2025年度研究报告（英文）

DISCOVERADVANCESINEYETRACKINGRESEARCH

AnnualReseaΓchReport

Reportcontent

3Aboutthereport

4Introductiontoeyetrackingresearch

6Theresearchjourney:Fromtheorytoeyetrackinginsights

82025innumbers

24Measuringcognitiveloadwitheyetracking

26Inspiring,innovativeandpioneeringresearchin2025

36Toppublications

36Psychologyandneuroscience

40Humanfactors

46Educationresearch

48Consumerresearch

50Medicalresearch

52Trainingandassessment

53UXresearch

54Conclusionandpredictions

55Wanttokeepexploring?

56Bibliography

Aboutthereport

Thisannualreportprovidesanoverviewofhoweyetrackingcontinuestoadvance

scientificresearchanditsapplications,withafocusonTobii’seyetracking

solutions.Weaimtodemonstratethebreadthanddiversityofresearchsetups,

methodologies,andapplicationsthatutilizeTobii’ssystemsinscientificstudies

todayandtheirgrowingpotentialforthefuture.

Withawideselectionofpeer-reviewedarticles,conferenceproceedings,and

bookchaptersfrom2025thatusedTobiiequipmenttorecordandanalyzeeye

movements,weaimtospotlightinspiringresearcherswhoaredrivingforward

advancementswiththehelpofourtechnology.OnlypublicationsinEnglishare

considered.ThesefindingshighlightTobii’scontinuingroleinadvancingscientific

understandingacrossvariousfields—frompsychologyandneuroscienceto

engineering,education,andbeyond.

Tobii’sAnnualResearchReportisthego-toresourceforanyonelookingtostay

aheadinthefast-changingworldofeyetracking.Itdistillsayear’sworthofglobal

scientificprogressintoclearinsights.Byreadingthisreport,wehopeyou’llgaina

clearerunderstandingofhoweyetrackingisdrivingbreakthroughresearchand

real-worldinnovation.Ouraimistoprovideyouwithpracticalinsightstoapplyin

yourownwork,whetherthatinvolvesdiscoveringnewmethodologies,spotting

emergingtrendsearly,orfindinginspirationfromhowpeersacrossdisciplines

areutilizingthetechnology.

Ultimately,theaimistoleaveyoubetterinformed,moreconfident,andinspired

bythepossibilitieseyetrackingoffersforscientificresearchandhuman-centered

design.

Tobii|AnnualResearchReport2025|Aboutthereport3

Introductiontoeye

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Wearable

–forreal-worldstudies

Appliedresearchfields

Fieldswithdirectreal-worldapplicationshaveseensignificantprogressinareassuchasdriving,education,andskills

transfer.Witheyetrackingtechnologybecomingmore

accessiblethroughbothportableandwearablesolutions,itoffersaresearchsetupwithahighlevelofecologicalvalidity,makingitidealforstudiesinreal-worldsettings.

•Humanfactors

•Educationresearch

•ConsumerresearchandUX

•Trainingandassessment

•Andmanymore

Blinks

VR

–virtualenvironments

Eyeopenness

Fundamentalresearchfields

PsychologyandNeurosciencearetheprimaryareaswithinfundamentalresearch,coveringmanysubfieldsshowninthediagram.Inthesedisciplines,eyetrackingremainsa

well-establishedmethodthathelpsexploretheessentialprocessesofattention,cognition,andvisualinformationprocessing.Fieldsofresearchinclude:

•Cognitiveresearch

•Socialresearch

•Developmentalresearch

•Linguisticsandreadingresearch

•Medicalresearch

4Tobii|AnnualResearchReport2025|IntroductiontoeyetrackingresearchTobii|AnnualResearchReport2025|Introductiontoeyetrackingresearch5

Theresearchjourney:Fromtheorytoeyetrackinginsights

Whenconductinganeyetrackingstudy,researcherstypicallyfollowaseriesofconnectedsteps—fromformulatingthetheoryandextendingthroughdatacollectionanddata

analysis.Inthe“Fundamentalsofeyetracking”articleseries,publishedinBehaviorResearchMethodsinearly2025,expertslayoutkeymethodologicalprinciplesfordesigningandexecutingrigorouseyetrackingresearch.Whetheryouarenewtothefieldorseekingtorefineyourmethodologicalapproach,weencourageyoutoreadthefive-partarticleseries.

