2026年高考英语终极冲刺：猜押专题10 阅读理解之议论文 （按话题分类）（原卷版及全解全析）

4/4猜押专题10阅读理解之议论文（按话题分类）本命题依据2026新课程标准与高考命题新要求，是高考阅读D篇压轴题型，命题完全源自外刊评论+社会思辨+价值探讨+学术观点，选自权威期刊、媒体评论、名家随笔等正规信息源。核心考论点论据+逻辑关系+态度判断，长难句密集，掌握论证结构与命题套路可突破压轴、稳拿高分。2023–2025年高考阅读理解议论文对比表年份试卷类型原文字数体裁主题语境话题2025全国高考一卷323议论文人与自我文章主要介绍了西方城市过度围绕汽车设计导致行人流动性下降，尤其是儿童步行减少的现象，并通过历史案例和现状分析呼吁反思街道功能，重视城市宜居性。2025全国高考二卷340说明文人与社会/2024新高考I卷354说明文人与自我/2024新高考II卷347说明文人与社会/2023新高考I卷339说明文人与自我/2023新高考II卷351说明文人与自然/一、高考阅读理解说明文总纲领核心定位：高考阅读D篇，压轴题、重逻辑、态度为王（8–10分钟/篇）。本质：论点+论据+论证，核心是作者立场与逻辑链条；目标是找准论点、理清论证、判断态度、理性选择。二、核心命题变化①体裁聚焦议论思辨类，以社会评论、观点辩驳、价值倡导、现象分析、文化思辨为主，对比论证、驳论文占比逐年提升；②强化逻辑论证能力（论点—论据—结论、因果、对比、假设、驳论），长难句最多，侧重对观点、态度、逻辑、意图的深层理解；③话题紧扣社会热点与价值思辨：网络生活、心理健康、教育理念、科技伦理、文化传承、消费观念等，思辨性极强；④解题从翻译理解转为抓论点+理逻辑+辨态度，强调对论证脉络与作者意图的把握；⑤题型以推理判断题（40%）+细节理解题（30%）+情感态度题（15%）+主旨大意题（10%）+词义猜测题（5%）为主，深度与精度并重。三、语篇核心特征结构逻辑（高考标准论证结构）①引论：提出话题/问题，亮出中心论点（或引出争议）；②本论：分层论证——正面论据+反面论据+对比/例证/因果/假设论证；③结论：重申论点、给出建议、升华主旨、发出呼吁。常见论证逻辑：提出问题—分析问题—解决问题、立论—驳论—结论。语言特点①逻辑性强，以议论、分析、辩驳、评述为主，态度鲜明、立场清晰；②句式复杂，多重复合句、倒装、强调、非谓语、插入语密集，长难句比例最高；③篇幅范围：380–410词，词汇正式、抽象词与逻辑词较多；④价值导向：理性思辨、批判思维、正向价值、人文关怀、社会责任，凸显核心素养。四、2026高频猜押话题科技思辨：AI伦理、数字沉迷、科技与人文社会现象：网红文化、碎片化阅读、公共理性教育成长：自主学习、挫折教育、个性发展价值观念：理性消费、文化自信、环保责任生活方式：身心健康、慢生活、社交边界五大题型专项突破细节理解题（定位论证细节）推理判断题（逻辑推导）作者情感态度题主旨大意/中心论点题论点论据匹配题五、通用解题逻辑①先速读首尾段+各段首句，锁定中心论点与作者立场；②圈画题干关键词（观点、态度、逻辑词、论据标志），回文定位；③识别论证信号词，理清论点与论据的支撑关系；④态度题抓褒贬词汇、评述语言，不混淆文中他人观点与作者观点；⑤排除偷换论点、论据错位、过度推理、绝对化、张冠李戴（他人观点当作者观点）干扰项。六、备考启示考场实用策略先找论点，再看论据先抓中心观点，再看例子、数据如何支撑，不本末倒置。分清“作者观点”与“引述观点”somepeoplebelieve/itissaidthat多为反方观点，非作者立场。紧抓逻辑连接词however/therefore/while/thus/onthecontrary决定逻辑走向。绝对词、极端词慎选only/never/all/absolutely/completely多为错误项。不主观站队答案必须源于原文逻辑，不加入个人价值判断。五大题型专项备考策略细节题：定位论证细节→比对原文→排除信息扭曲推理题：依论点→循逻辑→合理推断→不延伸、不脑补态度题：抓褒贬词→辨立场→排除中立/无关/极端主旨题：抓中心论点→概括“话题+作者立场”论据题：判断例子/数据目的→证明/反驳某一观点避坑策略不被长难句击溃：拆分主干，抓主谓宾+态度词不混淆他人与作者观点：明确立场归属，防张冠李戴不脱离论点读论据：所有例子都是为中心论点服务不忽略转折：but/however/yet后多为作者真实观点不以局部代整体：避免用分论点代替中心论点考点1：细节理解题做法步骤：圈关键词：论点名词、逻辑词、研究结论、作者表述回文定位：锁定论证细节所在原句精读原句：提取精准信息，注意范围、程度、立场比对选项：排除偷换概念、扭曲表述、信息错位确定答案：与原文完全一致的选项口诀：关键词定位，精读原句，细节比对，直选答案。考点2：推理判断题（逻辑推断）做法步骤：定位论点与逻辑链，抓因果/对比/假设关系识别逻辑词：therefore,thus,asaresult,however依逻辑推导：原因→结果，现象→本质，条件→结论坚守原则：基于论点，忠于原文，不绝对、不脑补排除过度推理、与论点矛盾、无依据选项口诀：循逻辑，依论点，合理推，不臆断。考点3：作者情感态度题做法步骤：圈画态度信号词：积极：supportive,favorable,optimistic,approving消极：critical,doubtful,opposed,pessimistic中立：objective,neutral,analytical区分作者观点与引述他人观点结合全文论证，判断最终立场排除无关态度、极端态度、中立错判口诀：找褒贬，辨立场，分你我，定态度。考点4：主旨大意/中心论点题做法步骤：全文主旨：看首段论点+尾段总结核心结构：话题+作者立场/观点排除只讲细节、分论点、范围过大/过小选项套用句型：Theauthorarguesthat.../Thepassagemainlydiscusses...口诀：看首尾，抓论点，话题加立场，主旨不跑偏。考点5：论点论据匹配题做法步骤：定位例子/数据/引言，向前找所证明的观点判断论证目的：support/oppose/illustrate/explain匹配论点与论据的对应关系排除偏离论点、功能错位选项口诀：找论据，看目的，证观点，必匹配。Passage1河北衡水中学2025-26届高三年级检测（七）Muchlikebeauty,artisintheeyeofthebeholder.Theartworkweareattractedtocangiveinsightintoourpersonality,suchaswhetherwearetooquickortooslow,calmormoody.Studiesintoartpreferencesdatebacktothe1930s—mostofthemexaminingtheextenttowhichpeoplelikeordislikedifferentpaintings.Researchshowsthataperson’sinterestinartismorestronglyrelatedtocertainpersonalitytraits(特征)thantosocialclass,age,orgender.Inparticular,apersonalitytraitcalled“openness”isthebestpredictorofwhetherindividualsareinterestedinart.Ontheotherside,thosewhoidentifyas“conscientious(一丝不苟的)”,areoftenlessdrawntothearts.ThesetraitsarepartoftheBigFive,awidelyacceptedpersonalitytheorybasedonnearlyacenturyofresearch.Themodelclaimsthateachpersonalityiscomposedofacombinationoffivecoretraits:openness,conscientiousness,extroversion,agreeablenessandneuroticism.Ratherthanstatingapersonasbeingeithershyoroutgoing,theBigFiveModelbelievesthateveryoneliessomewherebetweenthetwoextremes.Personalitytraitsmayalsoaffectthewaypeoplevisuallyscanart.A2018studytrackedparticipants’eyemovementsastheystudiedabstractartwork.Themajorityofparticipantsconcentratedontheupper-rightpart.Thismakessense,astherighthalfofthebrainisspecializedforvisualandspatialprocessing,andalsoplaysasignificantroleinprocessingtheemotionsthatartdrawsout.However,participantswhotendedtowardemotionalinstabilityfocusedontheleftsideofthepicture,andthosewithmentaldiseasepaidmoreattentiontothebottomofthepicture.However,currentresearchonpersonalityandartstillhasclearlimitations,remindingusthatpeople’spreferencesforartareascomplicatedasartitself.Butifyou’relookingforaquicktestofsomeone’sgeneralpersonalitytraits,itdoesn’thurttolookatwhat’shangingontheirwalls.12.Whatisthestrongestfactorindeterminingaperson’sinterestinart?A.Ageandgender. B.Personalitycharacteristics.C.Socialclass. D.Educationalbackground.13.WhatcanwelearnabouttheBigFiveModel?A.Itcanexplainwhyourarttastechanges.B.Itiswell-supportedbyartistsworldwide.C.Everyonecanfitintooneofthefivetypes.D.Itisauniversally-recognizedmeasuringmodel.14.Accordingtothepassage,apersonfocusingontheupper-rightpartofapaintingisprobably______.A.moody B.unconcerned C.perceptive D.warlike15.Whatisthebesttitleofthispassage?A.Howtodiscoveryourartpreference? B.Whyisartappealingtomanypeople?C.Howtorevealone’spersonalitytraits? D.Whatdoesyourtasteinartsayaboutyou?Passage2吉林省松原市实验高级中学2025-2026学年高三下学期学情调研Rejectionhurts.Whetherinaprofessional,socialorromanticsetting,there’saparticularlysharppaintothediscoverythatonehasbeenjudgedundesirableinsomeway.Ifyou’veeverexperiencedrealrejection—andthat’dbemostofus—itmaystandoutinyourmindlong,likealargerockstuckinyourmemory.ThelatescientistHelenFisher,whostudiedhumanbehavior,showedthatrejectionandphysicalinjuryhavemuchincommon.ShesaidMRIscansofparticipants’brainsrevealedareaslinkedtosufferingandphysicalpainweremoreactive.TimedidreducethepainresponseforFisher’sparticipants,butforsomepeoplerejectioncanlastformonthsoryears.SocialpsychologistNaomiEisenbergerdidsimilarexperimentstoo.Whydoesrejectionhitsohard?Therealizationthatonehasbeensociallyexcludedbringsaboutasuddencoldfeeling,likebeingcastoutfromaPalaeolithiccampsiteandleftatthemercyofwildanimals.Tobecastoutfromthewarmthofthesharedfirecouldhavemeantdeathforourancientancestors—soitwassomethingtobeavoidedatallcosts.WhiletherejectedofmodernBritainwon’tusuallyhavetocontendwiththedangersthatsocialrejectsof30,000yearsagofaced,theurgetoseekshelterinthecompanyofothersisstrongandlasting.For21st-centurypeoplethough,shyingawayfromrejectionmaydomoreharmthangood.Infact,strongnegativeemotionalreactionstorejectionoftencausemoredamagethantherejectionitself.Tolivesatisfyinglivesandknowwhatweenjoyandaregoodat,wemustbepreparedtotrythings—andtofailatthem.Ifyoumakeavoidingrejectionyourpriority,you’llbecomemoreunwillingtotakerisks,withamuchnarrowersocialworld.Whatif,ratherthanhidingfromrejection,weattemptedtoacceptit?Whatifinsteadofbeingknockedbackbythewave,wetriedtorideit?Notonlyisitpossibletoovercomethefearofrejection,butdoingsocanbringaboutunexpectedpositiveresults.28.Howdoestheauthorpresenttheissueinthesecondparagraph?A.Bydefiningaconcept. B.Bycitingrelevantstudies.C.Bydoingexperiments. D.Bymakingacomparison.29.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“contendwith”inparagraph3mean?A.Avoid. B.Report. C.Handle. D.Question.30.Whateffectdoesthefearofrejectionhave?A.Spreadingnegativeemotionstoothers. B.Runningawayfromourcomfortzone.C.Restrictingoursocialcircleeventually. D.Rememberingthedamagealreadydone.31.Whatwilltheauthorcontinuetodiscuss?A.Thebenefitsofacceptingrejection. B.Thesignificanceofassessingfear.C.Theresultsofhumanbrainscans. D.Thechanceofencounteringrejection.Passage32026届江苏苏州市七校联考模拟预测Forgettingthingsisablessing,believeitornot.Forproof,imagineaworldwhereeverydetailyouevercameacrosswascarvedindeliblyinyourmind.Everyconversationyouregret,everyrejectionyou’veeverfelt,everytimeyousteppedoutwithyourzipperundonestandsasclearlyinyourmindaswhatyouhadforbreakfastlastweekaswellasthemomentsthatbringyouthegreatestjoy.Thatisaworldofutterchaosandsuffering.Wedon’tneedtosticktojustourarmchair-philosophizing,however.Thankstothewonderfulcombinatorymagicgeneticspullsoffateachbirth,we’vehadafewindividualsonEarthwhoareunabletoforgetanything.SolomonShereshevsky,forinstance,couldmemorizelistsofarbitrary(任意的)numbers,words,andnonsensesyllableswithperfectrecall,evendecadeslater.Atfirstglance,thissoundslikeasuperpower.ButShereshevskydescribeditasexhausting,distracting,andemotionallyunbearable.Whatmostmissaboutforgettingisthatitisnotadesignflaw(缺陷).It’safeature.Infact,theabilitytoforgetisfundamentaltolearning.It’swhatgivesusfocus,highlightsthesignalthroughthenoise,andletsthebraindeterminewhatmattersmostgiventhecontextwearein.Researchsuggeststhatforgettingisanactiveprocessinvolvingbrainregionslikethehippocampusandprefrontalcortex,whichhelpusmanagetheinflowandoutflowofinformation.Forgettingisnotourmemoryfailingonusasmuchasitisourmemorybeingbetterused.Andhereiswherewemeettheconceptoftheforgettingcurve(曲线).FirstdescribedbyHermannEbbinghausinthelate19thcentury,theforgettingcurvetrackshowquicklyweloseinformationovertimewithoutreinforcement(巩固).Withinhoursoflearningsomethingnew,webegintoforgetit.Rapidlyatfirst,thenmoreslowlyovertime.ThekeyinsightofthosewhohavefollowedEbbinghausisthatthiscurveisnotfixed.Onthecontrary,it’ssomethingwecanreshape,afeaturewecantuneourselves.8.