主题；3.表达你对比赛的期待。注意：1.词数100左右；2.可以适当增加细节，以使内容连贯，完整；3.信的开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。DearmembersoftheEnglishClub,Iamwritingto...Yourssincerely,LiHua试卷答案第一部分阅读理解A1.Themainideaofthepassageisthatsmartcitytechnologyusesdigitaltoolstocollectandanalyzedataforimprovingurbanmanagementandcitizens'qualityoflife.*解析思路：文章首段提出smartcity概念及核心。第二、三段分别论述其在交通和公共安全方面的应用和好处。第四段讨论其挑战。最后一段总结其潜力和未来。综合来看，核心是smartcitytech如何利用dataimprovecityandlife.2.Smartcitytechnologybenefitstransportationbyreducingcongestion,optimizingtrafficsignaltiming,andprovidingreal-timeinformationtocommutersthroughintegratedintelligenttrafficmanagementsystems.*解析思路：根据第二段首句和后文，核心技术是intelligenttrafficmanagementsystems。接着具体说明其作用：reducecongestion,optimizesignaltiming,providereal-timeinfo。这些都是对transportation的benefits。3.AnexamplegiventoillustratetheimprovementofpublicsafetyinsmartcitiesistheuseofsurveillancecameraswithAI-poweredanalyticsbyBarcelona'sCityOSplatformtopredictandmanagepotentialsecuritythreats.*解析思路：第三段明确提到surveillancecameraswithAIanalyticsimprovepublicsafety。并给出BarcelonaCityOSplatform作为具体例证，其功能是predictandmanagesecuritythreats。4.Themainconcernsassociatedwithsmartcityinitiativesareprivacyissuesrelatedtothecollectionandstorageofvastamountsofdata,andtheneedforclearguidelinesandregulationstoprotectcitizens'privacy.*解析思路：第四段直接点出concerns：privacyandsecurity。具体解释为datacollection/storageraisesprivacyquestions。并强调需要guidelines/regulationstoprotectprivacy。5.Thepassagesuggeststhatthefutureofsmartcitytechnologywilllikelyinvolveevenmoreinnovativeapplicationsastechnologycontinuestoevolve.*解析思路：最后一段末句指出，随着techevolve，我们将看到moreinnovativeapplicationsofsmartcityconcepts。这表明了其未来趋势。6.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageistoexploretheminimalistlifestylemovement,itsbenefits,itscriticisms,anditspotentialfutureimpact.*解析思路：文章首段定义minimalism并介绍其趋势和驱动力。第二段阐述其哲学在生活各方面的体现。第三段提出并讨论criticisms。最后一段总结其持续增长和未来影响。整体结构是围绕minimalism展开的介绍、讨论和展望。7.Somebenefitsofadoptingaminimalistlifestylementionedinthepassageareachievinggreaterclarity,peace,appreciatingwhattrulymatters,findingpurposeinwork,prioritizingmeaningfulrelationships,andcultivatingbalancedpersonalhabits.*解析思路：第一段末尾提到proponentsarguebenefitslikeclarity,peace,appreciation,purposeinwork.第二段进一步说明体现在meaningfulrelationships和healthyhabits(exercise,meditation).这些都是benefits。8.Theminimalistphilosophyextendsbeyondjustphysicalpossessionsbyinfluencingotheraspectsoflifesuchaswork(choosingcareersalignedwithvalues),relationships(prioritizingmeaningfulones),andpersonalhabits(adoptinghealthyones).*解析思路：第二段明确指出minimalismpermeatesvariousaspectsoflife。并具体举例说明：work(careersalignedwithvalues),relationships(meaningfulones),personalhabits(healthyones).9.Somecriticismsofminimalismmentionedinthepassagearethatitcanbeelitist(requiringfinancialstability),mayleadtosocialisolation(duetosimplifying),andcanbetime-consumingandemotionallytaxingforsomeindividuals.*解析思路：第三段逐条列出criticisms：第一句提到canbeelitist(duetofinancialstabilityneeded)。