2023届北京市朝阳区高三二模英语试题（解析版）

第22页/共22页北京市朝阳区高三年级第二学期质量检测二英语(考试时间90分钟满分100分)本试卷共10页。考生务必在答题卡指定区域作答，在试卷上作答无效。第一部分知识运用(共两节，30分)第一节(共10小题;每小题1.5分，共15分)阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。Mysonwasbornwithbreathingdifficulties,sohehadtostayinNICU,thehospitalunitfornewbornsneedingintensivecare.Therehecouldonlybefedthroughatube.Ihatedthetube.ThelovelydreamsIhadofnursingmybabywereentirely___1___.Onthefifthday,I___2___aboutthetube,sayingthatIwantedtofeedhimwithabottle.Thedoctorsagreedtoletmetry.Myson’sfeedingswouldbecloselyrecordedtoseeifhewasabletoget___3___milkintakewithoutthetube.Aftereighteenhours,itwasdeterminedhecouldnotdothatandthetubewasback.Thismeanthewasn’tgettingstronger.The___4___feltsodark.SeatedoutsidetheNICU,Istartedcrying.Justthen,ayoungnursecameandsatbesideme.WhenIhad___5___mysorrowalittle,shehandedmeatissueandaskedifIwantedtotalk.Iaskedagainifwecouldremovethetube.Thenursereplied,“Nottoday.Butremember,tomorrowisanewday.”Sheseemedmuchyoungerthanme,butherwordswere___6___andhope-filled,andIheldontothem.Irememberedheradviceandrepeatedittomyselfmultipletimesaday.Thenursechangedmyperspectiveawayfromcurrent___7___toseethehopeoftomorrow.Gradually,thingsstartedto___8___.Ondayeight,mysondrankhalfofhismilkwithoutthetube.Ondayten,thedoctorsapprovedtakingoffthetube___9___.“Tomorrow”came.Itjustcameafewdayslaterthanexpected.Ondayfifteen,wewerereleasedfromthehospital,andmyson“graduated”fromtheNICU.WhatIlearnedfromthatnursewastolookbeyondtodayandthesufferingofitandtoconsidertomorrowwith_____10_____.Afterall,tomorrowisanewday.1.A.controlled B.destroyed C.questioned D.recalled2.A.protested B.wondered C.forgot D.warned3.A.maximum B.restricted C.sufficient D.additional4.A.plot B.spot C.atmosphere D.situation5.A.spared B.contained C.shared D.exhibited6.A.wise B.plain C.familiar D.sharp7.A.mistakes B.dreams C.challenges D.doubts8.A.goaway B.lookup C.makesense D.fallapart9.A.frequently B.slightly C.completely D.occasionally10.A.intention B.imagination C.urge D.faith【答案】1.B2.A3.C4.D5.B6.A7.C8.B9.C10.D【解析】【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者的儿子由于呼吸困难，必须呆在新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)，作者感到很难过，一位护士的话让她改变了观点，从挑战中看到了希望。作者领悟到明天又是新的一天。【1题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：我照顾孩子的美好梦想被彻底摧毁了。A.controlled控制；B.destroyed破坏，摧毁；C.questioned询问，质疑；D.recalled回忆。根据“Mysonwasbornwithbreathingdifficulties,sohehadtostayinNICU”可知，由于孩子住在重症监护室，作者照顾孩子的梦想被摧毁了。故选B。【2题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：在第五天，我对使用管子提出抗议，说我想用奶瓶喂他。A.protested抗议，反对；B.wondered想知道；C.forgot忘记；D.warned警告。根据“Ihatedthetube.”和“sayingthatIwantedtofeedhimwithabottle.”可知，此处表示作者反对用管子给孩子进食。故选A。【3题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我儿子的喂食会被密切记录下来，看看他是否能在没有管子的情况下摄入足够的牛奶。A.maximum最大的；B.restricted受限制的；C.sufficient足够的；D.additional额外的，附加的。根据下文“Ondayeight,mysondrankhalfofhismilkwithoutthetube.”可知，此处记录孩子的喂食情况，看看是否在没有管子的情况下能摄入足够的牛奶。故选C。【4题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：情况让人感觉很黑暗。A.plot故事情节；B.spot地点，场所；C.atmosphere大气，氛围；D.situation情况，形势。根据“Aftereighteenhours,itwasdeterminedhecouldnotdothatandthetubewasback.”