2019英语四级试题

2019英语四级试题

PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessayontheimportanceofbuildingtrustininterpersonalrelationships.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.PartIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Theconceptof"smartcities"hasgainedsignificantattentioninrecentyears.Itreferstourbanareasthatusevarioustypesofelectronicmethodsandsensorstocollectdata.Insightsgainedfromthatdataareusedtomanageassets,resources,andservicesefficiently.Thisdataisusedtoimproveoperationsacrossthecity,includingtransportationsystems,powerplants,watersupplynetworks,wastemanagement,andothercommunityservices.Thesmartcityconceptintegratesinformationandcommunicationtechnology(ICT)andvariousphysicaldevicesconnectedtotheInternetofThings(IoT)networktooptimizetheefficiencyofcityoperationsandservicesandconnecttocitizens.Smartcitytechnologyallowscityofficialstointeractdirectlywithbothcommunityandcityinfrastructureandtomonitorwhatishappeninginthecityandhowthecityisevolving.ICTisusedtoenhancequality,performance,andinteractivityofurbanservices,toreducecostsandresourceconsumption,andtoimprovecontactbetweencitizensandgovernment.Smartcityapplicationsaredevelopedtomanageurbanflowsandallowforreal-timeresponses.Therefore,asmartcitymaybemorepreparedtorespondtochallengesthanonewithaconventional"transactional"relationshipwithitscitizens.Yet,thetermitselfremainsuncleartomanyandisopentomanyinterpretations.Somecriticsarguethatthefocusontechnologyoverlookstheneedsofcitizens,whileothersworryaboutdataprivacyandsecurityrisks.WordBank:A)assetsB)contactC)conventionalD)efficientlyE)evolvingF)interpretationsG)optimizeH)overlooksI)privacyJ)responsesK)sensorsL)significantM)transactionalN)urbanO)variousSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.[A]Thesharingeconomy,oftenassociatedwithcompanieslikeAirbnbandUber,isasocio-economicsystembuiltaroundthesharingofhumanandphysicalresources.Itincludesthesharedcreation,production,distribution,trade,andconsumptionofgoodsandservicesbydifferentpeopleandorganizations.Thesesystemstakeavarietyofforms,oftenleveraginginformationtechnologytoempowerindividuals,corporations,non-profits,andgovernmentswithinformationthatenablesdistribution,sharing,andreuseofexcesscapacityingoodsandservices.[B]Aprimarymotivationforsharingassetsisthatthecostofownershipisoftenhighandtheassetisunderutilized.Forexample,apowerdrillistypicallyusedforonlyafewminutesinitsentirelifetime.Sharingassetsreducestheneedforeachindividualtoownthesameitem,therebyreducingtotalproductionandconsumption.Proponentsarguethatthisleadstoamoreefficientuseofresourcesandareductioninwaste,whichbenefitstheenvironment.[C]Despiteitsbenefits,thesharingeconomyhasfacedcriticismandregulatorychallenges.Onemajorconcernisthatitcanbypassexistingregulationsandprotectionsdesignedfortraditionalbusinesses.Forinstance,hoteltaxesandsafetystandardsmaynotapplytoshort-termrentalsinthesameway.Thiscreatesanunevenplayingfieldandraisesconcernsaboutconsumerprotectionandfaircompetition.[D]Anothersignificantissueistheimpactonlabor.Manyparticipantsinthesharingeconomyareclassifiedasindependentcontractorsratherthanemployees.Thismeanstheyoftenlackbenefitssuchashealthinsurance,paidleave,andminimumwageguarantees.Criticsarguethatthiscanleadtojobinsecurityandexploitation,asworkersbearmorerisksandcosts.[E]Supporters,however,highlighttheflexibilityandautonomyitprovides.Individualscanchoosewhenandhowmuchtheywanttowork,anditcanprovideincomeopportunitiesforthosewhomightnotfitintotraditionalemploymentstructures.Forconsumers,itoftenofferslowerpricesandgreaterconveniencecomparedtotraditionalservices.