第二句提到canleadtosocialisolation(duetosimplifying).第三句提到canbetime-consumingandemotionallytaxingforsome.10.Whatthepassagesuggestsaboutthefutureoftheminimalistmovementisthatitwillcontinuetogrowandevolve,influencingmoreaspectsofsocietybypromotingashifttowardsamoreintentionalandmeaningfulwayofliving.*解析思路：最后一段指出themovementcontinuestogrowandevolve。并说明其影响：promoteashifttowardsamoreintentionalandmeaningfulwayofliving,influencingmoreaspectsofsociety.11.Themainideaofthepassageisthatsocialmediahasfundamentallyalteredcommunication,informationsharing,andperception,whilealsointroducingchallengesrelatedtomentalhealth,socialdynamics,andinformationintegrity.*解析思路：首段指出socialmedia的两大影响：alteredcommunication/infosharing/perception(positiveaspectimpliedby"fundamentallyaltered")和introducedchallenges(mentalhealth,socialdynamics,infointegrity).后文详细阐述了这些挑战。核心是socialmedia的变革及其带来的多重挑战。12.Accordingtothepassage,socialmediaaffectsmentalhealthbypotentiallycausingfeelingsofinadequacy,anxiety,depression,thepressuretopresentaperfectimage,andthefearofmissingout(FOMO),leadingtonegativementalhealthoutcomes,especiallyamongadolescentsandyoungadults.*解析思路：第二段集中讨论mentalhealthimpact。明确指出：comparisonleadingtoinadequacy/anxiety/depression;pressuretopresentperfectimage;FOMOdrivingexcessiveuse;correlationwithnegativementalhealthoutcomes(especiallyyouth).13.Onewaythatsocialmediaalgorithmscontributetothepolarizationofopinionsisbyshowinguserscontentthatconfirmstheirexistingbeliefs,creatingechochambersandlimitingexposuretodiverseperspectives.*解析思路：第三段讨论polarization.原因是algorithmsdesignedtomaximizeengagementshowcontentthatalignswithexistingbeliefs.这导致了echochambers(limitedexposuretodifferentviews).14.Somepositiveusesofsocialmediamentionedinthepassageareconnectingwithothers,stayingupdatedoncurrentevents,supportingcauses,buildingcommunities,findingasenseofbelonging,organizingandmobilizingforactivism,andsharingmessageswithaglobalaudience.*解析思路：第四段开头指出despitechallenges,socialmediaremainsapowerfultool.后文列举了positiveuses：连接他人、获取信息；支持causes；buildcommunities;findbelonging;activistorganizing/mobilizing;sharemessagesglobally.15.Whatthepassagesuggestsasakeytakeawayregardingsocialmediauseistheneedtodevelopabalancedandcriticalapproachthatleveragesitsbenefitswhilemitigatingitspotentialharms.*解析思路：第四段最后一句提出建议：Aswecontinuetonavigatethedigitalage,itisessentialtodevelopabalancedandcriticalapproach,leveragingbenefitswhilemitigatingharms.这是核心建议。C16.Havingtheopportunitytovolunteeratalocalanimalshelterlastweekendallowedmetohelpcleancages,feedanimals,andinteractwiththem.*解析思路：第一句点明主旨：hadtheopportunitytovolunteer.后面列举具体任务：cleancages,feedanimals,interactwiththem.此空填入主语和谓语，构成句子的主要部分。17.AsIenteredtheshelter,thefamiliarandcomfortingscentofanimalswasimmediatelyapparent,indicatingthewelcomingatmosphere.*解析思路：第二句描述进入shelter时的感受。“Thesmell...”是宾语从句，由as引导时间状语从句。familiarandcomforting是scent的定语。immediatelyapparent是表语。说明进入时scent给人的直接印象。