可知，又重新用上了管子，说明情况不是很好。故选D。【5题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：当我稍稍克制住自己的悲伤时，她递给我一张纸巾，问我是否想谈谈。A.spared抽出，匀出；B.contained包含，控制；C.shared分享；D.exhibited展览，展出。根据“SeatedoutsidetheNICU,Istartedcrying.”以及“askedifIwantedtotalk.”可知，此处指稍微控制下情绪。故选B。【6题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：她看起来比我年轻得多，但她的话充满智慧和希望，我牢牢记住了。A.wise明智的；B.plain普通的；C.familiar熟悉的；D.sharp尖锐的。根据“hope-filled”和“Irememberedheradviceandrepeatedittomyselfmultipletimesaday.”可知，作者认为那位护士的话充满智慧和希望。故选A。【7题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：护士改变了我的观点，让我从当前的挑战中看到了明天的希望。A.mistakes错误；B.dreams梦想；C.challenges挑战；D.doubts怀疑。根据“tolookbeyondtodayandthesufferingofit”可知，此处指当前的挑战。故选C。【8题详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：渐渐地，情况开始好转。A.goaway离开；B.lookup改善，查阅；C.makesense有道理，有意义；D.fallapart崩溃。根据“Ondayeight,mysondrankhalfofhismilkwithoutthetube.”可知，孩子的情况开始有所改善。故选B。【9题详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：第十天时，医生同意完全取下管子。A.frequently经常地；B.slightly轻微地；C.completely完全地；D.occasionally偶尔地。根据“Ondayeight,mysondrankhalfofhismilkwithoutthetube.”和““Tomorrow”came.”可知，医生同意完全取下管子。故选C。【10题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我从那位护士身上学到的是，要超越今天和今天的苦难，用信心去考虑明天。A.intention意图，打算；B.imagination想象力；C.urge冲动，强烈的欲望；D.faith信心，信任。根据“butherwordswere___6___andhope-filled”和“toseethehopeoftomorrow.”可知，作者学到要对明天充满信心。故选D。第二节(共10小题;每小题1.5分,共15分)A阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。AsavariantofAmericanfootballflagfootballisatypeofsportinwhichaplayermustremoveaflagbeltfromtheballcarriertoendadown.Thefirstruleofthegameisthatcontact____11____playersisnotpermitted.Recently,it____12____(gain)greatpopularityinChinaamongyoungpeople.It’sengagingandridiculouslyfun.That’swhythepercentageofpeople____13____(join)aflagfootballclubthroughonlinechannelshasrisentoanewhighlevel.【答案】11.between12.hasgained13.joining【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了夺旗橄榄球在中国年轻人中很受欢迎。【11题详解】考查介词。句意：比赛的第一条规则是球员之间不允许有身体接触。表示“在两者之间”应用介词between。故填between。【12题详解】考查动词时态。句意：最近，它在中国年轻人中很受欢迎。根据时间状语“recently”可知，使用现在完成时，主语为it，助动词用has。故填hasgained。【13题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：这就是为什么通过在线渠道加入夺旗橄榄球俱乐部的人的比例上升到一个新的高度。分析句子结构可知，已有谓语动词hasrisen，空处需填非谓语动词作定语，people和join为逻辑主谓关系，需填现在分词形式。故填joining。B阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。OldConnections,atelecommunicationsmuseuminSeattle,withaworkingexchangefromthe1940s,____14____(show)howtelephonesbroughtustogether,butalsotoreusapart.Perhapsitshouldnotbe____15____(surprise)thattheInternethasbroughtwithitanewwaveofhorrificdestructiveness.Historyitselfisakindofradioprogramme,broadcasttousinfrequenciesthatbecomehardertoreceiveasweforgettheoldways.Butaslongaswekeeptheancientexchangesrunning,wehaveawaytorememberandunderstand____16____wecomefrom.【答案】14shows15.surprising16.where【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章以西雅图的电信博物馆“旧连接”一台从20世纪40年代就开始运作的交换机引入话题，告诉我们要保留古老的交流方式。【14题详解】考查动词时态。句意：西雅图的电信博物馆“旧连接”(OldConnections)拥有一台从20世纪40年代就开始运作的交换机，它展示了电话是如何让我们走到一起的，但也让我们分开了。此处陈述客观事实，使用一般现在时，主语OldConnections是专有名词，谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式。