[F]Thefutureofthesharingeconomyisuncertainandwilllikelydependonhowgovernmentsadaptregulations.Somecitieshavealreadyimplementedrulestolimitshort-termrentalsorrequireride-sharingdriverstoobtainspeciallicenses.Theongoingdebatebalancesinnovationandeconomicopportunitywiththeneedtoprotectworkersandconsumersandensurefairmarkets.1.Thesharingeconomycanprovideworkflexibilityandcontroloverone'sschedule.2.Acommonreasonforsharingitemsisthatowningthemcanbeexpensiveandtheyarerarelyusedtotheirfullpotential.3.Regulationsoriginallycreatedfortraditionalindustriesmaynoteffectivelycoversharingeconomyactivities.4.Thedefinitionofthesharingeconomyinvolvesusingtechnologytofacilitatetheexchangeofunusedresources.5.Thereisaconcernthatsharingeconomyworkersmaynotreceivestandardemploymentbenefits.6.Theenvironmentalargumentforthesharingeconomyisbasedondecreasedmanufacturingandwaste.7.Localgovernmentsarebeginningtocreatespecificlawstomanagesharingeconomyservices.8.Consumersmayenjoycostsavingsandconveniencethroughsharingeconomyplatforms.9.Theclassificationofworkersascontractorsisapointofcontroversy.10.Thelong-termdevelopmentofthiseconomicmodelistiedtoregulatoryadjustments.SectionCDirections:Therearetwopassagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.PassageOneQuestions1to5arebasedonthefollowingpassage.AnewstudypublishedinthejournalNatureClimateChangesuggeststhatplantingtreesandrestoringforestscouldbeoneofthemosteffectivestrategiestocombatclimatechange.Researchersestimatedthatthereispotentialtoincreasetheworld'sforestlandby900millionhectareswithoutencroachingonexistingurbanoragriculturalareas.Thisnewforestcouldstore205billionmetrictonsofcarbon,roughlytwo-thirdsofthecarbonthathumanshaveaddedtotheatmospheresincetheIndustrialRevolution.However,thestudy'sauthorscautionthattreeplantingisnotasubstituteforreducingfossilfuelemissions.Theworldmuststilltransitionawayfromcoal,oil,andgastoavoidtheworstimpactsofclimatechange.Forestscanabsorbcarbondioxideastheygrow,butthisprocesstakesdecades.Moreover,forestsarevulnerabletofires,droughts,andpests—risksthatareincreasingwithglobalwarming.Theresearchalsohighlightsthatnotalltree-plantingprojectsareequallybeneficial.Monocultureplantations(largeareaswithasingletreespecies)arelesseffectiveatstoringcarbonandsupportingbiodiversitythannatural,diverseforests.Themosteffectiveapproachistorestorenaturalecosystems,allowingnativetreestoregrow.Thisalsohelpstoprotectwildlifeandwaterresources.Whilethepotentialissignificant,thestudyacknowledgesmajorchallenges,includingfunding,landrights,andlong-termmanagement.Successfulreforestationrequirescommitmentfromgovernments,communities,andinternationalorganizations.1.WhatisthemainfindingofthestudypublishedinNatureClimateChange?A)Fossilfuelemissionshavedecreasedduetoforestexpansion.B)Urbanareasshouldbeconvertedintoforeststostorecarbon.C)Increasingglobalforestareacouldcapturealargeamountofcarbon.D)Industrialcarbonemissionsaretwo-thirdslowerthanpreviouslythought.2.Whatwarningdotheauthorsgiveregardingtreeplanting?A)Itismoreexpensivethantransitioningtorenewableenergy.B)Itcannotreplacetheneedtocutdownonfossilfueluse.C)Itwillimmediatelyreversetheeffectsofclimatechange.D)Itisonlyeffectiveintropicalregions.3.Whatisadisadvantageofmonoculturetreeplantationsmentionedinthepassage?A)Theygrowtooslowlytoabsorbcarbon.B)Theyaremorelikelytocatchfire.C)Theyarelesscapableofstoringcarbonandsupportingdiverselife.D)Theyrequiremorewaterthannaturalforests.4.Whatdoesthestudysuggestasthemosteffectivereforestationmethod?A)Plantingfast-growingnon-nativespecies.B)Creatinglargecommercialtimberplantations.C)Restoringnaturalecosystemswithnativetrees.D)Focusingonplantingtreesinurbanareasonly.5.