Fundamental1:Startbyformulatingaclearresearchquestionandidentifyinghoweyetrackingcanrevealperceptual,cognitive,orbehavioralmechanisms.Consider

whetheryouaimtodescribegazebehaviororuseitasanindicatorofmental

processes.Establishingthistheoreticalconnectionensuresthateye-movementdatadeliversmeaningful,testableinsightsthatalignwithyourhypotheses.

Fundamental2:Transformyourtheoreticalideasintomeasurablevariablessuch

asfixations,saccades,pupilsize,blinks,oreyeopenness.Decidewhethertheseserveasdirectmeasuresorproxiesforunderlyingcognitivestates.Transparentreportingofparametersandalgorithmssupportsreproducibilityandcomparabilityacrossstudies,strengtheningtheinterpretivepowerofyourresults.

Fundamental3:Selecttheeyetrackerthatbestfitsyourresearchenvironment

andobjectives—whethercontrolledlaboratorysetups,immersiveVRenvironments,orreal-worldstudies.Decidebetweenawearableorscreen-basedeyetracker,andcomparethedevice’ssamplingrate,accuracy,andportabilitytoyourdataneedstoensureaccuracyandreliabilityacrossexperimentalconditions.

Fundamental4:Choosesoftwareandanalyticaltoolsthatenableefficient

datarecording,visualization,andinterpretation.Well-integratedtoolspromote

transparency,synchronization,andsmoothworkflows.Selectingtherightsolutionshelpsturncomplexeyetrackingdataintomeaningfulinsightsthatadvancescientificknowledge.

TheTobiiProLabsoftwaresupportstheentireresearchprocessforbothscreen-

basedandwearablestudies.Itallowsstimulusdesignanddatacollectioninscreen-basedresearchandincludesanalysistoolsandeyetrackingmetricsforbothtypesofapplications.Additionally,bothscreen-basedandwearableTobiieyetrackers

arecompatiblewithmainopen-sourceresearchsoftwareforstimulusdesign,datacollection,andeyetrackinganalysis.

Fundamental5:Beforelarge-scaledatacollection,conductpilotexperimentstorefineyoursetup,instructions,andanalysispipeline.Pilotinghelpscatcherrors

early,optimizetheexperimentaldesign,andensuredataquality.Treatthisstageasaniterativeprocess—testing,evaluating,andimprovingeachsteptosavetimeandimprovescientificrigor.

Defineresearchquestion

Startbydefiningyourresearchquestionanddeterminingwhethereyetrackingistherightmethodtoexplorethe

cognitiveorperceptualprocessesyou’reinterestedin(Hesselsetal.,2025).

Turntheoreticalideasintomeasurablevariableslikefixationsorsaccadesanddesignanexperimentthatlinksyourhypothesestoobservablebehavior

(Hoogeetal.,2025).

DesignstudySelectparticipants

Eyetrackingsetup

Continue

Selecttheeyetrackerthatbestmatchesyourresearchgoals,experimentalsetup,andrequiredprecision

Calibrate&collectdata

yourresearchjourneyallthewaytoinsights

(Nyströmetal.,2025).

Choosesoftwareandanalyticaltoolsthatsupportreliabledatacollection,visualization,andanalysis—ensuring

transparencyandreproducibilitythroughoutyourresearch(Niehorsteretal.,2025).

Fundamental1Thefundamentalsofeyetrackingpart1:Thelinkbetweentheoryandresearchquestion(Hesselsetal.,2025).