故填shows。【15题详解】考查形容词。句意：互联网带来了一波可怕的破坏性浪潮，也许这并不奇怪。空处需填形容词作表语，修饰后文提到的事情，需用-ing结尾的形容词。故填surprising。【16题详解】考查宾语从句。句意：但只要我们保持这种古老的交流，我们就有办法记住和理解我们来自哪里。空处引导宾语从句，句子缺少地点副词，用连接副词where引导。故填where。C阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。WangDakang,aged88,isamodeloflifelonglearning.Inthe1980s,hewasthefirstperson____17____(accomplish)aroundtripofChinausingonlyabicycle.Toeditthisexperienceintohisbook,Wangdecidedtogotocollege.Attheageof61,he____18____(admit)intocollege,majoringinjournalism.By2012,hehadcompletedthreemajorsincollege.Atpresent,WanglivesinLeshan,wherehespendshisdaysfollowingcarefully____19____(plan)routines.Hisstudystartsat6ameverymorning,during____20____hereadsandtakesnotesfromnewspapers.Wangsaid,“ThereissomuchtolearnandIwillcontinuelearninguntiltheveryend.”【答案】17.toaccomplish18wasadmitted19.planned20.which【解析】【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了骑游中国的王大康的人生经历。【17题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：在20世纪80年代，他是第一个只用自行车完成中国往返旅行的人。名词person前面有thefirst修饰，需填动词不定式作后置定语。故填toaccomplish。【18题详解】考查动词时态语态和主谓一致。句意：61岁时，他被大学录取了，主修新闻专业。此处陈述过去发生的事情，使用一般过去时，beadmittedinto为固定短语，意为“被……录取”，主语为he，be动词用was。故填wasadmitted。【19题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：目前，王住在乐山，在那里他每天都按照精心安排的日程生活。空处需填非谓语动词作定语，修饰名词routines，二者为逻辑动宾关系，需填过去分词形式。故填planned。【20题详解】考查定语从句。句意：他每天早上6点开始学习，在此期间他阅读并从报纸上做笔记。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面的句子，在定语从句中作介词during的宾语，需用关系代词which引导。故填which。第二部分阅读理解(共两节，38分)第一节(共14小题;每小题2分，共28分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。AColumbiaEngineering’sSummerHighSchoolAcademicProgramforEngineers(SHAPE)isaselectivepre-collegeprogramforhighschoolstudentsandrecentgraduates.SHAPEistailoredforstudentswithagiftforSTEM:science,technology,engineering,andmathematics.Each3-weeksessionofferscollege-level,project-basedcoursesinengineeringtaughtbycelebratedprofessorsattheuniversity.SHAPEgivesstudentsamorerealisticpictureofwhatitmeanstobeanengineer,anditsprofessionaldevelopmentcomponentshelpstudentsdeveloptheskillstheyneedtogetthere.CoursesSHAPEfeaturescreativeproblem-solvingcoursesandexposesstudentstoinnovativeengineeringtechniquesandknowledgepresentedbyprofessors.PleasenotethatSHAPEdoesnotprovidecollegecredit.StudentsgainaccesstothefamousMakerSpaceandstate-of-the-artresearchlaboratoriesaftercompletingthesafetytrainingandwillonlydosoundercloseguidance.SHAPEalsoprovidesstudentswithworkshopstoexplorecareerfields,professionaldevelopment,andguidanceonsharpeningone’scollegeapplicationfromadmissionsofficers.Studentsintheprogramwillbevisitingcompaniesandorganizationsthatshowtheclassroomcontentinpractice.ApplicationStudentsareselectedbasedonthefollowingcriteria:1.Strongacademicrecord2.PersonalstatementtodemonstrateexcitementandinterestinSTEMthroughengagementinchallengingcourses,activities,projects,etc.3.Enthusiasticletterofrecommendationsubmittedbyamathorscienceteacher4.CreativeresponsestotworequiredquestionsandoneofthethreeoptionalquestionsWeencourageallstudentstoapplybytheprioritydeadlineofJune15,2023,sothereisnoapplicationfee.Aftertheprioritydeadline,a$50applicationfeeisrequired.SHAPEisdedicatedtosupportingstudentsandtheirfamiliesinneedoffinancialassistance.Weofferalimitednumberofneed-basedscholarships,whichcoverthefullcostofSHAPE.Tobeconsideredforaneed-basedscholarship,familieswillneedtoprovidearecentpayreceiptandcompleteaFamilyIncomeandExpenseWorksheet.Email:shape@formoreinformation.21.WhatcanwelearnaboutSHAPE?A.ItsuitsstudentstalentedinSTEM. B.ItshowstheprocedureoflearningSTEM.C.Itservesasthestartofstudents’collegelife. D.Itgivesstudentschancestoworkwithengineers.22.InSHAPE,studentscan.A.befreetoexploretheMakerSpace B.earncollegecreditforfuturestudyC.putschoolknowledgeintopractice D.beequippedwithskillsforengineering23.TosecureaplaceinSHAPE,studentsneedto.A.showtheirfamilyfinancialstate B.answerallthegivenquestionsC.payapplicationfeesbeforedeadline D.provetheirlearningcapability【答案】21.A22.D23.D【解析】【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了一项针对高中生和应届毕业生的选择性大学预科课程：SHAPE。介绍了其课程特色以及申请要求。【21题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段“SHAPEistailoredforstudentswithagiftforSTEM:science,technology,engineering,andmathematics.(SHAPE是为具有STEM：科学、技术、工程和数学天赋的学生量身定制的)”可知，SHAPE适合在STEM领域有天赋的学生。故选A。【22题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段“SHAPEgivesstudentsamorerealisticpictureofwhatitmeanstobeanengineer,anditsprofessionaldevelopmentcomponentshelpstudentsdeveloptheskillstheyneedtogetthere.(SHAPE让学生对成为一名工程师意味着什么有了一个更现实的认识，它的专业发展部分帮助学生发展他们到达那里所需的技能)”可知，在SHAPE，学生可以掌握工程技能。故选D。【23题详解】细节理解题。根据Application部分中“PersonalstatementtodemonstrateexcitementandinterestinSTEMthroughengagementinchallengingcourses,activities,projects,etc.(个人陈述，通过参与具有挑战性的课程、活动、项目等，展示对STEM的兴奋和兴趣)”可知，申请条件中需要学生陈述自己参加过的有挑战性的课程、活动、项目，这能证明自己的学习能力，由此可知，为了在SHAPE获得一席之地，学生需要证明自己的学习能力。故选D。BIlostmylegtocancerat30.Myfirsttripoutofthehouseasaone-leggedwomanwouldbetoseeasickfriendinhospitalwithmymom.AsImademywaythroughthehospital,Iwaspreparedforlooksofcuriosity,sympathy,andevenshock.ButonethingshookmetoadepthIhadneverexperiencedbefore.Twokidswereplayinginthehallway.AsIpassedbyonmycrutches(拐杖),theylookedupatme,andsuddenly,thelittleboypointedatme.“Lookatthatlady!”Itseemedthathewasshoutingloudenoughfortheentirehospitaltohear.“Sheonlyhasoneleg!Doesn’tthatlookfunny?”Bothofthekidsburstintolaughter.Headsturned,andIfeltthebloodrushtomyface.IputmyheaddownandrushedoutasfastasIdaredonmycrutches.Iheldmytearsbackuntilthecardoorclosed.AsIfellintotheseats,Icried,“Howcouldtheythinkthisisfunny?”Mymomtriedherbesttocomfortme,“Honey,theyarejustkids.Theydon’tknowanybetter.”Theywerejustkids,butthatdidnotexcusetheirrudebehavior.Ifeltawaveofbelieffloodthroughme.IknewwhatIhadtodo.