2026届浙江金丽衢十二校高三第二次联考英语试卷_第1页
2026届浙江金丽衢十二校高三第二次联考英语试卷_第2页
2026届浙江金丽衢十二校高三第二次联考英语试卷_第3页
2026届浙江金丽衢十二校高三第二次联考英语试卷_第4页
2026届浙江金丽衢十二校高三第二次联考英语试卷_第5页
已阅读5页,还剩9页未读 继续免费阅读

下载本文档

版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领

文档简介

2026届浙江金丽衢十二校高三第二次联考英语试卷一、听力选择题1.WhatdoesthemanthinkofMary?

A.She’scompetent.B.She’screative.C.She’sfriendly.2.Whatisthetopicoftheconversation?

A.Tipsondoingexercise.B.Methodsofrevision.C.Waysofreadingmaps.3.Whereareprobablythespeakers?

A.Atadrugstore.B.Inarestaurant.C.Atabutcher’s.4.Whatdoesthewomanthinkisthereasonforhersorethroat?

A.Talkingtoomuch.B.Spicyfood.C.Acold.5.Whendoestheconversationtakeplace?

A.InMarch.B.InApril.C.InMay.听下面一段对话,回答以下小题。6.Whatitemsdidtheypackinthecar?

A.Tent,snacksandmaps.B.Snacks,cameraandmaps.C.Camera,snacksandbaseball.7.Whatarethespeakersmainlytalkingabout?

A.Travelpreparations.B.Apicnicplan.C.Hikingroutes.听下面一段对话,回答以下小题。8.Whatdidthemanoriginallyorder?

A.Tenchickennuggetsandtwocheesehamburgers.B.Twentychickennuggetsandtwofishhamburgers.C.Twentychickennuggetsandtwocheesehamburgers.9.WhydidthewomangivefreeFrenchfriestotheman?

A.Topromotetheirnewproduct.B.Toencouragehimtoordermore.C.Toapologizefortheerrorintheorder.10.Whathappenedtotheman’sorder?

A.Themanplacedawrongorder.B.Thereceiptoftheorderwasmissing.C.Theorderwasmistakenforanotherone.听下面一段对话,回答以下小题。11.Wheredidthespeakersmeetlastweek?

A.Neartheneighborhood.B.Atthemeeting.C.Inthewoman’soffice.12.Whydidthemanfeelembarrassed?

A.Heforgotthewoman’sname.B.Helostthewoman’stelephonenumber.C.Hedidn’tliketheconversationwiththewoman.13.Howdoesthewomansound?

A.Understanding.B.Annoyed.C.Awkward.听下面一段对话,回答以下小题。14.Whatdoesthewomansayaboutheremotionalstate?

A.Sheisalwayshappyandneverfeelstired.B.Sheissometimestiredorsadbutoptimistic.C.Sheseldomseesthebrightsideofanything.15.WhendoesthewomangetuponSundays?

A.At10am.B.At9am.C.At6am.16.Whydoesthewomanwakeupearly?

A.Toavoidfeelingrushed.B.Topreventbeinglate.C.Tocheckemails.17.Whatcanbeinferredabouttheman’sbreakfasthabit?

A.Heofteneatssandwichesathome.B.Heenjoyscookingbreakfasthimself.C.Healmostneverhasbreakfastathome.听下面一段独白,回答以下小题。18.Whatisthemainpurposeofthisprogram?

A.Tosellbooksatalowerprice.B.Tohelppeoplewhocan’taffordbooks.C.Tocollectoldbooksforrecycling.19.HowdidMs.Chenfeelabouttheprogram’sfirstweek?

A.Surprised.B.Worried.C.Grateful.20.WhatcanweinferaboutXiaoMei?

A.Sheoftengoestothelibrarytostudy.B.Shegotabookwithoutpayingforit.C.Shedonatedapicturebooktotheshelf.二、阅读理解Contests

$4,000INAWARDS.

