2026年高考考前预测卷-英语（上海卷03）（考试版A4）

试卷第=page11页，共=sectionpages33页试卷第=page11页，共=sectionpages33页2026年高考考前预测卷（上海卷03）高三英语·注意事项：1．答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号等填写在答题卡和试卷指定位置上。2．回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上。写在本试卷上无效。3．考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。I.Grammar（每题1分；共20分）SectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.题源出处：TheGuardian《卫报》原文链接：/society/2025/jan/18/teen-mental-health-crisis-rising-anxiety-youth-survey）Teenagers’mentalhealthhasbecomeapressingglobalissue,witharecentsurveybyTheGuardianshowingthatover40%ofyoungpeopleaged13to18sufferfromfrequentanxiety,____1____rootcauseliesintheoveruseofsocialmediaandincreasingacademicpressure.Asthesurveypointsout,manyteenagersspendmorethanfourhoursadayonsocialplatforms,____2____(exposed)toendlesscomparisonsandnegativecommentsthatdeepentheirsenseofinferiority.Whatsurprisesexpertsmostis____3____mostparentsfailtonoticethesubtlechangesintheirchildren’smentalstate,suchassuddenwithdrawalfromsocialactivitiesorpersistentmoodswings.Eventhoughschoolshavelaunchedsomementalhealthcourses,they____4____(notdesign)toaddresstherootcausesofteenagers’anxiety,leavingmanyyoungpeoplewithoutproperguidancewhentheyareintrouble.AteamofpsychologistsfromtheUniversityofOxfordsuggeststhatparents____5____(spend)morequalitytimewiththeirchildren,listeningtotheirworriesratherthanjustfocusingontheirexamscores.____6____theymaybebusywithwork,parentsshouldtrytheirbesttoaccompanytheirchildren,asteenagersfeelthattheirvoicesareheardandtheirfeelingsarevaluedonlywhentheygetenoughcare.Itisalsoimportantthatschoolscooperatewithprofessionalmentalhealthorganizations____7____professionalcounselorscanworkcloselywithteachers.Thesurveyalsofindsthat____8____(take)partinregularphysicalactivitiesorjoininginterestclubshelpsteenagersreduceanxiety,fortheseactivitieshelpthemreleasestressandbuildconfidence.Solvingtheteenagementalhealthcrisisrequiresjointeffortsfromfamilies,schoolsandsociety.Nomatterhowdifficulttheprocessmaybe,wemuststicktoit,____9____everyyoungpersondeservesahealthyandhappyadolescence.Onlyinthisway____10____wehelpteenagersgrowintopositiveandresilientadultswhocanfacethechallengesofthefuturebravely.SectionBDirections:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.题源出处：TheEconomist《经济学人》原文链接：/culture/2024/03/02/why-scientific-reading-matters）A.charmsB.distractionsC.distantD.perspectiveE.significantF.productiveG.worriesH.contributeI.accessJ.strengthenK.underestimatedIntheageofinformationoverload,teenagersareincreasinglydrawntoshort-formentertainmentthatoffersinstantsatisfaction,butscientificreading,anactivitythatdemandsfocusandcriticalthinking,isoften____11____despiteitsprofoundimpactonadolescentdevelopment.Unlikemindlessscrollingthroughsocialmedia,scientificreadinghelpsteenagersdevelopalogical____12____andenablesthemtounderstandtheworldinamorerationalandcomprehensiveway.Anewcollectionofpopularsciencebooks,designedbyTheEconomist’sscienceeditorialteam,hasgainedpopularityamongteenagers.Thesebookssimplifycomplexscientifictheoriesintoengagingstories,addingunique____13____toabstractknowledgeandmakingiteasierforteenagerstograsp.Formanystudents,suchbookshelpthemescapeacademic____14____anddiscoverthejoyofexploringthemysteriesofnatureandtechnology.Yet,electronicdeviceshavebecomemajor____15____todeepscientificreading.Constantpop-upnotificationsandshortvideorecommendationsinterruptteenagers’readingflow,makingitdifficultforthemtoengageindeepthinking.Thesedigitaldistractions____16____tothedeclineofteenagers’abilitytoconcentrate,whichaffectstheirabilitytounderstandcomplexscientificcontent.Thebenefitsofscientificreadingarenotalwaysobviousatfirst;someare____17____andwillmanifestgraduallyinteenagers’futurestudyandcareer.Itcanenhancetheirlearningefficiency,____18____theiranalyticalskillsandhelpthemformascientificoutlookonlife.Providingteenagerswitheasy____19____tohigh-qualitypopularscienceresourcesiskeytomotivatingtheirpassionforscientificexploration.Inreality,scientificreadingisbynomeansawasteoftime.Onthecontrary,itisa____20____activitythatenrichesteenagers’mindsandenhancestheircomprehensivequalities,layingasolidfoundationfortheirlifelongdevelopment.II.ReadingComprehension(21–35题，每题1分；36–50题，每题2分；共45分)SectionADirections:eachblankinthefollowingpassagemarkedB,CandD.ineachblankwiththeorphrasethatbestthecontext.KeepingUpWith“Irrelevant”NewsToday’sworldissomethingofacontradiction.Eventhoughwearebeinggivenaccesstomoreinformationthaneverbefore,weare21enoughbecominglessinformed.Aswescrollthroughthousandsofpostingseachdayonsocialmedia,weseelotsofgossipaboutcelebritiesandreadpeople’sopinionsaboutvariousissues.However,becausewecannow“choose(whetherbeingforcedtoornot)”thenewsweread,wemaybemissingthenewswe“need.”AccordingtoanewsurveyreleasedbyGallup,about58%ofAmericansgettheirnewsfromonlinesources,38%fromtelevisionandradio,andonly3%fromprintednewspapersandmagazines.InShanghai,wecanalsoseetheevidenceofthisdropinprintmediareadershipwiththe22oftheredkiosks(书报亭)thatusedtobeubiquitous(无处不在的)aroundthecity.Thisis23,asIseeit,sincenewspapersandmagazines,whichexplainstoriesinmoredetail,arestilloneofthemostreliablesourcesofnewstoday.IgotintothehabitofreadingnewsstorieswhenIwasinhighschool.EverymorningIwould24acopyofTheGlobeandMail,aCanadiannewspaperbasedinToronto,andreadthroughitduringmylunchbreak.Bothtopstoriesonthefrontpageandthesmallonesontheinsidepageslooked25tome.Asanadded26readingnewsstorieseverydayhasmademefeelbetterconnectedtothewiderworld.LastFebruary,terribleearthquakeshitTurkeyandSyria.Newsaboutthiseventspreadlikewildfire.Insteadofseeingitasatragicstoryinafarawayplacethatdidnothaveaneffectonothercountries,theinternationalcommunity27steppedintohelp.Within48hoursrescueteamsfromaroundtheworldweresenttothestrickenareas.Theyworkedtosavethelivesofthosewhoweretrappedbeneaththerubbleofcollapsedbuildingsandtohelpothersurvivors28thecoldofwinterbygivingthemmedicalaidandsupplyingthemwiththebasicnecessitiesoflife.Thatbeingsaid,somemaystillarguethatallnewsis,ultimately,29tothem.It’slikelythatfewofuswouldbeabletonameanewsstoryinthelastmonththathelpedustomakeamoreinformed30inourpersonallives.IfthereissomethingI’venoticedaboutpeople,includingmyself,isthatwearealmostalwayspoorat31betweenwhatisandisnot“relevant.”Forme,Inever32thatthehabitofreadingnewsstorieswouldenduphelpingmewithmyschoolworkandthatitwouldlaterhelppavethepathtomyfuturecareer.Byreadingwell-writtennewspaperarticles,Iwasabletoincludesomeoftheinformationinmyessaysandto33myownwritingskills.34,thenewsallowsustounderstandtheworldandourplaceinit.Butbearinmindthatonlinenewssourcescanbelessreliableunlesstheyarea(n)35sourcesuchasXinhuaor,ofcourse,ourveryownSSP.21．