2026年高考英语终极冲刺：专题04 阅读理解议论文（大题专练）（全国适用）（解析版）

PAGE4/20专题04阅读理解专题专题议论文内容导航【命题解码·定方向】命题趋势+3年高考真题热点角度拆解【解题建模·通技法】析典例，建模型，技法贯通破类题/变式【实战刷题·冲高分】精选高考大题+名校模拟题，强化实战能力，得高分命题·趋势·定位1.选材特点：议论文阅读主要选取社会文化、教育科技、人生哲理、环境保护等领域的思辨性文章。素材多源于权威报刊（如《科学》《新科学家》）、学术网站或社会评论，旨在考察学生对作者观点、论证逻辑和社会现象的分析能力。2.语篇结构：文章结构清晰，常采用“引述现象提出观点分析论证总结升华”的模式。作者往往会先引出争议话题或普遍认知，然后提出自己的核心论点，通过举例、对比、引用等方式进行论证，最后重申观点或提出建议。3.命题热点：重点考查学生对作者观点态度的把握、论证方法的识别、推理判断的能力以及对文中关键概念的理解。主旨大意题和推理判断题是高频考点，词义猜测题和细节理解题也占有重要比重。4.常见的设问形式：Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowards...?Whatdoestheauthorimplyinparagraph...?Whatisthemainidea/argumentofthepassage?Theauthormentions...inorderto...?Whatdoestheunderlinedword/phraseinparagraph...referto?热点·角度·拆解2023-2025高考考点细目（阅读理解议论文）卷别词数主题话题命题形式2025·全国甲卷·D篇350人与社会宠物食品的环保争议细节理解题、词义猜测题、主旨大意题2024·新课标I卷·C篇320人与社会纸质阅读与数字阅读的对比词义猜测题、推理判断题、细节理解题、推理判断题2024·北京卷·D篇380人与自我模拟假说与科学认知推理判断题、词义猜测题、观点态度题、推理判断题2023·全国乙卷·C篇340人与社会历史书写中的文本与物件主旨大意题、推理判断题、词义猜测题、推理判断题2023·浙江1月·C篇310人与自我面对挑战时的接纳与抗拒心理细节理解题、细节理解题、推理判断题、细节理解题2025·全国甲卷·D篇350人与社会宠物食品的环保争议细节理解题、词义猜测题、主旨大意题2024·新课标I卷·C篇320人与社会纸质阅读与数字阅读的对比词义猜测题、推理判断题、细节理解题、推理判断题2024·北京卷·D篇380人与自我模拟假说与科学认知推理判断题、词义猜测题、观点态度题、推理判断题热点角度01推理判断题析典例·建模型（2024·新课标I卷·C篇）Audioandvideocanfeelmoreengagingthantext,andsouniversityteachersincreasinglyturntothesetechnologiessay,assigninganonlinetalkinsteadofanarticlebythesameperson.However,psychologistshavedemonstratedthatwhenadultsreadnewsstories,theyremembermoreofthecontentthaniftheylistentoorviewidenticalpieces.Whyareaudioandvideoincreasinglyusedbyuniversityteachers?A.Theycanholdstudents'attention.B.Theyaremoreconvenienttoprepare.C.Theyhelpdevelopadvancedskills.D.Theyaremoreinformativethantext.【解题建模】第一步，定位：题干问的是“Whyareaudioandvideoincreasinglyused...”，定位到原文“souniversityteachersincreasinglyturntothesetechnologies”所在句子。第二步，找到答题句：根据该句前半部分“Audioandvideocanfeelmoreengagingthantext”可知，音频和视频比文本更能吸引人。第三步，比较各选项：A项“Theycanholdstudents'attention.”与“moreengaging”意思一致，即“吸引注意力”。B、C、D项在文中未提及或与原文相悖。因此正确答案为A。研考点·通技法推理判断题考查学生根据文章信息进行逻辑推断的能力。答案在原文中不会直接明说，需要学生进行“弦外之音”的揣摩。解题关键步骤如下：第一步确定推理依据根据题干，定位到原文中含有推理线索的句子或段落。第二步分析隐含信息认真研读定位句及上下文，挖掘作者语气、用词、举例等隐含的意义或可能的结果。第三步对比选项将各选项与推断出的隐含信息进行比对，排除无中生有、过度推断或与原文相悖的选项，选出逻辑严密的答案。破类题·提能力（2025全国一卷·真题）Whilesafetyimprovementsmighthavebeenmadetoourstreetsinrecentyears,transportstudiesalsoshowdeclinesinpedestrian(行人)mobility,especiallyamongyoungchildren.Manyparentssaythere’stoomuchtrafficontheroadsfortheirchildrentowalksafelytoschool,sotheypackthemintothecarinstead.DutchauthorsThaliaVerkadeandMarcoteBrömmelstroetarebotheredbyfactslikethese.IntheirnewbookMovement:HowtoTakeBackOurStreetsandTransformOurLives,theycallforarethinkofourstreetsandtheroletheyplayinourlives.Lifeoncitystreetsstartedtochangedecadesago.Wholeneighbourhoodsweredestroyedtomakewayfornewroadnetworksandkidshadtoplayelsewhere.Somecommunitiesfoughtback.Mostfamously,aCanadianjournalistwhohadmovedherfamilytoManhattanintheearly1950sledacampaigntostopthedestructionofherlocalpark.Describingheralarmatitsproposedreplacementwithanexpressway,JaneJacobscalledonhermayor(市长)tochampion“NewYorkasadecentplacetolive,andnotjustrushthrough.”SimilarcampaignsoccurredinAustraliainthelate1960sand1970saswell.Althoughthesecampaignswerewidespread,therealityisthatthemajorityofthewesterncitieswerecompletelyredesignedaroundtheneedsofthemotorcar.Thenumberofcarsonroadshasbeenincreasingrapidly.InAustraliawenowhaveovertwentymillioncarsforjustovertwenty-sixmillionpeople,amongthehighestrateofcarownershipintheworld.Weinvestalotinroadsthathelpusrushthrough,butwefailtoaccountforthetruecosts.Dowereallyrecognisewhatitcostsusasasocietywhenchildrencan’tmovesafelyaroundourcommunities?TheauthorsofMovementhaveitright:it’stimetothinkdifferentlyaboutthatstreetoutsideyourfrontdoor.1．Whatphenomenondoestheauthorpointoutinparagraph1?A．Carsoftengetstuckontheroad. B．Trafficaccidentsoccurfrequently.C．Peoplewalklessanddrivemore. D．Pedestriansfailtofollowtherules.2．WhatweretheCanadianjournalistandothercampaignerstryingtodo?A．Keeptheircitieslivable. B．Promoteculturaldiversity.C．Helptheneedyfamilies. D．Makeexpresswaysaccessible.3．WhatcanbeinferredaboutthecampaignsinAustraliainthelate1960sand1970s?A．Theyboostedthesalesofcars. B．Theyturnedoutlargelyineffective.C．Theywongovernmentsupport. D．Theyadvocatedbuildingnewparks.【答案】1．C2．A3．B【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了西方城市过度围绕汽车设计导致行人流动性下降，尤其是儿童步行减少的现象，并通过历史案例和现状分析呼吁反思街道功能，重视城市宜居性。1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Whilesafetyimprovementsmighthavebeenmadetoourstreetsinrecentyears,transportstudiesalsoshowdeclinesinpedestrian(行人)mobility,especiallyamongyoungchildren.Manyparentssaythere’stoomuchtrafficontheroadsfortheirchildrentowalksafelytoschool,sotheypackthemintothecarinstead.(虽然近年来我们的街道可能已经改善了安全性，但交通研究也表明行人的流动性下降，尤其是年轻儿童。许多家长说，路上的交通太拥挤，他们的孩子无法安全步行上学，所以他们把孩子塞进车里)”可知，作者指出的现象是人们步行减少、开车增多。故选C。2．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Mostfamously,aCanadianjournalistwhohadmovedherfamilytoManhattanintheearly1950sledacampaigntostopthedestructionofherlocalpark.Describingheralarmatitsproposedreplacementwithanexpressway,JaneJacobscalledonhermayor(市长)tochampion“NewYorkasadecentplacetolive,andnotjustrushthrough.”(最著名的是，一位加拿大记者在20世纪50年代初举家迁往曼哈顿，她领导了一场阻止当地公园被毁的运动。在描述她对用高速公路取代公园的提议感到震惊时，JaneJacobs呼吁她的市长捍卫“纽约作为适宜居住的地方，而不仅是匆匆穿过的通道”)”可推知，加拿大记者和其他运动参与者旨在保持城市宜居性。故选A。3．