EnterNewMillennium

WritingAwardsbyJanuary31,2026—$1,000EACHforBestpoetry,fiction,nonfiction,flashfiction.Allwinnerspublishedinouranthologyandonline.“Ilovetheemphasisonnewwriters,theblindjudging,andthelackofrestrictionsonsubjectandstyle.”—OrlandoDare,recentsubmitter.

Visit.THE2026ORISON

PrizesinPoetry&Fictionoffer$1,500andpublicationbyOrisonBooksforafull-lengthmanuscriptineachgenre.Judges:LeilaChatti(poetry);fictionjudge:MargotLivesey.Entryfee:$25.Entryperiod:December1,2025—April1,2026.Forguidelines,visitorison/submissions.AMERICAMEDIA

FoleyPoetryContest.$1,000prize.Noentrancefee.Submissionsaccepted:January1—March31,2026.Oneunpublishedpoemonanytopic.45linesorfewer.Submitonline:.Mailedsubmissions:AmericaFoleyPoetryContest,1212AvenueoftheAmericas,11thfloor,NewYork,NY10036.2026KENTUCKY

VisionsShortStoryContest.Enteryourfiction(upto7,500words)byJanuary31,2026,forachancetowin$500!EitherthesettingortheauthormusthaveaKentuckyconnection.Visit/contestfordetails.UnleashyourcreativityandshareyourKentucky-inspiredstorytoday!2026PRIME

NumberMagazineAwardsforPoetryandShortFiction.$1,000firstprizeineachcategorypluspublication.Tworunners-upineachcategoryreceive$250pluspublication.Readingfee:$15.OpenMarchthroughApril2026.SubmitonlinethroughSubmittable.Detailsat/prime-number-magazine-awards.ANNOUNCING

thecallforsubmissionsforWesleyanUniversityPress’sCardinalPoetryPrize.Forfirstfull-lengthbooksbypoetsover40.OpenFebruary1—28,2026.JudgedbyRobertPinsky.$1,000cashprizeandpublicationbyWesleyanUniversityPress.Website:/the-cardinal-poetry-prize/.21.Whatisthemainpurposeofthetext?

A.Tointroducefamouspoetsandwriters.B.Toadvertiseseveralliterarycontests.C.Tocomparedifferentpublishinghouses.D.Toexplainhowtowriteashortstory.22.WhichofthefollowingcouldenterKentuckyVisionsShortStoryContest?

A.ApoemaboutAmericanhistory.B.Anonfictionnovelwith10,000words.C.AshortstorybasedonKentucky.D.Afull-lengthbookwrittenbysomepoets.23.Whichtwocontestshavethesamesubmissiondeadline?

A.OrisonPrizesinPoetry&Fiction&PrimeNumberMagazineAwards.B.KentuckyVisionsShortStoryContest&OrisonPrizesinPoetry&FictionC.PrimeNumberMagazineAwards&AmericaMediaFoleyPoetryContest.D.NewMillenniumWritingAwards&KentuckyVisionsShortStoryContest.Iwasbornin2010inthecountryside,whichmaybewhyIalwaysfeltalittleoutofstepwiththetimes.Throughoutmychildhood,Ihadneverseentallbuildingsorhadasmartphone.Theoldcomputerwehadathomewasmyonlywindowtotheonlineworld,whichIbeganexploringattheageof8.Myparentswerebusyduringtheday,sosurfingtheinternetwasabigdealforme.IalwaysturnedoffthecomputerbeforetheygothometoletitcooldownandhidewhatIhadbeendoingallday.Ifeelliketheonlinevibewasmuchmoreinclusivebackthen.IstillrememberthefriendlydebatesaboutthevariousadaptationsofLegendsoftheCondorHeroes.Everyonewouldsharetheirthoughtsandreasons.Justtheotherday,IsawasimilarquestiononXiaohongshu,butthediscussionquicklyturnedintoheatedarguments.Backthen,sharingresourcesforonlinenovelsorgamingstrategieswascommon,butnow,suchrequestscaneasilytriggeronlinedebates.MyparentslovedplayingStephenChowmoviesathome,whichturnedmeintoabelatedfanoftheseclassic1990sHongKongcomedies.Atthecoreofhishumorliestragedy,yethisfilmsalsotaughtmesimplevalues:bebrave,beresilient,stayoptimistic,andnevergiveuponyourdreams.Tome,StephenChowfeelslikeanoldfriendI’veknownforyears—aforever-younglegend.IwishIhadbeenbornearlier,inthatgoldenera.I’ddescribemyselfasaseverenostalgia(怀旧)addict,especiallywhenitcomesto90sarchitecture.Justlookingatimagesofthosebuildingsorwalkingnearthembringsmeasenseofcomfort.Thoughthey’vebecomerelicsofthepast,nothingistrulyforgotten.24.Whatcanbeinferredabouttheauthor’schildhoodfromthefirstparagraph?