“Well,someonehastoteachthem!”Isaid.AndIknewthatsomeonewouldbeme.WhenIwaswellenough,Istartedtovisitelementaryschoolsandtalktochildrenaboutbeingdifferent.Iwasteachingchildrentoberespectfulofpeoplewhoaredifferent,andteachingthempeoplecomeinallshapes,colorsandsizesandweareeachspecialandunique.Speakingtochildrenwasjustthebeginningforme.Ibecameaninspirationalspeakerandauthorandlearnedthatbeinggratefulforalltheremainingpartsofmewastheonlywaytostartandendmyday.IsharedmystoryinmybookcalledIAmChoosingtoSmile.Ido,indeed,choosetosmile.Wakingupeverymorning,Ilookdownatmyonefootandsaywithallsincerity,“Goodmorning,fivetoes.I’mverygladtoseeyou!”24.Whatshockedtheauthorinthehospital?A.Thecuriouslookaboyhad.B.Thewordsaboyshoutedout.CThegametheboyswereplaying.D.Thesympathytheboysexpressed.25.Howdidtheexperienceinthehospitalchangetheauthor?A.Shefoundthepurposeofherlife.B.Shebegantorealizeherdifference.C.Sheunderstoodkids’characteristics.D.Shelearnedtheimportanceofrespect.26.Whichofthefollowingwordscanbestdescribetheauthor?A.Patient. B.Brave. C.Intelligent. D.Caring.【答案】24.B25.A26.B【解析】【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲的是作者因癌症失去了一条腿，在有一次去医院看望一位生病的朋友时，作者受到了一个孩子的嘲笑，作者的妈妈告诉作者需要有人来教这些孩子不能嘲笑别人的残疾，后来作者开始访问小学，教孩子们要尊重不一样的人，后来作者成为了一名鼓舞人心的演说家和作家。【24题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段的“ButonethingshookmetoadepthIhadneverexperiencedbefore.Twokidswereplayinginthehallway.AsIpassedbyonmycrutches(拐杖),theylookedupatme,andsuddenly,thelittleboypointedatme.“Lookatthatlady!”Itseemedthathewasshoutingloudenoughfortheentirehospitaltohear.“Sheonlyhasoneleg!Doesn’tthatlookfunny?”(但有一件事让我感到前所未有的震惊。两个孩子在走廊里玩。当我拄着拐杖走过时，他们抬头看着我，突然，那个小男孩指着我。“看那位女士！”他的叫声似乎大到整个医院都能听到。“她只有一条腿！”看起来是不是很有趣？”)”可知，在医院时，让作者震惊的是一个男孩喊出来的话，故选B。【25题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第三段的“IknewwhatIhadtodo.“Well,someonehastoteachthem!”Isaid.AndIknewthatsomeonewouldbeme.(我知道我该怎么做。“嗯，总得有人教他们！”我说。我知道那个人就是我。)”和最后一段的“Speakingtochildrenwasjustthebeginningforme.Ibecameaninspirationalspeakerandauthorandlearnedthatbeinggratefulforalltheremainingpartsofmewastheonlywaytostartandendmyday.(对我来说，对孩子们讲话只是个开始。我成为了一名鼓舞人心的演说家和作家，并学会了对自己剩下的部分心存感激，这是开始和结束一天的唯一方式。)”可知，在医院的经历使作者找到了自己的人生目标，故选A。【26题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段的“IsharedmystoryinmybookcalledIAmChoosingtoSmile.Ido,indeed,choosetosmile.Wakingupeverymorning,Ilookdownatmyonefootandsaywithallsincerity,“Goodmorning,fivetoes.I’mverygladtoseeyou!”(我在我的书《我选择微笑》中分享了我的故事。我的确选择微笑。每天早上醒来，我低头看着我的一只脚，真诚地说:“早上好，五个脚趾。我很高兴见到你！”)”可知，作者勇敢地面对自己的缺陷，因此他是勇敢的，故选B。CResearchersfromaU.K.plantresearchinstitutehavefoundawaytoprovideplantswithanantibody-baseddefenseforaspecificthreat,potentiallyspeedingthecreationofcropsresistanttoanykindofemergingvirus,orbacterium(细菌).Thestrategyistoinoculateaproteinfromtheplantpathogen(病原体)tobetargetedtoacamelorothercamelrelatives,purifytheunusuallysmallantibodiesthecamelsproduce,andengineerthecorrespondinggenesectionforthemintoaplant’sownimmunegene.Farmerslosemanybillionsofdollarstoplantdiseaseseachyear,andemergingpathogensposenewthreatstofoodsecurityinthedevelopingworld.Plantshaveevolvedtheirownimmunesystem,kick-startedbycellreceptorsthatrecognizegeneralpathogenfeatures,suchasabacterialcellwall,aswellasintracellularreceptorsformolecules(分子)producedbyspecificpathogens.Ifaplantcelldetectsthesemolecules,itmaytriggeritsowndeathtosavetherestoftheplant.Butplantpathogensoftenevolveandescapefromthosereceptors.Along-standingdreaminplantbiotechnologyistocreatedesignerdiseaseresistancegenesthatcouldbeproducedasfastaspathogensemerge.Oneapproachistoeditthegeneforaplantimmunereceptor,changingtheprotein’sshapetorecognizeaparticularpathogenicmolecule.Instead,SophienKamoun,amolecularbiologistattheSainsburyLaboratory,andhiscolleaguesusedananimalimmunesystemtohelpmakethereceptoradjustments.Duringaninfectionwithanewpathogen,animalsproducebillionsofslightlydifferentantibodies,ultimatelyselectingandmass-producingthosethatbesttargetthevirus.Camelids,whichincludecamels,areworkhorsesforantibodydesignbecausetheirimmunesystemscreateunusuallysmallversions,callednano-bodies.Asaproofofprincipleofthenewplantdefensestrategy,Kamoun’sgroupturnedtotwostandardcamelidnano-bodiesthatrecognizetwodifferentmolecules,includingonecalledgreenfluorescentprotein(GFP),todetecttestviruses,inthiscaseapotatovirus,engineeredtomakethefluorescentproteins.Theyinvestigatedhowwellplantswiththenano-body-enhancedreceptorsdetectedthechangedpotatoviruses.Itwasfoundthattheplantsincreasedanactiveimmuneresponseandexperiencedalmostnoviralreproduction.“Theexcitingpartaboutthistechnologyisthatwehavethepotentialofmade-to-orderresistancegenesandkeepingupwithapathogen,”Kamounsays.“Thistechnologyisapotentialgamechanger,”saysJeffDangl,aplantresearcherattheUniversityofNorthCarolina.KseniaKrasileva,ascientistattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,saysthemixtureofnano-bodieswithplantimmunereceptorsopensupavastbodyofbiomedicalknowledgeforplantscientists.“Wecannowdigintoallofthatresearchandtranslateittosavecrops.”27.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“inoculate”inParagraph1probablymean?A.Compare. B.Restore. C.Introduce. D.Label.28.WhatisthemainpurposeofParagraph2?A.Toillustratethefunctionofcellsinsavingtheplant.B.Toexplainhowtostrengthenplantreceptorseffectively.C.Todemonstratethesolutionstofarmers’annualheavylosses.D.Torevealwhyplantsfailtohandleconstantly-updateddiseases.29.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.Editingplantreceptorsistomatchtheshapeofpathogens.B.Nano-bodiescanhelpplantscatchupwithpathogenchanges.C.Plantsselectthebestantibodiesfromanimalstofightviruses.D.Plantswithnano-bodiesrespondactivelyinmassiveviruscopying.30.Accordingtothepassage,scientistswill.A.applytheoutcomeintherealworld B.provethefindingsofresistancegenesC.identifysimilarmeanstofightdiseases D.seekmoresupportforthenewstrategy【答案】27.C28.D29.B30.A【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了英国一家植物研究所的研究人员发现了一种方法，可以为植物提供一种基于抗体的防御机制，以抵御一种特定的威胁，这可能会加速作物对任何新出现的病毒或细菌的抗性的产生。【27题详解】词句猜测题。根据画线词下文“aproteinfromtheplantpathogen(病原体)tobetargetedtoacamelorothercamelrelatives,purifytheunusuallysmallantibodiesthecamelsproduce,andengineerthecorrespondinggenesectionforthemintoaplant’sownimmunegene(将植物病原体中的一种蛋白质接种到骆驼或其他骆驼亲属，纯化骆驼产生的异常小的抗体，并将其相应的基因片段转化为植物自身的免疫基因)”可知，要纯化骆驼产生的异常小的抗体，并将相应的基因片段设计成植物自身的免疫基因，需要把一种来自植物病原体的蛋白质引入到骆驼或其他骆驼的近亲身上，故画线词意思是“引入”。故选C。