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“indelibly”inthefirstparagraphmean?A.Permanently. B.Violently. C.Chaotically. D.Effortlessly.9.WhatdidShereshevskythinkofhisability?A.Adesignflaw. B.Arealblessing. C.Amentalburden. D.Araretalent.10.Howdoesforgettingcontributetolearning?A.Itpreventstheflowofinformation.B.Itpushespeopletoreviewregularly.C.Itactivatesbrainregionsresponsibleforlearning.D.Itallowsthebraintoprioritizeimportantinformation.11.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdointhelastparagraph?A.Keeplearningnewthings. B.Interveneintheforgettingprocess.C.Acceptforgettingasanaturalpartoflife. D.Exploreafixedpatternoftheforgettingcurve.Passage4山东名校联盟2026届高三下学期2月份核心素养评估考试Horrorfanshavebeenpaintedwiththesamebroadandbloodybrushfordecades:labelledascold,unfeelingthrill-seekerswhodelightinothers’suffering.FilmcriticshavedescribedthefansandcreatorsoffilmslikeFridaythe13thandSawas“verysickpeople”.ButIarguethattheseassumptionsareallwrong.Themisconceptionsabouthorrorfanswereseeminglysupportedbyevidencepresentedinananalysisfrom2007.Buttheanalysisisonlyasstrongasthestudiesitsummarizes.Inthiscase,theyhadpoorlydefinedvariables.Forexample,thetwostudieswiththestrongestassociationwithlowempathyexaminedparticipantenjoymentoftortureandshortclipsthatconcludedwithcruelmurdersandnosatisfactoryresolution.Thesemeasuresprobablywon’ttellyoumuchabouthorrorfans.Theauthorsoftheanalysisadmitteddeepinthediscussionsectionthatthelinkbetweenempathyandenjoymentofhorrordisappearedwhenthosestudieswereremoved.In2024,Ipublishedasetofstudiesthatdirectlyaddressedthequestionofhorrorfandomandempathy.Theresultswerestriking.Usingstandardisedassessments,horrorfansscoredhigheronempathyandcompassion.WhenmycolleaguesandIexaminedthemotivationsofhorrorfansatfrighteningattractions,wefoundthat“adrenalinejunkies”representonlyonesubset.Wealsofoundagroupwecalled“darkcopers”,whousehorrortoprocessdifficultemotions.Anothergroup,“whiteknucklers,”confrontfeartolearnaboutthemselves.Thethree-typemodelrevealsthatmanyfansaren’tjustmotivatedbyadrenaline(肾上腺素).Butthereisonecommontraitamongthem.Myresearchhasidentifiedmorbidcuriosity(猎奇)asthemostpowerfulpredictorofhorrorfandom.Itisthistendencytoseekoutinformationaboutthreateningordeath-relatedphenomenathatdrivesafascinationwithhorrormedia.Studiesshowthatpeoplewithhigherlevelsofthiscuriositydemonstratebetterpreparednessforrealcrisesandshowincreasedresilienceduringstressfullifeevents.Theevidencepaintsapictureofhorrorfansbeingempathetic,curiousandpsychologicallycomplicated.Horrorisaprooftohumanadaptabilityandourremarkablecapacitytofindmeaning,connectionandevengrowthinthefaceofourdeepestfears.8.Whatisaconventionalwisdomabouthorrorfans?A.Theylackempathy. B.Theytendtofallsick.C.Theydesirecomfort. D.Theyseekuniqueness.9.Whatisthelimitationofpreviousstudies?A.Theyignoretheessenceofhumanity.B.Thevariables’definitionisindefinite.C.Theyrelymuchonparticipants’feelings.D.Theincompletediscussionismisleading.10.Whyisthethree-typemodelmentionedinparagraph4?A.Tointroducetypesofhorrorfans.B.Toshowmotivationsofhorrorfans.C.Togroupfansbasedontheiremotions.D.Tocomparedifferentlevelsofcuriosity.11.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardshorrors?A.Hedoubtedthem. B.Hedismissedthem.C.Heapprovedofthem. D.Hebrushedthemaside.Passage52026届福建普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语模拟测试（六）下学期高三Theprivacyscreenisanaccessoryforphonesandlaptopsdesignedtosignificantlydarkenortotallyobscuretheirsurfacestowanderingeyes.Atatimewhenithasbecomenormaltoassumealevelofcomprehensivemonitoringinpublicplaces—notjustbysecuritycameras,butbyourfellowtravelers—thescreenprotectorshavebecomeacommonsight.Thiscreatesacentralcontradiction:Weareforkingovertonsofdataandpersonalinformationtotechcompanieseverytimewedownloadanapplicationorsearchonline.Yetsomehowthestuffwewanttokeepthepersonsittingnexttousfromseeing—ourmessagesorthealgorithm-drivencontentthatendsuponourfeeds—hasbecomeafocusofsomepeople’sprivacyconcerns.Isitperformative?Agraspforacomforting,yetfalse,senseofcontrol?Both?Psychologistsrefertothismismatchasthe“privacyparadox”.DennisStolle,theseniordirectorofAmericanPsychologyAssociation’sOfficeofAppliedPsychology.saidtheprivacyscreenwasanexampleofpeopleactingontheirvalueforprivacyinasituationwheretheyknowtheycanimmediatelyandperceptiblycontrolthespacearoundthem.“Youcanputthatprivacyscreenoveryourlaptoporyourphoneandfeelasenseofaccomplishment,”hesaid.“Eventhoughinthebigpicturethatmaybetheleastofyourworries,itstillissomehowpsychologicallysatisfyingtodosomethingtoprotectthevaluethatyouholdoftheimportanceofprivacyratherthandoingnothingatall.”Thescreenprotectorscanofferathinlayerofprivacy—buttheymaybeonlythat,athinlayer.“Ilikethesenseofsecurityitgivesme,butitdoesn’tcomparewithhowmypersonaldataisbeingusedonlinewithoutmypermission.It’salwayslikeagiveandtakewithprivacy,”saidMrPunater,a23-year-oldcomputersciencemajorattheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia.“Whatyouchoosetogiveuprightnowisoutofyourhands.”12.Whichcanreplacetheunderlinedword“obscure”inparagraph1?A.Hide. B.Update. C.Repair. D.Polish.13.Whichofthefollowingbestexplainsthe“privacyparadox”?A.Wewouldratherreadprivacypoliciesthanacceptpresets.B.Wetendtotrustinformationonlinebutrejectitinreality.C.Wekeepusingscreenprotectorsdespitetheirminimaleffect.D.Wetradepersonaldataforbenefitsdespitebeingprivacy-focused.14.What’sthebenefitofusingprivacyscreensaccordingtoStolle?A.Addressingconcernsaboutprivacyleaks.B.Improvingscreenvisibilityinbrightlight.C.Increasingworkefficiencyandproductivity.D.Givingasenseofpsychologicalsatisfaction.15WhatcanbeinferredfromPunater’swords?A.Ignoringonlinesecurityendangersprivacy.B.Screenprotectorsaretoothintobeeffective.C.Individualshavelittlecontrolovertheirdata.D.Peopleshouldactivelymanagetheirpersonaldata.Passage62026届浙江省宁波市镇海区镇海中学高三首考模拟考试Whenmybeautifulfirstbornturnedone,about70peoplecametothepubtocelebrate.Thereweredrinks,meals,andsinging.Theywerecelebratingme.Butsincethen,hisbirthdayshavebecomeabouthimandhisfriendsandthequalityoftheeventhasgonedownhillquickly.Mykid’sdemandsofhisownpartieshavebecomelouder.Thedaysofacakewithasinglecandleinithavelonggone.Nowathememustbefollowed,hisinterestsreflected,hiswishesregardingtheguestlistheard.Andso,Idomybit:puttingoutsugarytreats,franticallycleaning,worryingnobodywillcome,gettingstressedwhentheydo.Whenthetimecomes,andhisfriendsarriveattheparty,thechaosbegins.Whatchancedothelittleoneshavetolearnsocialgraceswhentheirrolemodelsarestuckmakingawkwardconversationswithotherparentstheybarelyknowandshout“Oi!”mid-sentencetobreakupadisputeorgettheirkidsoutofatree?Inthesemoments,Idreamofapromisedland,wherethekidcanbedroppedoffatapartyandIcanspendthetimequietlymeditatingorscrollingmyphone.Ihavenotyetarrivedtherebutotherparentstellmeitexists,anditsoundslikeparadise.Despitemyinabilitytogracefullyhostabirthdayparty,thefactthatmykidhaslivedanotheryearisatriumph.Hegrows,hechanges,heasksquestions,hegoestoschool,hehaspartsofhislifethatIamnotapartof.It’sscaryanditshouldbecelebrated.Associetybecomesincreasinglyisolatedandscreen-focused,kids’partiescanbepartofthecure.Theybuildreal-worldrelationshipsandourkids’friendsattheseagescouldbepartofourlivesforever.Everyconnectionisaneworpotentialfriend.Whatcouldbemoresocialthancelebratinglife’smundanemilestones?Afterall,theworstpartofapartyisnotbeinginvited.4.Whydoestheauthordescribeherownparty-hostingefforts?A.Tointroduceasolutiontothepartychaos.B.Toconveyasenseofpersonalburdenandanxiety.C.Toarguethatsucheffortsareultimatelyunnecessary.D.Tohighlighttheauthor’sexceptionalskillsandenjoyment.5.Whatdoestheauthorimplyaboutparents’behavioratchildren’sparties?A.Theyeffectivelymanageallconflicts.B.Theysetgoodexamplesforchildren.C.Theyenjoymeaningfulconversations.D.Theirsocialinteractionsareoftenforced.6.Whatdoes“thepromisedland”refertoinparagraph5?A.Aperfectpartyvenueforkids.B.Arealcommunityeventspace.C.Afuturestageofnorestrictions.D.Anidealpartycarefreeforparents.7.Howdoestheauthorfeelaboutthecurrenttrendofchildren’sbirthdayparties?A.Whollyenthusiastic.B.Partlyappreciative.C.Largelyindifferent.D.Completelyopposed.Passage72025东城期末Theageofartificialintelligencehasbegun,anditbringsplentyofanxieties.AlmostalloftheconversationsaboutriskhavetodowiththepotentialconsequencesofAIsystemspursuinggoalsthatdepartfromwhattheywereprogrammedtodoandthatarenotintheinterestsofhumans.Butthisisonlyonesideofthedanger.ImaginewhatcouldunfoldifAIdoesdowhathumanswant.