Fundamental2Thefundamentalsofeyetrackingpart2:Fromresearchquestiontooperationalization(Hoogeetal.,2025).

Fundamental3Thefundamentalsofeyetrackingpart3:Howtochooseaneyetracker.(Nyströmetal.,2025).

Fundamental4Thefundamentalsofeyetrackingpart4:Toolsforconductinganeyetrackingstudy.(Niehorsteretal.,2025).

Fundamental5Thefundamentalsofeyetrackingpart5:Theimportanceofpiloting.(Hesselsetal.,2025).

6Tobii|AnnualResearchReport2025|Theresearchjourney:FromtheorytoeyetrackinginsightsTobii|AnnualResearchReport2025|Theresearchjourney:Fromtheorytoeyetrackinginsights7

2025inNumbers

Descriptivestatisticsofhow,where,andwhateyetrackingequipment

isused,aswellasthedistributionofpublicationsperresearchfield.

Tobiieyetrackingtechnologywasusedinover

15,000publicationsoverthelastdecade

EvolutionofthenumberofpublicationsusingTobii’seyetrackingsolutionsbyyear.

Overthepasttwodecades,advancesineyetrackinghardwareandsoftwarehavecontinuedtoimprove

accessibilityforscientificresearch.Thisnon-invasivetechnologyenablesthecaptureofeyemovementsathighsamplingratesandwithhighaccuracyacrossthehumanlifespan,frominfancythroughadulthood,andacrossseveralnonhumanprimatespecies.Asaresult,eyetrackingremainsawidelyadoptedmethodology,asreflectedinthesteadygrowthofscientificpublicationsyearoveryear.

1604

Publications

ScientificArticles

ConferenceProceedings

BookChapters

Breakdownofthepublicationtypesin2025.

Tobiiisamongtheleadingprovidersofeyetrackingtechnologyforscientificresearch,withsustainedgrowthinthenumberofpeer-reviewedpublicationsusingitssolutions.In2025,1,604scientificpublicationsincludedTobiieyetrackingtechnologyandformedthebasisfortheanalysespresentedinthisreport.Thisrepresentsan11%increaseover2024,exceedingthemoremoderategrowthobservedthepreviousyear.Withinthis

sample,thenumberofscientificjournalarticlesincreasedby7%,whileconferenceproceedingsdeclinedby7%andbookchaptersremainedstable.Takentogether,thesefindingsreflectabroadertrend:morethan15,000scientificpublicationshaveemployedTobiieyetrackingtechnologyoverthepastdecade.

8Tobii|AnnualResearchReport2025|2025inNumbersTobii|AnnualResearchReport2025|2025inNumbers9

HumanFactorsandPsychologyandNeurosciencecontinuetoleadeyetrackingresearch

HumanFactors

PsychologyandNeuroscience

EducationResearch

ConsumerResearch

MedicalResearch

TrainingandAssessment

UXResearch

Changesfrom2024

+33%

+21%

+23%

+12%

+12%

+31%

0100200300400500600700800

Thedistributionofresearchpublicationsfrom2025thatusedTobiieyetrackingsolutions,categorizedbyresearchfields.*

HumanFactorsandPsychologyandNeurosciencecontinuetoleadeyetrackingresearch

PsychologyandNeurosciencewerethefirstresearchfieldstoadopteyetrackingtostudyhumanbehavior

andvisualattention,layingtheconceptualandmethodologicalfoundationforeyemovementresearchacrossdisciplines.Theseearly,theory-driveninvestigationsestablishedcoreprinciplesthatcontinuetoinformappliedresearchtoday.PsychologyandNeuroscience,therefore,remaincentralusersofeyetrackingtechnology,withcontinuedexpansioninbothscopeandvolume.