【28题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段“Farmerslosemanybillionsofdollarstoplantdiseaseseachyear,andemergingpathogensposenewthreatstofoodsecurityinthedevelopingworld.Plantshaveevolvedtheirownimmunesystem,kick-startedbycellreceptorsthatrecognizegeneralpathogenfeatures,suchasabacterialcellwall,aswellasintracellularreceptorsformolecules(分子)producedbyspecificpathogens.Ifaplantcelldetectsthesemolecules,itmaytriggeritsowndeathtosavetherestoftheplant.Butplantpathogensoftenevolveandescapefromthosereceptors.(农民每年因植物病害损失数十亿美元，新出现的病原体对发展中国家的粮食安全构成了新的威胁。植物已经进化出了自己的免疫系统，由识别一般病原体特征（如细菌细胞壁）的细胞受体以及识别特定病原体产生的分子的细胞内受体启动。如果一个植物细胞检测到这些分子，它可能会触发自己的死亡，以拯救植物的其余部分。但植物病原体经常进化并逃离这些受体)”可推知，第二段的主要目的是揭示为什么植物不能应对不断更新的疾病。故选D。【29题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段““Theexcitingpartaboutthistechnologyisthatwehavethepotentialofmade-to-orderresistancegenesandkeepingupwithapathogen,”Kamounsays.(Kamoun说：“这项技术令人兴奋的部分是，我们有可能定制抗性基因，并跟上病原体的步伐。”)”可知，纳米体可以帮助植物跟上病原体的变化。故选B。【30题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段“KseniaKrasileva,ascientistattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,saysthemixtureofnano-bodieswithplantimmunereceptorsopensupavastbodyofbiomedicalknowledgeforplantscientists.“Wecannowdigintoallofthatresearchandtranslateittosavecrops.”(加州大学伯克利分校的科学家KseniaKrasileva说，纳米体与植物免疫受体的混合为植物科学家开辟了一个庞大的生物医学知识体系。“我们现在可以深入研究所有这些研究，并将其转化为拯救作物。”)”可知，科学家将把研究结果应用到现实世界中。故选A。DSuperhumanartificialintelligenceisalreadyamongus.Well,sortof.WhenitcomestoplayinggameslikechessandGo,orsolvingdifficultscientificchallengeslikepredictingproteinstructures,computersarewellaheadofus.Butwehaveonesuperpowertheyaren’tclosetomastering:mindreading.Humanshaveamysteriousabilitytoreasonthegoals,desiresandbeliefsofothers,acrucialskillthatmeanswecananticipateotherpeople’sactionsandtheconsequencesofourown.Readingmindscomessoeasilytous,though,thatweoftendon’tthinktospelloutwhatwewant.IfAIsaretobecometrulyusefulineverydaylife—tocooperateeffectivelywithusortounderstandthatachildmightrunintotheroadafterabouncingball—wehavetogivethemthisgiftthatevolutionhasgivenustoreadotherpeople’sminds.Psychologistsrefertotheabilitytoinferanother’smentalstateastheoryofmind.Inhumans,thiscapacitystartstodevelopataveryyoungage.Howtoreproducethecapabilityinmachinesisfarfromclear,though.Oneofthemainchallengesiscontext.Forinstance,ifsomeoneaskswhetheryouaregoingforarunandyoureply“it’sraining”,theycanquicklyconcludethattheanswerisno.Butthisrequireshugeamountsofbackgroundknowledgeaboutrunning,weatherandhumanpreferences.Moreover,whetherhumansorAI,thetheoryofmindissupposedtoemergenaturallyfromone’sownlearningprocess.BuildingpriorknowledgeintoAImakesitreliantonourimperfectunderstandingoftheoryofmind.Inaddition,AImaybecapableofdevelopingapproacheswecouldneverimagine.Therecanbemanyformsoftheoryofmindthatwedon’tknowaboutsimplybecauseweliveinahumanbodythathascertaintypesofsensesandacertainabilitytothink.YetwemightstillwantAItohaveamorehuman-likeformoftheoryofmind.Humanscanclearlyexplaintheirgoalsanddesirestoeachotherusingcommonlanguageandideas.WhilelettingAIformthetheoryofmindintheirlearningprocessislikelytoleadtodevelopingmorepowerfulAI,plainlybuildinginsharedwaystorepresentknowledgemaybecrucialforhumanstotrustandcommunicatewithAI.Itisimportanttoremember,though,thatthepursuitofmachineswiththeoryofmindisaboutmorethanjustbuildingmoreusefulrobots.ItisalsoasteppingstoneonthepathtowardsadeepergoalforAIandroboticsresearch:buildingtrulyself-awaremachines.Whetherwewillevergetthereremainstobeseen.Butalongthewaythinkingaboutotherpeopleandotheragents,weareonthepathtolearningtothinkaboutourselves.31.