2019试题英语四级

2019试题英语四级

PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessayontheimportanceofmutualunderstandingandrespectininterpersonalrelationships.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.---PartIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Theriseofdigitaltechnologyhasprofoundlytransformedthewaywework,communicate,andaccessinformation.Whileitoffersunparalleledconvenienceandefficiency,italsopresentssignificantchallengestoourmentalwell-being.Onemajorconcernistheconstant(1)______ofnotifications,emails,andsocialmediaupdates,whichcanleadtoastateofchronicdistractionand(2)______stress.This"always-on"culturemakesitdifficultforindividualstodisconnectand(3)______genuinerelaxation,potentiallyleadingtoburnout.Moreover,thecuratednatureofsocialmediacanfosterunhealthycomparisons,(4)______feelingsofinadequacyandanxiety,particularlyamongyoungpeople.The(5)______topresentaperfectlifeonlinecancreateadisconnectbetweenone'sdigitalpersonaandreal-lifeexperiences.However,technologyitselfisnotinherentlyharmful.Thekeyliesindevelopingdigitalliteracyandmindfulusagehabits.Settingboundaries,suchasdesignated"screen-free"times,canhelp(6)______ahealthierbalance.Educationalinitiativesthatteachcriticalthinkingaboutonlinecontentarealsocrucial.Theycanempowerusersto(7)______credibleinformationfrommisinformationandresistthepressureofonlinetrends.Ultimately,fosteringahealthyrelationshipwithtechnologyrequires(8)______effortfromindividuals,technologycompanies,andpolicymakers.Companiescoulddesignfeaturesthatencouragebreaksandmonitorusagetime.Onasocietallevel,promotingthevalueofface-to-faceinteractionandofflineactivitiesis(9)______.Byacknowledgingboththebenefitsandpitfallsofthedigitalage,wecanharnessitspowerwhile(10)______ourmentalspaceandwell-being.A)alleviateB)continuousC)cultivatingD)deliberateE)distinguishF)essentialG)excessiveH)impulseI)preservingJ)pressureK)pursueL)restoreM)safeguardN)triggeringO)urgeSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.TheParadoxofChoiceinConsumerSociety[A]Inmoderneconomies,consumersarefacedwithanabundanceofchoicesinalmosteverydomain,fromcerealbrandstocareerpaths.Conventionalwisdomsuggeststhatmorechoiceisinvariablybetter,equatingitwithfreedom,autonomy,andwelfare.However,psychologicalresearchoverthepastfewdecadeshasrevealedamorecomplexpicture:excessivechoicecanleadtoanxiety,decisionparalysis,anddecreasedsatisfaction.[B]Theclassicdemonstrationofthisphenomenoncomesfromastudyinvolvinggourmetjam.Researcherssetuptwotastingboothsinasupermarket.Oneboothdisplayed24varietiesofjam,whiletheotherdisplayedonly6.Thelargerdisplayattractedmoreinitialinterestfromshoppers.Yet,whenitcametotheactualpurchase,asignificantlyhigherpercentageofpeoplewhoencounteredthesmallerselectionboughtajarofjam.Theoverwhelmingarrayofoptionsinthelargersetseemedtohinderthedecision-makingprocess.[C]Whydoesthishappen?Psychologistspointtoseveralfactors.First,withmoreoptions,theeffortrequiredtomakeagooddecisionincreases.Peoplefeelpressuredtoevaluateallalternativesthoroughlytoavoidfutureregret,whichiscognitivelytaxing.Second,highexpectationsareset;withsomanychoices,peoplebelievethe"perfect"optionexists,makinganyeventualchoicefeellikeapotentialcompromise.Finally,opportunitycostsbecomemoresalient—consideringtheattractivequalitiesoftherejectedoptionscandiminishsatisfactionwiththechosenone.