In2025,PsychologyandNeuroscienceaccountedfor668publications,a21%year-over-yearincreasefrom2024(550).HumanFactorsresearchreached703publications,a33%increasefromthepreviousyear(528),making

itthelargestfieldbypublicationvolume.AlthoughHumanFactorshassurpassedPsychologyandNeuroscienceinbothshareandabsolutevolume,thisshiftreflectsstrongergrowthinappliedresearchratherthanreduced

adoptionwithinfoundationaldisciplines.Bothfieldsexpandedsubstantiallyyearoveryearandcontinuetobe

thetwolargestdomainsofeyetrackingresearch.Eachfieldencompassesawiderangeofsubfields,describedinmoredetailonthefollowingpages.

FirsttimeHumanFactorsexceedsPsychologyandNeuroscience

HumanFactorsmovingaheadofPsychologyandNeurosciencesignalsthecontinuedmaturationofeye

trackingasanestablishedmethodologyinappliedresearch.Thisgrowthalignswithagrowingfocusonhumaninteractionwithmachinesandenvironments,supportingresearchtoimproveperformance,safety,ergonomics,anduserexperience.The2025growthpatternsuggeststhateyetrackingisincreasinglyembeddedinreal-world,human-in-the-loopresearchprograms.

*Publicationsareassignedtooneormoreresearchfieldsusingjournalscope,title/abstractkeywords,andauthoraffiliations.In2025,alargershareofpublicationsmappedtomultiplefields;therefore,year-over-yearchangesinfieldcountsandsharesmaypartiallyreflectclassificationeffectsinadditiontounderlyingpublicationtrends.

HumanFactors

psychologyandNeuroscience

EducationResearch

consumerResearch

MedicalResearch

TrainingandAssessment

UxResearch

other

10Tobii|AnnualResearchReport2025|2025inNumbersTobii|AnnualResearchReport2025|2025inNumbers11

CognitiveresearchremainsthelargesteyetrackingsubfieldwithinPsychologyandNeuroscience

Developmentalresearchexamineshowcognitive,social,andemotionalprocessesdevelopfrom

infancythroughadulthood.Eyetrackingisusedtostudyhowchildrenlearntoread,recognizefaces,andunderstandsocialcues,revealingthedevelopmentaltrajectoryoftheseskills.

Socialresearchexploreshowindividualsperceive,

Cognitiveresearchinvestigateshowbrainstructuresandfunctionsinfluencementalprocessessuchas

perception,memory,anddecision-making,oftenusingtechniqueslikeEEGandeyetrackingtounderstand

howweprocessinformation.

Clinicalresearchfocusesonunderstandingandtreatingmentalandnervoussystemdisorders,clinicalresearchuseseyetrackingtostudy

conditionslikeautismandADHD,providing

insightsintoeyemovementpatternsandtheirrelationtocognitiveandemotionalstates.

influence,andrelatetooneanotherwithinasocialcontext.Insocialpsychology,eyetrackingisusedtostudyhow

peopleinterpretsocialcues,suchasfacialexpressionsandgazedirection,andhowtheseinterpretationsinfluence

socialinteractionsandbehaviors.Thisresearchhelps

Emotionresearchexaminesthemechanismsunderlyingemotionalexperience,expression,andregulation,aswellashowemotions

influenceperception,cognition,andbehavior.Withinthissubfield,eyetrackingisused

toinvestigateattentionalbiasestoward

emotionalstimuli,emotionrecognition,and

emotionregulation,offeringinsightintohowemotionalstatesshapeinformationprocessinganddecision-making.

uncoverthecognitiveandemotionalprocessesunderlyingsocialcognitionandbehavior.

Cognitiveresearch

39%

Clinicalresearch

17%

Linguistics&

readingresearch

13%

Developmental

research

13%

Social

research

7%

Emotion

research

6%

Other

5%

Distributionofsubfieldswithinthepsychologyandneuroscienceresearchfields.

Linguisticsandreadingresearchinvestigates

theneuralandcognitiveprocessesinvolvedin

languagecomprehensionandreading.Eyetrackingiscrucialforstudyinghowwereadandprocess

languageinreal-time,providingdataonreadingstrategiesandlanguageprocessingefficiency.