A.Hehadnoideaabouttheonlineworld.B.Hislifekeptpacewiththetimes.C.Hisparentsweretoobusytolookafterhim.D.Hehadlimitedaccesstotheinternet.25.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying“theonlinevibewasmuchmoreinclusivebackthen”?

A.Morepeoplewerewillingtoshare.B.Itiseasiertoreachanagreement.C.Differentviewpointscouldberespected.D.Thereweremoreonlineplatforms.26.WhatdoestheauthorthinkofStephenChow’sfilms?

A.Theyonlyappealtoyoungpeople.B.Theyaretragedieswithsubtlehumor.C.Theyaredifficulttounderstandtoday.D.Theycombinehumorwithdeepmeaning.27.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheauthor’soveralltoneinthepassage?

A.Hopeful.B.Emotional.C.Humorous.D.Critical.Whenyou’relearninganewlanguage,therearealotofthingstoremember:spellingrules,grammarrules,punctuationrules…thelistisendless.Butthere’ssomethingthatcanhelpyou:mnemonics[pronounced“nemonics”].Mnemonicsaretechniquestohelpyourememberthings.Thereareavarietyofthem,includingrhymes,spellingacronymsandsentencemnemonics.Rhymesareagreatwaytorememberthings.Thesounds,unusualwordsandrhythmofthemhelpyourecallideas.DoyouknowwhenColumbussailedtoAmerica?There’sarhymetohelpyouwhichgoeslikethis,“Infourteen-hundredandninety-two,Columbussailedtheoceanblue.”Mostpeoplewho’veheardthatneverforgetit!Spellingacronymsinvolvecreatingasentencebasedonthelettersofatargetword.Forexample,thefollowingsentencecanhelpyouwiththespellingoftheword“because”,“Bigelephantscanalwaysunderstandsmallelephants”.Noticehowthefirstletterofeachwordinthesentencespellsouttheword“because”.Andifyoucan’trememberthespellingoftheword“mnemonics”,usethisone“Mikenevereatsmeatornutsincasehe’ssick”!Sentencemnemonicsarealsouseful.Thefollowingcanhelpyouwiththedifferencebetweenthewords“principal”and“principle”,“Aprincipalisyourpalatschool,andaprincipleisabelieforrule.”Orthisonetohelpyourememberthedifferenceinspellingbetween“deserts”(suchastheSahara)and“desserts”(suchasTiramisu),“Adesserthastwosugarssoit’ssweeter,butadesertonlyhasone.”[Thetwo“sugars”mentionedinthesentencerefertothetwos’sintheword“dessert”.]Youcanlearngrammarruleswithsentencemnemonicstoo.Forexample,thisonecanhelpyouwiththepositionofadjectives,“Adjectivescomebeforenounsjustas‘A’comesbefore‘N’.”Andthisonecanhelpyoulearnabouttheuseofapostrophes(撇号),“Apostrophesshowpossession.”Mnemonicscanhelpalotwithlanguagelearning.Whynottryinventingafewofyourown!28.Whataremnemonicsinthepassage?

A.Professionaltoolbooks.B.Specificlanguagemodel.C.Languagelearningstrategies.D.Differentlanguagerules.29.WhyistherhymeaboutColumbusmentionedinparagraph3?

