核外电子构造原理和电子组态

2.4.3ThebuildingupprincipleandtheelectronicconfigurationsI.Thebuildingupprinciple(forthegroundstate)a.Pauliexclusionprinciple.Everyorbitalmaycontainonlytwoelectronsofoppositespins.b.Theprincipleofminimumenergy.WhilstbeingpatiblewiththePauliprinciple,electronsoccupytheorbitalwiththelowestenergyfirst.Formulti-electronatoms:Theenergylevelcanbeestimatedbyn+0.7l.(G.X.Xuproposed.)1s2s2p3s3p3d4s4p4d4f1.02.02.73.03.74.44.04.75.46.15s5p5d5f6s6p6d6f

5.05.76.47.16.06.77.48.1

Therefore,thesequenceoftheatomicorbitalsis:1s,2s,2p,3s,3p,4s,3d,4p,5s,5p,6s,4f,5d,6pRelativeEnergiesforShellsandOrbitalsTheorbitalshedifferentenergiesandforthedandforbitals,theenergiesoverlaps-orbitalenergiesinthenextprincipallevel.spdfRelativeEnergiesoforbitals1s,2s,2p,3s,3p,4s,3d,4p,5s,4d,5p,6s,4f,5d,6p,7s,…1234TheprincipleofminimumenergyI.Thebuildingupprinciple(forthegroundstate)a.Pauliexclusionprinciple.Everyorbitalmaycontainonlytwoelectronsofoppositespins.b.Theprincipleofminimumenergy.WhilstbeingpatiblewiththePauliprinciple,electronsoccupytheorbitalwiththelowestenergyfirst.Hund’srule.Indegenerateenergystates,electronstendtooccupyasmanydegenerateorbitalsaspossible.(Thenumberofunpairedelectronsisamaximum)2sH=1s1He=1s2Li=1s22s1Be=1s22s2B=1s22s22p1C=1s22s22p2N=1s22s22p3O=1s22s22p4F=1s22s22p5Ne=1s22s22p61sII.Theelectronicconfiguration(forthegroundstate)

2pHeNeArKrXeRnZnCuCdHgAgAuNiPdPtCoRhIrFeRuOsMnTcReCrMoWVNbTaTiZrHfScYLaAcThePeriodicTableoftheElements“s”Orbitals“p”Orbitals“f”OrbitalsRfHaElectronicStructureFClBrIAtOSSeTePoNPAsSbBiCSiGeSnPbBAlGaInTlHLiBeNaMgKCaRbSrCsBaFrRa“d”OrbitalsCePrNdSgPmSmEuGdT