Changesfrom2024

CognitiveresearchOther

Linguisticsandreadingresearch

-4 -14-22

OthersubcategoryincludespublicationsinPsychologyandNeurosciencethatdonotalignwiththemajor

subfieldsandprimarilycapturesmaller,specialized

+87+17

+12

researchareas.Notableexamplesincludenonhumanprimateresearchandsportsandmovementscience,eachaccountingforapproximately1%ofpublications.

Theformerfocusesoncomparativecognitionandbrainfunctionacrossprimatespecies,whilethelatterexaminesthepsychologicalandneuralmechanismsunderlying

Clinicalresearch

DevelopmentalresearchSocialresearch

movementandperformance.

ChangeinthenumberofpublicationsinPsychologyandNeurosciencesubfieldsfrom2024to2025.

12Tobii|AnnualResearchReport2025|2025inNumbersTobii|AnnualResearchReport2025|2025inNumbers13

HMIanddrivingresearchdominateHumanFactorseyetrackingresearch

Architectureandnavigationaimstooptimizethedesignofbuiltenvironmentstoenhancehumaninteraction,safety,andefficiency.Eyetrackingprovidesobjectivedataonhowindividualsvisuallyperceiveandnavigatespaces,allowingformoreinformeddesigndecisions.

Human-machineinteractionfocuses onimprovingthedesignandusabilityof anytechnologicalsystem(e.g.,computer, smartphone,industrialmachines)to enhanceuserperformance,safety,andsatisfaction.Eyetrackingisusedtostudyuser attentionandcognitivestates,enablingthe optimizationofinterfacesandinteractionsusingahuman-centricapproach.

Drivingresearchfocusesonenhancingvehicledesign,driver safety,andtheoveralldrivingexperiencebyexaminingdriverbehavior,cognitivestates,andinteractionwithvehiclesystems. Thissubfieldencompassesawiderangeofroadvehicles, includingcars,motorcycles,bicycles,andotherpersonaland commercialvehicles,withcardrivingremainingthemostfrequentlystudiedcontext.Eyetrackingiscommonlyappliedtoresearchonvehicleautomationlevelsandoverallroadsafety.

Theothersubcategorycontainsthepublicationsthatarenotrelatedtoanyofthesubfields,and

includesresearchthatisnotconnectedtoanytechnology(e.g.,agriculturalresearch).

Other

6%

Architecture&navigation10%

Aviation&maritime

6%

Human-machineinteraction

31%

Drivingresearch

20%

Healthcare

12%

Sports&

movement

science

4%

Construction&engineering

8%

Human-robotcollaboration

4%

Human-robotcollaborationfocuses

onoptimizinginteractionsbetween

humansandrobotstoenhancesafety,

performanceandusability.Eyetracking

providesinsightsintointeractionpatterns,enablingthedesignofmoreintuitiveandeffectivecollaborativesystems.

Aviationandmaritimefocuseson

enhancingsafety,efficiency,and

performanceinairandseatransport.Eyetrackingaidsthissubfieldbyproviding

insightsintovisualattention,cognitive

load,andsituationalawareness,helpingtoimprovetraining,interfacedesign,andoperationalprocedures.Mostresearchinthissubfieldisdonewithpilotstohelpimproveperformanceandsafety.

DistributionofsubfieldswithintheHumanFactorsresearchfield.

Changesfrom2024

andoperationofmedicalsystems,enhancingpatientenvironmentsafety,carequality,andperformanceofprofessionals.

Healthcarefocusesonimprovingthedesign

+99

+42+26

+21

I+5

+2

ConstructionandEngineeringHuman-RobotCollaboration

Constructionandengineeringexploreshowto optimizethedesignandoperationoftools,equipment, andenvironmentstoenhancesafety,efficiency,and productivityinindustrialandconstructionsettings.Eye trackingaidsthissubfieldbyprovidinginsightsintovisualattention,cognitiveload,andsituationalawareness,whichhelpimprovedesignandreducehumanerror.