A.Tocomparerhymeswithothertechniques.B.Toshowhowrhymesmakefactsmemorable.C.ToprovethatColumbuswasagreatexplorer.D.Toexplaintheimportanceofhistoricalevents.30.Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofasentencemnemonic?

A.“In1066,theNormansdidfix”rhymestheyearoftheNormanConquest.B.“George’selderlyoldgrandfatherrodeapighomeyesterday”helpsspell“geography”.C.“Myveryeducatedmotherjustservedusnoodles”helpsremembertheorderofplanets.D.“Astationerystoresellspaper,whileastationarycardoesn’tmove”differentiateswords.31.Whichofthefollowingwouldtheauthorprobablyagreewithaboutinventingmnemonics?

A.Itrequiresspecialtraining.B.Itdoesnottakemuchtimeoreffort.C.Itissomethingreaderscantrythemselves.D.Languageteachersshoulduseitinclass.Woodpeckers(啄木鸟)operateatanextremelevel,boringthroughsolidwoodwithforcesmorethan30timestheirownweightanddrillingupto13timesasecond.Howdotheynevermissabeatwhileheadbangingsohard?Itturnsoutthatthebirdstenseuptheirentirebodytosmashthroughwood,lettingoutshort,explosivegruntswitheachstrike,reportBrownUniversitybiologistNicholasAntonsonandhiscolleaguesintheJournalofExperimentalBiology.“Woodpeckersreallyarenature’shammerinasense,”Antonsonsays.Tostudyhowthebirdstap,theresearchersfirsthumanelycapturedeightwildDownyWoodpeckersandcarefullyinsertedelectrodesintotheirmusclesinthelaboratory.Theelectrodesfedintoatiny,fittedbackpackthatrecordedelectricalsignalsfromcontractingmusclesasthebirdspecked.Theyalsocheckedwhetherthewoodpeckersheldtheirbreathduringexertion(用力)(likeweightlifterstendtodo)orexhaled(呼气)(liketennisplayers)whilestrikingthewoodbyexaminingairflowthroughthebirds’airsacs—small,balloon-likestructuresthathelpthembreatheinandout.Bymatchingthesemeasurementswithhigh-speedvideos,thescientiststrackedthewoodpeckers’tapsdowntoeveryfourmilliseconds.Insteadofusingasinglemuscletocontroltheaction,woodpeckersactivated“everymusclefromtheheadtothetail,”Antonsonsays.Thebirdsusedtheirpowerfulhipflexorstopushforward,clenchedtheirtailandabs(腹肌)toprepareforthestrike,andstiffenedthebackoftheirheadandneckoncontact—similartothewayyoumightstiffenthebackofyourwristwhenyouhammeranail.Theythenengagedadifferentsetofhipandneckmusclestodrawback.Thebirdsalsoperfectlypairedtheirpeckswithsharpexhalations“asanothermeansofstabilizingtheircoremusclesandpoweringthroughthosestrikes,”Antonsonexplains.“Tobeabletobreatheout13timespersecondandinhaleontheorderof40millisecondsisreallyimpressive.”Songbirds,whicharen’tcloselyrelatedtowoodpeckers,aretheonlyotherbirdsknowntosopreciselytimetheirbreaths,whichtheydoastheysing.“Peckingisafull-bodyexercise,”saysUniversityofAlabamabiologistNicoleAckermans,whostudiesbraindamageinwoodpeckersandhead-buttingsheep.Coordinating“microbreaths”withmuscleclenchingandcreating“thishammerlikestructureintheirwholebodyissuchauniqueapproach,”sheadds.32.Whatdoesthequestioninthefirstparagraphmean?

A.Howdowoodpeckersavoidinjurywhilepecking?B.Whydowoodpeckerspeckfasterthanotherbirds?C.Whatmakeswoodpeckersstrongerthanotheranimals?D.Howmuchweightcanwoodpeckerscarrywhilepecking?33.Whydidtheresearchersinsertelectrodesintothewoodpeckers’muscles?

A.Totesttheirreactiontoelectricalsignals.B.Torecordmuscleactivityduringpecking.C.Tomeasuretheirheartratewhilepecking.D.Toexaminethestructureoftheirmuscles.34.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“clenched”inparagraph4mostlikelymean?