“Whathumanswant,”ofcourse,isn’tamonolith.Differentpeoplehavecountlessideasofwhatconstitutes“thegreatergood.”Evenifwecouldgeteveryonetofocusonthewell-beingoftheentirehumanspecies,it’sunlikelywe’dbeabletoagreeonwhatthatmightlooklike.ThatseemstobethereasonthatDeepMindrecentlyfoundedaninternalorganizationfocusedonAIsafetyandpreventingitsmanipulationbybadactors.Butit’snotidealthatwhat’s“bad”isgoingtobedeterminedbyahandfulofindividualsatthisoneparticularcorporation—completewiththeirblindspotsandpersonalandculturalbiases(偏见).Thepotentialproblemgoesbeyondhumansharmingotherhumans.What’s“good”forhumanityhas,manytimesthroughouthistory,comeattheexpenseofothersentient(有知觉力的)beings.Suchisthesituationtoday.IntheUSalone,wehavebillionsofanimalskeptinconfinement,subjectedtocrueltreatment,anddenialoftheirbasicpsychologicalandphysiologicalneedsatanygiventime.Entirespeciesaredominatedandsystemicallybutcheredsothatwecanhaveomelets,burgersandshoes.IfAIdoesexactlywhat“we”wantitto,thatwouldlikelymeanenactingthismasscrueltymoreefficiently,atanevengreaterscaleandwithmoreautomationandfeweropportunitiesforsympathetichumanstostepinandflaganythingparticularlyhorrifying.AbettergoalthanaligningAIwithhumanity’simmediateinterestswouldbewhatIwouldcall“sentientalignment”—AIactinginaccordancewiththeinterestsofallsentientbeings,includinghumans,allotheranimalsand,shoulditexist,sentientAI.Thiswillstrikesomeasaggressive,becausewhat’sgoodforallsentientlifemightnotalwaysagreewithwhat’sgoodforhumankind.Itmightsometimes,evenoften,beinoppositiontowhathumanswantorwhatwouldbebestforthegreatestnumberofus.PeterSinger,aphilosopher,arguedthatanAIsystem’sultimategoalsandprioritiesaremoreimportantthanitbeingalignedwithhumans.“ThequestionisreallywhetherthissuperintelligentAIisgoingtobebenevolentandwanttoproduceabetterworld,”Singersaid,“andevenifwedon’tcontrolit,itstillwillproduceabetterworldinwhichourinterestswillgettakenintoaccount.”I’mwithSingeronthis.Decenteringhumankindtoanyextent,andespeciallytothisextreme,isanideathatwillchallengepeople.Butthat’snecessaryifwe’retopreventourcurrentbelieffromspreadinginnewandawfulways.31.TheauthormentionstheorganizationfoundedbyDeepMindto__________.A.questionasolution B.clarifyabeliefC.illustrateanexample D.explainapractice32.Whichofthefollowingcanbestpresenttheideaof“sentientalignment”?A.AIextendsthesamerightstolivingbeings. B.AIpromotestheinteractionamongspecies.C.AIbenefitsfromthedevelopmentofhumans. D.AImeetsthedemandsofperceptivecreatures.33.