A．curiously B．fortunately C．interestingly D．strangely22．A．disadvantage B．disappearance C．disapproval D．disconnection23．A．meaningful B．necessary C．reasonable D．unfortunate24．A．handout B．pickup C．showoff D．throwaway25．A．abstract B．boring C．fascinating D．weird26．A．bonus B．chance C．priority D．task27．A．hesitantly B．instantly C．pleasantly D．reluctantly28．A．celebrate B．endure C．record D．realize29．A．immoral B．insignificant C．irrelevant D．unbelievable30．A．complaint B．decision C．effort D．mistake31．A．balancing B．distinguishing C．regulating D．switching32．A．announced B．expected C．learned D．suggested33．A．abandon B．boast C．improve D．share34．A．Bycontrast B．Forinstance C．Inshort D．Onaverage35．A．controversial B．established C．independent D．profitableSectionB Directions:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.(A)Onceayear,UrsulaBannisterclimbstoHighRockLookout,aviewpointnearAshford,Washington,whereshescatteredhermother’sashes23yearsago.Sheusuallyhikeswithsomeonealongthe3.2-miletrail.LastAugust,Bannister,then79,wentoffonherown,figuringshe’dbefinebecauseshe’sanexperiencedhiker.Shearrivedatthetrailataround11a.m.andmadeherwaytothelookout.Assheheadedbackdown,herfootgotcaughtinaholeintheground.Shefellforward.“BythetimeIsatup,myfootwaspointingthewrongway.IknewrightawayIhadbrokenmyleg.”Bannistersays.Shecriedoutforhelp,andbeforelong,astrangerapproachedandcalled911.Theyweretoldasearchandrescueteamwouldarriveinfivehours.“Itwasn’tveryencouraging.”Bannistersays.“Iaskedthismantopleaseaskanybodyiftheyhadpainkillers,becauseatthatpointthepainwasprettysubstantial.”Nooneinthevicinitydid.Buttwoyoungmencameovertoseewhatwasgoingon.WhentheysawBannisteronthegroundinagony,theymadeanoffer.Theycouldcarrytheinjuredwomantothebottomofthetrail.TroyMay,anAirForceairmanstationedatJointBaseLewisMcChord,hadhikeduptothelookoutthatdaywithhisfriendLaytonAllen.“IknowIwascapableofcarryingherdown,”saysMay,then20.“Ireallydidn’tmakemuchofadecision;IjustknowIneededtocarryherdownifIcould.”MayeasedBannisterontohisbackandstartedhikingdownward.Hecarriedherformostofthenearlythree-hourjourney,andAllencarriedherfortherest.Otherspitchedinaswell:ShortlyintothehikeMay,whowaswearingcowboyboots,gotblistersonthebottomofonefoot.AmanonthetrailsawthesituationandgaveMayhisshoes,thencontinuedoninhissocks.“Thatwasjustonekindness,”saysBannister.Acouplehikingthatdayalsolentahand.One,aphysicaltherapist,bandagedBannister’sfootandbuiltamakeshiftsplintforherlegoutofwoodenscraps.Theother,anoccupationaltherapist,didbreathingexerciseswithhertohelpcalmher.“Iwasjustoverwhelmedwithgratitudethatthesepeopleliterallycameoutofthewoodstohelpme,”shesays.Duringthelonghikedown,herrescuerssharedstoriesandaskedBannisteraboutherownlifetodistractherfromthemountingpain.Theireffortstodistractherworked,Bannistersays.“IfIdidn’tfocusonmypain,Ididn’tscreamquiteasloudly,”shesays.Oncetheyreachedtheparkinglot,AllendroveBannistertotheTacomaGeneralHospital,abouttwohoursaway,andMayfollowedtheminhiscar.Atthehospital,Bannisterlearnedthatshehadbrokenherleginthreeplaces—tibia,fibulaandheelbone.“Theemergencyteamwasveryimpressedbythesplintthatthetherapisthadbuilt,”saysBannister,addingthatdoctorstoldherthedamagelikelywouldhavebeenworsehadshewaitedlongertogetmedicalattention.Shearrivedhomethatnightat1a.m.withcrutchesandhadtowaitaweekfortheswellingtogodownbeforeshecouldundergosurgery.Duringherrecovery,thepeoplewhohelpedherdownfromHighRockLookouthavecheckedinseveraltimes.“Ithinkwe’llbefriendsforareallylongtime,”Bannistersays.36．WhatdirectlyledtoUrsulaBannisterneedingrescueduringherhike?A．Severeweatherconditionsonthemountaintrail.B．Afallcausedbyherfoottrappedinagroundhole.C．Losingherwaywhiledescendingalone.D．Exhaustionfromthesteepandlengthyclimb.37．HowdidtheoccupationaltherapistcontributetoBannister’srescue?A．Bycarryingherdownthemountainwhenothersgrewtired.B．Byconstructingasplintfromwoodenscrapsforherleg.C．Byalleviatinghersufferingwithbreathingexercises.D．Bydrivinghertothehospitalforimmediatesurgery.38．Theunderlinedsentence“...thesepeopleliterallycameoutofthewoodstohelpme”impliesthatthehelpers______.A．werewildlifeexpertsfamiliarwithforestterrain.B．unexpectedlyappearedfromremoteareasofthetrail.C．requirednavigationthroughdensevegetationtoreachher.D．intentionallyhidinthewoodsbeforeofferingassistance.39．Whatistheprimarythemeofthestory?A．Thenecessityofprofessionalmedicaltraininginwildernessemergencies.B．Theriskselderlyindividualsfacewhenengaginginstrenuousoutdooractivities.C．Theprofoundimpactofcollectivekindnessfromstrangersincrises.D．Theimportanceofadvancedplanningforsolohikingexpeditions.(B)TOPHIKINGTRAILSINTHEWORLDPostedon04-15-25

ShareFromancientstonepathstohighmountainpasses,thesefivehikingtrailsofferunforgettablejourneysforadventurersaroundtheglobe.Beforesettingoff,hikersshouldpaycloseattentiontosceneryhighlights,accessseasons,andreservationrequirements.TheGreatWallTrek—ChinaStretchingacrossnorthernChina,theGreatWalloffersseveraltrekking-friendlysectionssuchasJinshanlingandSimatai.Theseroutescombinedramaticmountainviewswithhistoricwatchtowers.●Bestseason:April—September●Reservation:Ticketbookingrequiredforrestoredsections●Facilities:Shopsandrestareasnearmajorentrances●Note:SomepartsaresteepandunevenTheJohnMuirTrail—USALocatedinCalifornia’sSierraNevada,the211-mileJohnMuirTrail(JMT)passesthroughYosemite,KingsCanyon,andSequoiaNationalParks.●Bestseason:July—September●Reservation:Wildernesspermitsrequiredmonthsinadvance●Facilities:Limitedresupplypointsalongtheroute●Note:HighaltitudeandlongdistancesdemandstrongfitnessTheCaminodeSantiago—SpainKnownasaspiritualpilgrimage,theCaminodeSantiagoisanetworkofroutesleadingtoSantiagodeCompostela.TheCaminoFrancés,themostpopularroute,spansabout500miles.●Bestseason:May—October●Reservation:Requiredforcommercialfilmingandorganizedgroups●Facilities:Frequenthostels,cafés,andmedicalstations●Note:SuitableforbeginnersandculturaltravelersTheaugavegurTrail—IcelandThis55-kilometertrailconnectsLandmannalaugartoÞórsmörk,passingglaciers,hotsprings,andvolcanicdeserts.●Bestseason:June—August●Reservation:Requiredformountainhuts●Facilities:Hutsandemergencysheltersavailable●Note:WeatherchangesrapidlyTheIncaTrail—PeruLeadingtotheancientcityofMachuPicchu,theIncaTrailcombinesarchaeologicalruinswithAndeanscenery.●Bestseason:May—September●Reservation:Mandatorybookingvialicensedtouroperators●Facilities:Guidedcampsandportersprovided●Note:Dailyhikernumbersarestrictlylimited40．Whichofthefollowingtrailsallowsindependenthikingwithoutcompulsorypermits?A．TheGreatWallTrekinChina. B．TheCaminodeSantiagoinSpain.C．TheJohnMuirTrailintheUnitedStates. D．TheIncaTrailinPeru.41．WhichofthefollowingtravelplansisNOTappropriateaccordingtotheinformationprovided?A．