A.Tightened.B.Relaxed.C.Stretched.D.Lifted.35.Whichofthefollowingisthemostsuitabletitleforthepassage?

A.Woodpeckers:SmartToolUsersB.Woodpeckers:Nature’sHammersC.Woodpeckers:AmazingStrengthD.Woodpeckers:PowerfulMuscleControllerAttheBeijingWorldofRobots,locatedintheroboticsindustrialparkinBeijing’sYizhuang,thevisionofanintelligentfutureiscomingtorealitywithallkindsofrobots.WithadvancedAIcapabilities,theyareincreasinglytransitioningfromindustrialapplicationstodomesticenvironmentswithhuman-likeappearancesandskillfulbodyandhandmovements.36EmbeddedAI(具身智能),whichintegratesAIwithphysicalobjectssuchasrobots,isemergingasagame-changingtechnologywithlimitlesspotential.37Forinstance,UnitreeRobotics,knownforitsdancingrobotsshowcasedatCCTV’sSpringFestivalGala,demonstratescutting-edgeapplicationsofembeddedAI.Inindustrialandagriculturalsettings,embeddedAIcandramaticallyenhanceoperationalefficiency.38Forhomesandhealthcaresectors,itofferspersonalizedandintelligentsolutions,suchasAI-poweredsmarthomesystemsthathavealreadybeenwidelyadopted.Additionally,autonomousdrivingtechnologies,thoughstillunderrefinementandtesting,representanotherpromisingavenueforembeddedAI.39Thisinnovativesolution,jointlylaunchedbyMeituanMedicineandGalbot,representstheworld’sfirsthumanoidrobot-poweredsmartpharmacysystem.ItmadeitsdebutattheChinaInternationalFairforTradeinServicesinSeptember2024.40Itautonomouslyplansitsroute,navigatestotherequireditem,andusesadvancedAI-poweredvisionandgraspingtechnologytocompletethetask.Thiscutting-edgetechnologyshowshowAIisrevolutionizinghealthcareservices.