18.ThefirstanimalIencounteredwasalargegoldenretrievernamedMax,whowasexcitedtoseemeandwaggedhistailfuriously,jumpingupanddowntogetmyattention.*解析思路：第三句介绍遇到的第一只动物Max。“Thefirstanimal...”是主语，“wasalargegoldenretrievernamedMax”是表语从句，描述动物身份和名字。后面who引导的定语从句修饰Max，描述其状态和动作。19.Ispentthenexthourwalkinghim,playingfetch,andgivinghimagentlemassage,whichseemedtoreallyenjoytheattentionandwasgratefulfortheinteraction.*解析思路：第四句描述与Max互动的内容。“Ispent...”是主句。walkinghim,playingfetch,givinghimamassage是并列动名词作宾语。which引导的非限制性定语从句，指代前面花费时间做的事情，说明Max对此的反应。20.Thecatsweremorereservedthanthedogs,buttheystillappreciatedtheattention,withasmall,blackcatnamedLunaallowingmetopetherandevenletmestrokehersoftfur.*解析思路：第五句对比猫和狗。“Thecats...”是主句。morereserved是表语。thanthedogs是比较状语。but连接转折。后面with引导的介词短语作结果状语，补充说明猫中Luna的反应。21.Isatwithherforawhile,talkingsoftlyandwatchingherasshepurredcontentedly,whichwascalmingandmademerealizehowmuchtheseanimalscraveloveandattention.*解析思路：第六句描述与Luna互动。“Isat...”是主句。talkingsoftlyandwatchingher是并列动名词作伴随状语。as引导时间状语从句，描述Luna的动作。which引导的非限制性定语从句，指代与Luna互动这件事，说明其感受和带来的启示。22.Ihelpedcleantherabbitcages,wheretherabbitsweresmallanddelicate,andtheyseemedabitscaredatfirst,graduallybecomingmorecomfortableasIgentlyspoketothemandofferedthemsomefreshvegetables.*解析思路：第七句描述清洁兔子笼。“Ihelpedclean...”是主句。where引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰rabbitcages，描述兔子的情况。and连接另一个并列的描述兔子的句子，说明它们起初的状态和之后的变化。as引导时间状语从句，描述变化发生的原因。23.Inoticedonerabbit,namedHoppy,whowasespeciallyplayful,hoppingaroundthecageandnibblingonthehay,occasionallylookingupatmewithcuriouseyes,whichwasheartwarmingtosee.*解析思路：第八句介绍兔子Hoppy。“Inoticedonerabbit...”是主句。namedHoppy是过去分词作后置定语。who引导的定语从句修饰Hoppy，描述其性格。后面分词短语hoppingaround...lookingup...作伴随状语，描述其具体动作。which引导的非限制性定语从句，表达作者的感受。24.Finally,Ispentsometimewiththebirds,housedinlargecageswithtoysandperchestokeepthementertained,talkingtothemandtryingtoengagetheminconversation,withonebird,namedCharlie,beingparticularlyintelligentandresponsive.*解析思路：第九句描述与鸟互动。“Finally,Ispent...”是主句。housedinlargecages...tokeepthementertained是过去分词短语作后置定语，描述鸟的居住环境。talkingtothemandtryingtoengagethem...是并列动名词短语作宾语。with引导的介词短语作补充说明，引出Charlie的特点。25.Itwasfascinatingtoseehowintelligenttheseanimalswereandhowmuchtheycouldbenefitfromhumaninteraction,leavingmefeelingasenseoffulfillmentandgratitudefortheopportunitytohelp.*解析思路：第十句总结感受和影响。It是形式主语。toseehowintelligent...andhowmuch...是真正主语。两个how引导的宾语从句作see的宾语。最后说明这次经历对作者的影响：leavingmefeelingfulfillmentandgratitude.第三部分语法填空Lastmonth,myfriendandIdecidedtotakeatriptothecountrysideforaweekendgetaway.WehadheardwonderfulthingsaboutthesmalltownofPineville,locatedabouttwohoursawayfromourcity.Uponourarrival,wewereimmediatelystruckbythebeautyofthesurroundings.Thetownwasnestledinavalley,surroundedbylushgreenhillsandasparklingriverthatflowedthroughthecenteroftown.Wecheckedintoalocalbedandbreakfast,whichwasrunbyafriendlycouplewhoofferedushomemadebreakfastsandhelpfulrecommendationsforthingstodointhearea.Aftersettlingin,wedecidedtoexplorethetownonfoot.Wewalkedalongthemainstreet,whichw