ChoosingtheCaminodeSantiagoforafamilyinterestedinculturalexperiences.B．PlanningtohiketheLaugavegurTrailduringthesummervacationasanextreme-sportsenthusiastseekingchallengingnaturallandscapes.C．SelectingtheJohnMuirTrailforbeginnerhikerswhoprefermakingspontaneoustravelplans.D．WalkingalongtheGreatWallTrekfortravelerswhoenjoyhistoricalsightseeing.42．Whichofthefollowingcanbestbeinferredfromtheinformationprovidedinthepassage?A．Trailswithstrictpermitsystemstendtoofferfewernaturalattractions.B．Long-distancetrailsgenerallyrequirehigherphysicalfitnessthanshortroutes.C．Accessregulationsfortrailsareinfluencedbyenvironmentalandsafetyconcerns.D．Independenthikingisdiscouragedonmostfamoustrailsworldwide.(C)AfriendlivinginSt.Thomasrecentlymarkedherself“safe”onsocialmediaforthesecondtimeintwoweeks.Shewassafeinonlythemostcriticalsensethatshewasalive.Herhomeandherbusinesshadbeenreducedtobrokenbricks.PuertoRicohasbeendestroyedbyhurricanes.Lastmonth,hundredsdiedinMexicanearthquakes.HurricaneIrmahittheU.S.VirginIslandsandtheFloridaKeys,andlaidwastetoBarbuda.HarveydevastatedpartsofTexas.FifteenseparatefireshaveturnedthousandsofNorthernCaliforniahomesandbusinessestodustandsmokedoutneighboringcities.Closertous,theAnaheimHillsfirehaslaidwastetonearly6,000acres.Thatnumberwillbehighertomorrow.Andabouttomorrow:whatmightitbring?Aswarmoflocusts(蝗虫)?Myfriendreferredto“natural”or“man-made”disastersasdistinctphenomena.Certainly,“natural”disastersand“man-made”disasterslongpreceded(先于)theindustrialrevolution.ButunprecedentedhurricanesandwildfiresarenotsimplythehandofGodornature—theyarealsothehandofmanandhismachines,whichcreateconditionsinwhichsuchnaturaldisasterscansparkandspread.Meanwhile,warsareoftenfoughtoverorworsenedbyascarcityofnaturalresources.“Natural”and“man-made”arenowmorelikeaVenndiagramthantwoseparatecircleswhichorbiteachother.Thereislittlecomfortorclaritytobefoundinthisknitspace;thefeelingisclosertodread.Ourbesthopemaybetostaykindtoourselvesandothers,toacknowledgethatwewillfightandbreakalittleeasier,toholdthosetroubledbycatastrophe(灾难)inourthoughtsandnotturnawayfromthem,torememberthat—asmuchasourmindsmightwanttodenyit—wetoowillneedhelp.Climatechangewillharmuspersonally;itwillharmoursuccessors,thosewelove;thatpersononthenewstoday,coveredindebrisorwading(跋涉)throughwater,maywellbeustomorrow.It’sameantruth,butthere’scompassiontobeobtainedfromit.Disaster,ifweletit,canteachusthatwewhohavenotyetsufferedarenotuntouchable;wearenotspecial;wearelucky.Andluckrunsout.43．SomefactualexamplesareusedtoillustratenaturaldisastersinthefirstthreeparagraphsEXCEPT________.A．firesinNorthernCaliforniaB．earthquakesinMexicoC．hurricanesinPuertoRicoD．locustsinpartsofTexas44．Whatdoestheauthorthinkofnaturalandman-madedisasters?A．Earthquakes,floods,wildfiresandotherdisastersaresimplythecallofGod.B．Naturalandman-madedisastersaredisturbinglyinterconnectedwitheachother.C．Thereisscarcelyaconnectionbetweenthecirclesof“natural”and“man-made”.D．Thehandofmanandhismachinesdidn’tsparkwarsuntiltheindustrialrevolution.45．Infaceofdisasters,theauthormaintainsthathopefullywemight________.A．realizewehumansareunlikelytobeatB．turnawayfromenvironmentalprotectionC．extendourcompassiontodisastervictimsD．stayinformedofnewsaboutcatastrophes46．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?A．WhatNaturalDisastersCanTeachUsB．WeAreRunningOutofLuckinNatureC．