Sportsandmovementsciencefocusesonunderstandingand

improvinghumanperformanceinphysicallydemandingtasksby

examininghowperception,attention,anddecision-makingsupportskilledmovement.Eyetrackingisusedtocharacterizevisualsearchbehavior,anticipation,gaze–movementcoordination,andindicatorsofcognitivestateduringsportsandotherphysicallyintensive

activities,helpingidentifystrategiesassociatedwithmoreefficientperformance,fewererrors,andbettersituationalawareness.

ChangeinthenumberofpublicationsinPsychologyandNeurosciencesubfieldsfrom2024to2025.

Human-MachineInteractionHealthcare OtherAutomotive

ArchitectureandNavigationAviationandMaritime

-11-23

14Tobii|AnnualResearchReport2025|2025inNumbersTobii|AnnualResearchReport2025|2025inNumbers15

Screen-basedeyetrackingleads2025research,withcontinuedgrowthinwearables

Screen-based

Wearable

VR

Thetypesofeyetrackersusedin2025researchwithTobiitechnology.

Aseyetrackingresearchcontinuestoexpand,researchersuseamixofscreen-basedsystemsforcontrolledlaboratorystudies,wearableeyetrackersforreal-worldresearch,andVR-

basedsetupsforimmersiveexperimentalenvironments.In2025,screen-basedeyetrackingremainsthedominantmodality,with1,042publications,followedbywearables(450)andVR-basedresearch(121).

Comparedwith2024,distributiongrowthwasstrongestinscreen-basedresearch,which

increasedby6%in2025.Wearableeyetrackingincreasedthetotalnumberofpublicationsbutsawa4%declineindistributionshare.Thisshiftreflectsfasterscalingofscreen-basedstudiesratherthanreduceduseofwearables.VR-basedresearchdeclinedslightlyinbothvolume

andshare.Screen-basedeyetrackingexpandedacrossmostresearchareas,whilewearableeyetrackingremainedmostconcentratedinHumanFactorsresearch,supportingappliedandreal-worldstudydesigns.

Tobiisoftwareremainsthemostwidelyusedoptionforeyetrackingresearch

TobiiSW

TobiiCompatibleSW

TobiiSDKs/APIsandOpenSourceSW

NotMentioned

Thetypesofsoftwareusedin2025researchwithTobiitechnology.

AnincreasingshareofeyetrackingresearchreliesonTobiisoftwarefordesigning,recording,andanalyzingdata.In2025,publicationsreportingtheuseofTobiisoftwareaccountedfor

38%ofallstudies,upfrom35%in2024,reinforcingitspositionasthemostreportedsoftwarecategory.Tobii-compatiblecommercialsoftwareincreasedslightly,whileuseofTobiiSDKs,

APIs,andopen-sourcetoolsaccountedforasmallersharethanin2024,reflectingstrongergrowthinpackagedTobiiworkflows.

Asubstantialshareofstudiesdidnotspecifythesoftwareused,eitherbecausetheresearchpublicationsusedsoftwarenotincludedinoursearchorbecausethesoftwarewasnot

mentioned.Thissharedecreasedfromlastyear,indicatingimprovedreporting.Tobii

Numberof2025Tobiieyetrackingstudiesincludingdevelopmentally,clinically,andbehaviorallychallengingpopulations.

softwareremainedtheleadingoptionacrossbothscreen-basedandwearableresearch,withparticularlystrongrepresentationinwearablestudies,whileSDKandopen-sourceapproachesweremoreconcentratedinscreen-basedsetups.

Participanttypesin2025Tobiieyetrackingresearch

Tobiieyetrackersareusedacrossawiderangeofparticipantpopulations,includinggroupsthatcanbechallengingtostudybecauseoflimitedcooperation,increasedmovement,orclinical

anddevelopmentalfactors.

Infants

OtherClinicalDisordersAutism

ADHD

OphthalmologicDisordersNon-humanPrimate

102

20255

74

72

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