A.Itcanalsoreducecostsandenableprecisemanagement.B.Chinahasplayedaleadingroleinthedevelopmentofelderlycarerobots.C.SeveralChinesecompanieshavealreadymadesignificantstridesinthisarea.D.Theserobotscanbringintelligentassistancetovariousaspectsofeverydaylife.E.OnegroundbreakingexampleofAI-drivenroboticsistheGalbothumanoidrobot.F.Designedfor24/7autonomousoperation,aGalbotrobotcanrestockitemsefficiently.G.Meanwhile,theautomotiveindustryisalsoexperiencingarapidAI-driventransformation.三、完形填空Theoldsawabouttheevilstepparentcertainlydidn’tapplytoRogerMcElroy.Hemadeapointofbeinga________presenceinthelifeofhisstepdaughter,BrookeJohnson.AttimeswhenlifethrewscrewballsatJohnson,McElroywastheretopickherup.Duringone________time,heleftheravoicemailthatsaid,“Everything’sgonnabefine.We’ll________it.”In2024,McElroy________afallthatlefthimaquadriplegic.Threeandahalfweekslater,hediedofthoseinjuries.Butbeforethat,whilebeingbyhisbedside,Johnson________withMcElroyherdreamofbecomingthe________womantoskateboardacrossthecountry.Hewantedtobepartofit,andtheyplannedthatshewould________himinhiswheelchairacrossthefinishline.Shewasn’tsureshecouldpullitoff,butMcElroyhad________inher.“Iwaslike,‘Roger,it’sabigcountry’.Andhewaslike,‘Well,youcandoit’,”JohnsontoldGoodMorningAmerica.AfterMcElroy’s________Johnson,then29,choseto________himbybecomingthefirstwomantoskateboardacrossthecountry.Alongtheway,shewouldraisemoneyforWingsforLife,anon-profitthatsupportsresearchintospinalcordinjuries.________byavideocrew,andwearingalocketaroundherneckthatheldMcElroy’sashes,shebeganherjourneylastAprilatCalifornia’sSantaMonicabeach.________:VirginiaBeach,3,266milesaway.Averaging30to50milesaday,Johnson’s________acrossAmericatookherupanddownmountains,pastwheatfieldsandthroughcities,inrainandblisteringheat.Throughitall,RogerMcElroywasridingwithher:Everything’sgonnabefine.We’llgetthroughit.OnAug.15,after119days,JohnsonarrivedattheAtlanticOcean.Noonewasmore________thanJohnsonthatshehadcompletedwhatshe’dstarted,whileraising$50,000forWingsforLife.ShetoldABCNews,“Rogerleftme________,andforthatIthankhimeveryday.”41.A.positiveB.terribleC.meaninglessD.unique42.A.interestingB.amazingC.tryingD.meeting43.A.accountforB.sticktoC.focusonD.getthrough44.A.sufferedB.gainedC.avoidedD.witnessed45.A.exchangedB.sharedC.celebratedD.checked46.A.greatestB.firstC.luckyD.only47.A.helpB.seizeC.pushD.guide48.A.faithB.doubtC.pityD.pride49.A.encouragementB.accidentC.recoveryD.death50.A.impressB.honorC.traceD.recognize51.A.AccompaniedB.AdmittedC.WatchedD.Refused52.A.TransportB.DreamC.DestinationD.Achievement53.A.raceB.travelC.explorationD.ride54.A.disappointedB.surprisedC.confidentD.regretful55.A.fortuneB.challengeC.hopeD.purpose四、语法填空阅读下面材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。TheRickshaw(人力车)Runisoneoftheworld’smostunusualraces.ItlastsfortwoweeksandtakesplaceinIndia.Eachteam56(consist)ofonerickshawandonetofourdrivers.TheRickshawisdesignedtotransportlightloadsinshortdistances,57makestheeventsuchachallenge.Theracetakesplacetwiceayear:onceinthesummer58onceinthewinter.Therouteisdifferent,butthe59(long)isalwaysabout2,500kmlong.Theraceisalotoffun,butitalsohasaserioussideforallparticipants.Theyshouldraiseatleastonethousandpoundsforcharity.Thefirstracetookplacein2006with34teams.Sincethen,theRickshawRun60(become)famousaroundtheworld.Afewdaysbeforetherace,61participantsdon’tknowhowtodrivearickshaw,theywillreceiveacrashcourse62(make)suretheycancontrolitduringtherace.Theycanalsousethepre-racetimetodecoratetheirrickshawsandaskanylast-minutequestions.“Theadventurereallystartswhenthingsgowrong,”saidoneparticipant.“Weblew63holeinourrickshaw,butIsawthemostbeautifultowninIndia!”saidanother.Andastheorganizerssayontheirwebsite,“There’snosetroute,noback-up,nowayof64(know)ifyou’regoingtomakeit.Theonlycertaintyisthatyouwillgetlost,youwillgetstuckandyouwillbreakdown.”Areyouready65somerealadventure?五、书信写作66.你校英文报最近开设专栏讨论在数字化时代如何看待碎片化阅读。请以MyViewsonFragmentedReading为题投稿,谈谈你的理解和看法。内容包括:1.对碎片化阅读的理解;2.简述利弊并表明你的态度。注意:1.词数80左右;2.请在答题卡的相应位置作答。MyViewsonFragmentedReading__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________六、书面表达67.阅读下面材料,根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段,使之构成一篇完整的短文。Itwasabitterlycold,snow-chokedChristmasEvewhenYvonneWhitegotacallfromanunknownnumber.Astrange,calmvoiceontheotherendofthelinesaid,“Hi.Youdon’tknowme,butIhaveyourbrother.”ItwasAughtry,awomanwhowouldsoonbecomethelifelineforYvonne’sbrother,Joey—agentle,mentallydisabledmanwithadeeploveforbaseballandalifelongroutineasacinemacaretaker.Daysearlier,asthe

温馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
  • 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
  • 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
  • 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
  • 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。

评论

0/150

提交评论