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasachallengeforreforestation?A)Securingfinancialsupport.B)Resolvinglandownershipissues.C)Lackofsuitabletreespecies.D)Long-termmaintenanceandmanagement.PassageTwoQuestions6to10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Theconceptof"helicopterparenting"referstoastyleofparentingwhereparentsareoverlyfocusedontheirchildren,hoveringoverthemandinterveningintheiraffairstoanexcessivedegree.Thistermbecamepopularintheearly2000s.Whiletheseparentshavegoodintentions,wantingtoprotectandensuretheirchildren'ssuccess,researchsuggeststhisapproachmayhavenegativelong-termconsequences.Studiesindicatethatchildrenofhelicopterparentsmayexperiencehigherlevelsofanxietyanddepression.Theyoftenlackconfidenceintheirownproblem-solvingabilitiesbecausetheirparentshavealwayssteppedintohandlechallengesforthem.Thiscanleadtodifficultyinmakingdecisionsandcopingwithsetbacksindependently.Furthermore,thesechildrenmaystrugglewithessentiallifeskills,suchastimemanagementandinterpersonalconflictresolution.Ineducationalsettings,helicopterparentingcanhinderdevelopment.Collegeprofessorsandadministratorsreportincreasinginstancesofparentscontactingthemdirectlytodisputegradesornegotiateassignments,ratherthanallowingstudentstoadvocateforthemselves.Thispreventsyoungadultsfromlearningself-advocacyandresponsibility.However,itisimportanttodistinguishbetweensupportiveinvolvementandover-involvement.Parentswhoprovideguidancewhileencouragingautonomyhelpfosterresilienceandself-efficacy.Expertsrecommendthatparentsgraduallystepbackaschildrengrow,allowingthemtoexperiencenaturalconsequencesanddeveloptheirowncopingstrategies.Thegoalistoraisecapable,independentadults,nottoeliminateallriskordiscomfortfromachild'slife.6.Whatistheprimarycharacteristicof"helicopterparenting"?A)Parentsneglecttheirchildren'seducation.B)Parentsareexcessivelyinvolvedandcontrolling.C)Parentsencourageextremeindependencefromayoungage.D)Parentsfocussolelyontheirchildren'sacademicperformance.7.Accordingtoresearch,whatisapotentialpsychologicaleffectonchildrenwithhelicopterparents?A)Increasedself-esteemandoptimism.B)Greaterabilitytohandlestressalone.C)Higherlikelihoodofanxietyanddepression.D)Strongermotivationtoachieveacademicsuccess.8.Howcanhelicopterparentingnegativelyimpactacollegestudent'sdevelopment?A)Itreducesparents'financialburden.B)Itpreventsstudentsfromlearningtohandletheirownacademicissues.C)Itencouragescloserrelationshipsbetweenstudentsandprofessors.D)Ithelpsstudentsgetbettergradesthroughparentalintervention.9.Whatdoexpertsrecommendasahealthyparentalapproach?A)Solvingallproblemsforchildrentominimizetheirstress.B)Completelyavoidinginvolvementinchildren'sacademiclife.C)Providingguidancewhilepromotingindependentproblem-solving.D)Allowingchildrentofaceallriskswithoutanyparentalsupport.10.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A)Tocriticizemodernparentingstylesharshly.B)Toexplaintheconceptandpotentialdrawbacksofhelicopterparenting.C)Topromoteaspecificmethodofchild-rearing.D)Tocomparedifferentparentingstylesacrosscultures.PartIIITranslation(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youarerequiredtotranslateapassagefromChineseintoEnglish.YoushouldwriteyouranswerontheAnswerSheet.中国书法(calligraphy)是一门独特的艺术，是中华文化的重要组成部分。它不仅是沟通的工具，还被视为一种心灵修炼的方式。书法家通过控制毛笔的力度和速度，创造出具有美感和韵律的汉字。练习书法需要耐心、专注和多年的训练。今天，书法仍然深受人们喜爱，它既是一种艺术表达，也是一种放松身心的活动。许多学校开设书法课，以帮助学生更好地理解传统文化并培养审美能力。---AnswerKeyPartIWriting(SampleEssay)Trustisthecornerstoneofanyhealthyinterpersonalrelationship.Itfostersasenseofsecurity,deepensemotionalconnections,andfacilitateseffectivecommunication.Infriendships,trustallowsindividualstoconfideineachotherwithoutfearofjudgment.Inprofessionalsettings,itenablesteamworkandcollaboration,ascol