TheCountdowntoaCatastrophicDisasterD．ClimateChangeHarmsAllBeingsEquallySectionCDirections:thefollowingpassages.ineachblankwithasentenceintheEachsentencebethatsentencesneed.FromclassroomstocarehomesLessthanthreeyearsagoMsJiangwastidyingawaytoysandsingingrhymesasateacheratanurseryinBeijing.Sheremembersparentsknockingonthedoorinanefforttosigntheirchildrenup.Thatgraduallybecamerarer,untillastyearMsJiangfoundherselfdistributingpromotionalleafletsforthenurseryinherlunchbreaks.47LastMayMsJiangmovedintoasectorwithbettergrowthprospects:carehomesandherabilitiestoteachhandicraftsandplaygamescomeinuseful.Between2017and2022China’stotalfertility(生育)ratecrashedfrom1.8to1.Between2021and2024pupilnumbersinpre-schoolsfellfrom48mto36m.Some42,000of295,000pre-schoolshaveclosed,and360,000of3.2mpre-schoolteachershavequit.48WhereasChina’snursery-goinggroupwillfallby14minthenextfiveyears,thenumberofpeopleaged65andoverwillrisefrom211mto256m.Chinabadlyneedsmorestafftocareforthem.In2021ithadjusthalfamillioncertifiedcareworkers.Thatmadeforjust0.27careworkersper100peopleaged65andabove,ashockinglylownumber.Universitieshavelauncheddegreesinelderlycare.Thefirstbatchofstudentsgraduatedlastyear,tohotdemand.AllthismotivatedoneMsWuin2023toopenherowncarehomeinJiangxiafteryearsinnurseries.Shehasnineresidentspaying2,600yuanamonthtobethere.Theoutlookisbright,shesays:rightnowthoseincarehomeshavemultiplechildrenonaverage.Thoseborninthe1970sand1980smostlyhaveonlyonechild,whichmeansfewerpeopletolookafterthemwhentheyeventuallygetold.49Shehasalsohadafewfromnurseryteacherslookingtomaketheswitchshedid.Thegovernmentlikes“mixed-use”facilitieswherebothyoungandoldarelookedafter.50Ithadfacilitiesfortable-tennisandspaceforcalligraphy,andwhenthenurseryteacherswerefree,theytaughttheelderly.Theoldcertainlyenjoyseeingtheyoung;somegrandparentsevendropofftinyrelativesatthenurserybeforeheadingtotheirownfloor.A．Anewspaperhascalledforlocalgovernmentstoprovidefundsforsuchprojects.B．Asilverliningexistsforthosesharp-wittedenoughtoadapt.C．Caringfortheelderlyiseasierthancaringforyoungchildren.D．LastyearinChongqing,forexample,anemptyfloorofanurserywasturnedintoan“elderly-carestation”.E．MsWugetsenquiriesalmosteverydayfromprospectivecustomers.F．Sherealisedthewritingwasonthewall.III.SummaryWriting(10分)Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Moreandmorecorporationsaretakinganinterestincorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR).CSRismadeupofthreebroadlayers.Themostbasicistraditionalcorporatecharitywork.Companiestypicallyspendabout1%ofpre-taxprofitsonworthyprojects.Butmanyfeelthatsimplywritingchequestocharitiesisnolongerenough.Insomecompanies,shareholderswanttoknowthattheirmoneyisbeingputtogooduse,andemployeeswanttobeactivelyinvolvedingoodworks.Moneyaloneisnottheanswerwhencompaniescomeunderattackfortheirbehavior.HencethesecondlayerofCSR,whichisabranchofriskmanagement.Startinginthe1980s,withenvironmentaldisasterssuchastheexplosionatBhopalandtheExxonValdezoilspill,industryafterindustryhassufferedblowstoitsreputation.So,companiesoftenrespondedbytryingtomanagetherisks.Theytalktonon-governmentalorganizations(NGOs)andtogovernments,createcodesofconduct(行为准则)anddevotethemselvestomoretransparency(透明)intheiroperations.Increasingly,too,they,alongwiththeircompetitors,setcommonrulestospreadrisks.Allthisislargelydefensive,buttherearealsoopportunitiesf