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“benevolent”inParagraph7probablymean?A.Ambitious. B.Generous. C.Resourceful. D.Competitive.34.Theauthor’smajorconcernindevelopingAIisthat__________.A.AIposesathreattotheworld B.society’smoralsareindeclineC.humansprioritizetheirownneeds D.sentientbeingsdeepenculturalbiasesPassage82025西城期末Intheearly1900s,anAmericanchemistnamedHarveyW.Wileyledthefamous“PoisonSquad”experiment.Hisstudiesrevealedthedangersofunregulated(未经监管的)foodadditivesandraisedpublicawarenessabouttheimportanceofknowingwhatwasinthefoodtheyconsumed.However,itwasn’tuntilnearly90yearslaterthatcompaniesintheU.S.begandisclosingtheingredientsinsidetheboxes,cans,andbagsthatlinedgrocerystoreshelves.Fast-forwardtotoday,andit’shardtoimaginewalkingthroughasupermarketwithoutseeingtheselabels.Yet,whenwesurftheInternet—anotheressentialmarketplaceinourlives—weoftenabsorbvastamountsofdigitalinformationwithoutanyunderstandingofitsemotionalormental“nutritionalvalue.”Butwhatifeverywebpagecamewithacontentlabel?Astudyweconducted,publishedtodayinNatureHumanBehavior,revealedthatindividualswithpoorermentalhealthtendedtoseekoutmorenegativeandfrighteningcontentonline.This,inturn,worsenedtheirsymptoms,creatingadestructivecycle.Tobreakthiscycle,weintroducedcontentlabelsthatprovideduserswithemotional“nutritioninformation”aboutthewebsitestheywereabouttovisit.Wouldthiswebpagemakeyoufeelbetterorworse?Wasitfullofnegativity,orwasitlikelytobrightenyourmood?Whenuserswereshowntheselabelsonthesearchengineresultspage,theywerefarlesslikelytoclickonnegativecontent.Asaresult,thisledtoimprovedmoodafterbrowsing(浏览).However,it’simportanttonotethatyouwouldn’twantpeopletomakedecisionssolelybasedontheemotionaltoneofawebsite.Stayinginformedabouttheworld—despitethepotentialforsadnessoranxiety—isoftenessential.Toaddressthis,wedevelopedapluginthatprovidesuserswithnotonlylabelsaboutawebsite’semotionaltonebutalsoscoresindicatingthepracticality,helpfulness,andabilityoftheinformationtoenhanceunderstanding.Thesescores,displayedonthesearchengineresultspage,arecalculatedusingamachinelearningalgorithm(运算法则)trainedonthousandsofhumanassessments.Anne-LindaCamerini,aresearcherspecializingindigitalmediaandmentalhealth,pointedoutthatwhilemuchofthefocusonmentalhealthandtechnologyhasbeenonlimitingscreentime,thetypeofcontentweconsumeisjustascritical.Thisshiftcouldtransformtheconversationaroundmentalhealthandtechnology.InsteadofframingtheInternetasinherentlyharmful,contentlabelsofferawaytocreateahealthierdigitalexperience.Justasnutritionlabelsempowerpeopletomakebetterfoodchoices,contentlabelscouldenableuserstomakesmarter,healthierdecisionsonline.32.WhatdoestheauthorintendtodobymentioningHarvey’sstudies?A.Makeacomparison. B.Illustrateapoint.C.Suggestanalternative. D.Challengeanassumption.33.Accordingtothepassage,howdocontentlabelsaimtocreateahealthierdigitalexperience?A.ByencouraginguserstoavoidtheInternetaltogether.B.Byshowingemotionaltoneandwebsiteusefulness.C.Bytraininguserstospendlesstimeonline.D.Byrestrictingaccesstonegativecontent.34.Whatisthepurposeofthispassage?A.Tostressthenecessityofcategorizingwebpages.BTosuggestnewsolutionstomentalhealthproblems.C.Tocriticizesocialmediasitesforspreadingnegativity.D.Tohighlighttheimportanceofregulatingonlinecontent.Passage92025朝阳期末Puremathematicsfascinat