[D]This"paradoxofchoice"extendsbeyondshopping.Itaffectsmajorlifedecisionslikeselectingauniversity,ahealthcareplan,oraretirementsavingsscheme.Whenpresentedwithdozensofnearlyidenticalfunds,forinstance,individualsmaydelaydecidingoravoidthechoicealtogether,whichcanhaveseriouslong-termconsequencesfortheirfinancialsecurity.[E]Furthermore,theburdenofchoicehasemotionalrepercussions.Theconstantneedtomakedecisions,bigandsmall,inachoice-saturatedenvironmentcancontributetochronicstressandaloweredsenseofwell-being.Someindividualsmayevenexperienceself-blamewhentheirchoicesdon'tleadtooptimaloutcomes,thinking,"Withallthoseoptions,Ishouldhavepickedbetter."[F]So,whatcanbedone?Simplificationisapowerfulstrategy.Companiescanbenefitbycuratingselectionsratherthanendlesslyexpandingthem.Forindividuals,learningtosetpersonalcriteriafor"goodenough"decisions—satisfying—ratherthanseekingtheelusive"best"canreducedistress.Limitingthetimespentonminordecisionscanalsoconservementalenergyformoreimportantones.[G]Publicpolicycanplayaroletoo.Designing"choicearchitecture"orsensibledefaultsforcomplexdecisions(likeorgandonationorretirementplans)canguidepeopletowardbeneficialoutcomeswithoutrestrictingtheirfreedom.Forexample,automaticallyenrollingemployeesinapensionplanwhileallowingthemtoopt-outleadstomuchhigherparticipationratesthanrequiringthemtoopt-in.[H]Ultimately,recognizingtheparadoxofchoiceisnotanargumentforeliminatingoptionsbutformanagingthemwisely.Inaworldofabundance,theskillofchoosingwhentochoose,andknowinghowtonavigateoptionseffectively,becomesacriticalcomponentofpersonalandsocietalwell-being.11.Astudyonjamselectiondemonstratedthatfeweroptionscouldleadtohigheractualpurchaserates.12.Thebeliefthatmorechoicesalwaysbenefitconsumersischallengedbypsychologicalfindings.13.Settingatimelimitformakingminordecisionsissuggestedasahelpfultactic.14.Thenegativeeffectsofexcessivechoicecanimpactsignificantlifedecisionswithseriousconsequences.15.Peoplemayblamethemselvesfornotmakingaperfectchoicewhenfacedwithnumerousalternatives.16.Automaticallyenrollingemployeesinbeneficialplansisanexampleofeffectivechoicearchitecture.17.Theefforttoavoidfutureregretmakesdecision-makingdifficultwhenoptionsareplentiful.18.Theparadoxofchoicesuggestsweneedtodevelopskillstomanageoptionseffectivelyratherthanremovethem.19.Onereasonfordecreasedsatisfactionisthatpeoplearemoreawareofwhattheygiveupwhentheychoose.20.Highexpectationsforaperfectmatchamongmanyoptionscanmakeanyfinalchoiceseeminadequate.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.PassageOneTheconceptofthe"gigeconomy"hasmovedfromthefringestothemainstreamofthegloballabormarket.Characterizedbyshort-termcontractsorfreelanceworkasopposedtopermanentjobs,itispoweredbydigitalplatformsthatconnectworkersdirectlywithclientsforspecifictasks.Whileproponentshailitasthefutureofwork—offeringflexibility,autonomy,andopportunitiesforentrepreneurship—criticspointtosignificantdownsidesconcerningjobsecurityandworkerwelfare.Forworkers,theappealisundeniable.Theabilitytosetone'sownhours,chooseprojects,andworkfromanywhereisliberating,especiallyforcaregivers,students,orthoseseekingtosupplementtheirincome.Digitalplatformslowerbarrierstoentry,allowingindividualstomonetizeskillsorassets(likeacaroraspareroom)easily.Thismodelcanalsoprovideavaluablesafetynetduringeconomicdownturns,offeringsomeincomewhentraditionaljobsarescarce.However,thisflexibilityoftencomesatahighcost.Gigworkersaretypicallyclassifiedasindependentcontractors,notemployees.Thismeanstheyusuallylackaccesstoemployer-sponsoredbenefitssuchashealthinsurance,paidleave,retirementplans,orunemploymentinsurance.Theirincomeisoftenunpredictableandvolatile,subjecttoplatformalgorithms,clientdemand,andratings.Theresponsibilityfortraining,equipment,andself-marketingfallsentirelyontheindividual.Furthermore,theconstantpressuretobeavailableandmaintainhighratingscanleadtooverworkandburnout,blurringthelinesbetweenworkandpersonallife.Fromaregulatoryperspective,thegigeconomypresentsaformidablechallenge.Existinglaborlaws,designedforaneraofstableemployer-employeerelationships,struggletoaccommodatethisnewmodel.Thedebatecentersonhowtoreclassifygigworkerstoextendsomesocialprotectionswithoutstiflingtheinnovationandflexibilitythatdefinethegigeconomy.Somejurisdictionsareexperimentingwithlawsthatcreateathirdcategoryofworker,offeringamiddleground.Thefutureofworkislikelytobeahybridlandscape.Thegigeconomyisnotapassingtrendbutastructuralshift.Thecriticaltaskaheadforpolicymakers,companies,andsocietyistoinnovateinsocialsafetynetsandlaborregulationstoensurethatthebenefitsofthisnewworldofworkarewidelysharedanditsrisksareadequatelymitigated.21.Whatisadefiningfeatureofthegigeconomyaccordingtothepassage?A)Guaranteedlong-termemploymentcontracts.B)Workmediatedthroughdigitalplatformsforspecifictasks.C)Mandatoryemployer-sponsoredbenefitsforallworkers.D)Strictgovernmentregulationandcontrol.22.Whichofthefollowingismentionedasanadvantageofgigwork?A)Highandstableincome.B)Comprehensivehealthinsurance.C)Easeofenteringthemarketandmonetizingskills.D)Strongjobsecurityandlegalprotection.23.Whatisamajordrawbackforgigworkers?A)Theyhavenoflexibilityinchoosingworkhours.B)Theyarerequiredtoworkinafixedofficelocation.C)Theybearfullresponsibilityfortheirownbenefitsandtraining.D)Theyareexcludedfromusingdigitalplatforms.24.Whatisthemainregulatorychallengeposedbythegigeconomy?A)Thelackofdigitalplatforms.B)Thehighcostoftechnology.C)Themismatchwithtraditionallaborlaws.D)Theresistancefromalltraditionalemployees.25.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestaboutthefuture?A)Thegigeconomywilleventuallydisappear.B)Laborlawsneedtobeinnovatedtoaddressthenewmodel.C)Gigworkerswillsoonreceivethesamebenefitsastraditionalemployees.D)Digitalplatformswillbereplacedbygovernmentagencies.PassageTwoForcenturies,thedeepoceanremainedoneofthelastunexploredfrontiersonEarth,shroudedindarknessandmystery.Today,whilestilllargelyuncharted,itisincreasinglyseennotjustasascientificcuriositybutasazoneofcriticaleconomicandstrategicinterest.Thisshiftisdrivenbyadvancesintechnologyandgrowingdemandforresources,raisingcomplexquestionsaboutenvironmentalpreservationandgovernance.Thedeepseaholdsimmensepotentialforbioprospecting—thesearchforuniquebiologicalorganismsandcompounds.Microbesandanimalslivingunderextremeconditionsofpressure,temperature,anddarknesshaveevolvednovelbiochemicalproperties.Theseareofgreatinterestfordevelopingnewpharmaceuticals,industrialenzymes,andotherbiotechnologyapplications.However,collectingtheseorganismsrequiressophisticatedandexpensivetechnology,andtheethicsofexploitingsuchfragileecosystemsarehotlydebated.Moreimmediatelycontentiousistheprospectofdeep-seamining.Mineral-richnodules,polymetallicsulphides,andcobaltcrustsontheoceanfloorcontainhighconcentrationsofmetalslikecopper,nickel,cobalt,andrareearthelements,whicharecrucialformanufacturingbatteries,electronics,andgreenenergytechnologies.Proponentsarguethatseabedminingisessentialforsecuringthemineralsupplyforalow-carbonfutureandislessenvironmentallydestructivethanterrestrialmining.Opponentswarnofcatastrophic,irreversibledamagetopoorlyunderstooddeep-seaecosystems,whichareslowtorecoverandmayharborundiscoveredspeciesvitaltooceanhealth.ThelegalframeworkgoverningtheseactivitiesistheUnitedNationsConventionontheLawoftheSea(UNCLOS).Itdesignatestheseabedbeyondnationaljurisdiction(knownas"theArea")asthe"commonheritageofmankind,"tobemanagedforthebenefitofallhumanitybytheInternationalSeabedAuthority(ISA).TheISAistaskedwithdevelopingregulationstocontrolminingandensureenvironmentalprotection,butfinalizingtheserulesisaslow,complexprocessfraughtwithdiplomatictensionsbetweendevelopedanddevelopingnations,andbetweenmininginterestsandconservationists.Aspressuretoexploitdeep-oceanresourcesmounts,theworldfacesastarkdilemma:balancingurgenteconomicandtechnologicalneedswiththeimperativetoprotectoneoftheplanet'slastpristineenvironments.Thedecisionsmadeinthecomingdecadeswilltestourabilitytogovernsharedglobalcommonsresponsibly.26.Whathaschangedtheperceptionofthedeepoceanrecently?A)Ithasbeencompletelymappedandexplored.B)Itisnowviewedasasourceofeconomicandstrategicvalue.C)Allitsbiologicalsecretshavebeenuncovered.D)Ithasbecomeeasilyaccessibletoeveryone.27.Whatis"bioprospecting"inthecontextofthedeepsea?A)Drillingforoilandnaturalgas.B)Searchingforvaluablebiologicalmaterialsforcommercialuse.C)Studyingoceancurrentsandtemperatures.D)Dumpingwastematerialsfordisposal.28.Whyisdeep-seaminingconsideredimportantbyitssupporters?A)Itisuniversallyagreedtobeharmlesstotheenvironment.B)Itprovidesmineralsneededformoderntechnologyandcleanenergy.C)Itismuchcheaperandeasierthanminingonland.D)Ithelpstoincreasethetemperatureofthedeepocean.29.WhatistheroleoftheInternationalSeabedAuthority(ISA)?A)Topromoteunlimitedminingbyallcountries.B)Tomanagedeep-searesourcesininternationalwatersforcollectivebenefit.C)Tobanallhumanactivitiesinthedeepocean.D)Toassignownershipofthedeepseabedtoindividualcorporations.30.Whatisthemainchallengehighlightedinthepassage?A)Thelackoftechnologytoreachthedeepocean.B)Theconflictbetweenresourceexploitationandenvironmentalprotection.C)Theabsenceofanyinternationallawsregardingtheocean.D)Thedisinterestofscientistsindeep-searesearch.---PartIIITranslation(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youarerequiredtotranslateapassagefromChineseintoEnglish.YoushouldwriteyouranswerontheAnswerSheet.中国书法（calligraphy）是一门独特的艺术，是世界上独一无二的艺术瑰宝。中国书法的发展反映了汉字字形和书写方法的变化。历史上，书法家们通常也是学者，因为书法被看作是个人修养的重要标志。练习书法需要集中注意力，对身心都是一种放松。如今，尽管人们书写的方式发生了巨大变化，但书法作为一种传统文化和艺术形式，仍然深受人们喜爱，并