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingcontextscanAIunderstandwell?A.Whenyouareaskedtoeatspicyfoodfordinnerandyoureply“asorethroat”.B.Whenateacherasksforaboy’shomeworkandheanswers“mydogateit”.C.Whenamomtellsherkidsomefoodisgoodforhealthandthekideatsit.D.Whenkidsseetheirmomafterhurtingthemselvesandtheycrylouder.32.Theauthorbelievesthat.A.humans’theoryofmindisfarfromperfectB.humanslimitAI’stheoryofmindtoanextentC.weshouldrejecthuman-likeformsofabilitiesforAID.sharedformsoftheoryofmindresultinmorepowerfulAI33.AsforAIs,whatdoestheauthorvaluemost?A.Reliability. B.Practicability.C.Reasoningcapability. D.Communicationability.34.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.AIwithItsOwnTheoryofMindIsExpectedB.AIwithTheoryofMindWillReshapeOurFutureC.AI’sTheoryofMindIsaBlessingorSufferingtoHumansD.TheoryofMindBridgestheGapBetweenHumansandAI【答案】31.C32.B33.C34.A【解析】【导语】本文是一篇议论文。当涉及到下棋和围棋等游戏，或解决预测蛋白质结构等棘手的科学挑战时，计算机远远领先于我们。但我们有一个他们还没有掌握的超能力：读心术。作者希望人工智能也能具备这种思维能力，实现人类与人工智能的交流。【31题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段“Butwehaveonesuperpowertheyaren’tclosetomastering:mindreading.(但我们有一个他们还没有掌握的超能力：读心术)”和第二段“Humanshaveamysteriousabilitytoreasonthegoals,desiresandbeliefsofothers,acrucialskillthatmeanswecananticipateotherpeople’sactionsandtheconsequencesofourown.(人类有一种神秘的能力来推理他人的目标、欲望和信仰，这是一项至关重要的技能，意味着我们可以预测他人的行为和自己的后果)”和第三段的“Forinstance,ifsomeoneaskswhetheryouaregoingforarunandyoureply“it’sraining”,theycanquicklyconcludethattheanswerisno.(例如，如果有人问你是否要跑步，而你回答“正在下雨”，他们很快就会得出结论，答案是否定的)”可知，读心需要经过一定的推理，而计算机不具备人类所拥有的读心的能力。A项“Whenyouareaskedtoeatspicyfoodfordinnerandyoureply“asorethroat”.(你被要求晚餐吃辣的食物时，你回答说“喉咙痛”)”、B项“Whenateacherasksforaboy’shomeworkandheanswers“mydogateit”.(当老师问一个男孩的家庭作业时，他回答说“我的狗吃了”)”和D项“Whenkidsseetheirmomafterhurtingthemselvesandtheycrylouder.(当孩子们在伤害自己后看到他们的妈妈时，他们哭得更大声)”都需要运用到思维理论去解释人们的目标和欲望。C项“Whenamomtellsherkidsomefoodisgoodforhealthandthekideatsit.(当妈妈告诉她的孩子一些食物对健康有益时，孩子就会吃)”是直接的陈述，不需要运用思维理论。故选C。【32题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段“Inhumans,thiscapacitystartstodevelopataveryyoungage.Howtoreproducethecapabilityinmachinesisfarfromclear,though.Oneofthemainchallengesiscontext.Forinstance,ifsomeoneaskswhetheryouaregoingforarunandyoureply“it’sraining”,theycanquicklyconcludethattheanswerisno.Butthisrequireshugeamountsofbackgroundknowledgeaboutrunning,weatherandhumanpreferences.(心理学家将推断他人精神状态的能力称为心理理论。在人类中，这种能力在很小的时候就开始发展。然而，如何在机器中复制这种能力还远不清楚。主要挑战之一是语境问题。例如，如果有人问你是否要跑步，而你回答“正在下雨”，他们很快就会得出结论，答案是否定的。但这需要大量关于跑步、天气和人类偏好的背景知识)”可知，人类在一定程度上限制了人工智能的思维理论。故选B。【33题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“YetwemightstillwantAItohaveamorehuman-likeformoftheoryofmind.Humanscanclearlyexplaintheirgoalsanddesirestoeachotherusingcommonlanguageandideas.WhilelettingAIformthetheoryofmindintheirlearningprocessislikelytolea