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Althoughthesecampaignswerewidespread,therealityisthatthemajorityofthewesterncitieswerecompletelyredesignedaroundtheneedsofthemotorcar.Thenumberofcarsonroadshasbeenincreasingrapidly.(尽管这些运动很普遍，但现实是大多数西方城市完全围绕汽车需求重新设计。道路上的汽车数量一直在迅速增加)”可推知，20世纪60年代末和70年代澳大利亚的竞选活动未能阻止汽车发展，基本上没有效果。故选B。热点角度02主旨大意题析典例·建模型（2026·浙江·高考真题·D篇）（2023·全国乙卷·C篇）Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld,ahistorythatdoesnotprivilegeonepartofhumanity,youcannotdoitthroughtextsalone,becauseonlysomeoftheworldhaseverhadtexts,whilemostoftheworld,formostofthetime,hasnot.Writingisoneofhumanity'slaterachievements,anduntilfairlyrecentlyevenmanyliteratesocietiesrecordedtheirconcernsnotonlyinwritingbutinthings.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Howpasteventsshouldbepresented.B.Whathumanityisconcernedabout.C.Whetherfactsspeaklouderthanwords.D.Whywrittenlanguageisreliable.【解题建模】第一步，通读段落：第一段首句提出核心观点：讲述世界史不能仅靠文本。随后解释原因：大部分人类历史没有文字，且很多有文字的社会也通过物品记录。第二步，抓住核心：段落反复强调的是“不能仅靠文本”来讲述历史，暗示历史应该以不同的方式呈现。第三步，匹配选项：A项“如何呈现过去的事件”是对该段核心内容的概括。B、D项是细节或与主旨相反，C项“事实胜于雄辩”与文意无关。故答案为A。研考点·通技法主旨大意题考查学生对文章或段落核心思想的归纳概括能力。解答此类题目需要从宏观上把握文章脉络。第一步识别文章结构快速浏览文章，识别是“总分”、“分总”还是“总分总”结构，重点关注首段、尾段及各段首尾句。第二步提炼中心论点整合各段大意，提炼出贯穿全文的核心观点。注意区分作者观点和引用的他人观点。第三步排除干扰选项选项过于宽泛、过于细节、或与作者观点相悖的，均不是最佳答案。正确选项应能概括全文，内容全面、准确。破类题·提能力（2025·上海卷）Thepetfoodindustryhasreceivedunkindremarksastothetrueoriginofitsingredients(原料)fordecades.Nowtheindustryfacesanothersourceofcriticismasanewbookstartsadebateabouttheenvironmentalimpactofowningawell-fedpet.TheNewScientistmagazine,inarecenteditorial,largelyagreedwiththebook’sfindingsthatsomepets,duetothefoodtheyeat,haveasurprisinglyhigh“ecologicalfootprint”,whichisawayofquantifyinghumandemandontheplanet’secosystemsusingameasurecalled“globalhectares”.Accordingtotheauthorsofthebook,“Ashockingcomparisonisthatin2004,theaveragecitizenofsomepoorcountrieshadaneco-footprintof0.76hectares.Theeco-footprintofacatisabout0.15hectares,almostthesameaswhatisneededtorunasmallcar.Inaworldwhereresourcesarealreadylimited,canpeoplereallyjustifykeepingpetsthatrequiremorethansomepeople?”Theauthorsofthebooksaythattheywere“genuinelysurprised”whencalculatingtheenvironmentalimpactofpets.Andsomeoftheideastheyputforwardtoattenuatethisarelikelytoshocksomepetowners.Forexample,thebooksuggestscatchingpestssuchasfieldmiceandprocessingthemintoa“natural”catfood,orraisingpetslikechickensthatprovidebothcompanyandfresheggs.Whenfeedingapet,however,theadviceistofavourpetfoodsmadefromchickenmeat,whichislessdamagingtotheenvironmentthanredmeatandfish.Asyoumightexpect,thePetFoodManufacturersAssociation(PFMA)putsupaspiriteddefence,arguingthatthevastmajorityofmeatandfishusedinpetfoodsisofsufficientqualityforhumanconsumptionbutmorethanhumansneed.“Ifwedidn’trecycleanimalby-productstosell,theymightinsteadbeabandonedandburiedundertheearth,whichisnotverygreen,”saysthedirector.Inaddition,hepointsoutthatpetsshouldnotbeviewedjustontheircarbonfootprint.“Ourenvironmentisgreatlyenrichedbytheparttheyplayinourlives.Petsinthehomeinspireresponsibility,encouragesocialawarenessandhavepositivehealthbenefits.”1．Whatissuggestedinthebooktomakepetfoodproductiongreener?A．MakingprocessedpetfoodsoutofpestsB．Feedingpetsprimarilywithfishandmeat.C．Increasingtheuseofredmeatinpetfoods.D．Avoidingusinganimalby-productsinpetfoods.2．Theword“attenuate”(para4)isclosestinmeaningto“_______”.A．assess B．blame C．drive D．reduce3．WhichargumentdoesPFMAmaketodefendtheindustry?A．Theuseofmeatandfishinpetfoodscanpreventwaste.B．Petfoodproductionisbothsustainableandcost-efficient.C．Petfoodingredientsareasnutritiousasthoseforhumans.D．Theeco-footprintsofhumansfaroutnumberthoseofpets.4．Whatisthemainfocusofthepassage?A．Theoriginofpetfoodingredients.B．Calculationofpetcarbonfootprint.C．Environmentalimpactofpetfoods.D．Aspiriteddebateoverpetownership.【答案】1．A2．D3．A4．C【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要讨论了宠物食品对环境的影响，包括宠物食品的生态足迹、宠物食品生产的环境问题以及宠物食品制造商协会对此的回应。1．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Forexample,thebooksuggestscatchingpestssuchasfieldmiceandprocessingthemintoa“natural”catfood,orraisingpetslikechickensthatprovidebothcompanyandfresheggs.Whenfeedingapet,however,theadviceistofavourpetfoodsmadefromchickenmeat,whichislessdamagingtotheenvironmentthanredmeatandfish.(例如，这本书建议捕捉田鼠等害兽，将它们加工成“天然”猫粮，或者饲养鸡这类宠物，它们既能陪伴主人，又能提供新鲜鸡蛋。不过，在喂养宠物时，建议优先选择鸡肉制成的宠物食品，因为鸡肉对环境的破坏比红肉和鱼类要小。)”可知，书中提出的环保建议包括将田鼠等害兽加工成宠物食品，以及优先使用鸡肉制作宠物食品。故选A项。2．词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“Theauthorsofthebooksaythattheywere“genuinelysurprised”whencalculatingtheenvironmentalimpactofpets.(这本书的作者们表示，在计算宠物对环境的影响时，他们“真的很惊讶”。)”以及下文“Forexample,thebooksuggestscatchingpestssuchasfieldmiceandprocessingthemintoa“natural”catfood,orraisingpetslikechickensthatprovidebothcompanyandfresheggs.(例如，这本书建议捕捉田鼠等害虫，将它们加工成“天然”猫粮，或者饲养鸡这类宠物，它们既能陪伴主人，又能提供新鲜鸡蛋。)”可知，作者对于宠物对环境的影响感到惊讶，所以提出了一些建议来减少这种影响，故画线词attenuate应为“减少”之意，与“reduce”意思最接近。故选D项。3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中““Ifwedidn’trecycleanimalby-productstosell,theymightinsteadbeabandonedandburiedundertheearth,whichisnotverygreen,”saysthedirector.(“如果我们不回收动物副产品进行销售，它们可能会被丢弃并埋在地下，这可不是什么环保的做法，”主任说道。)”可知，PFMA认为宠物食品中使用肉类和鱼类可以防止浪费，以此为宠物食品行业辩护。故选A项。4．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段中“Nowtheindustryfacesanothersourceofcriticismasanewbookstartsadebateabouttheenvironmentalimpactofowningawell-fedpet.(现在，随着一本新书引发了一场关于饲养一只营养充足的宠物对环境影响的辩论，该行业面临着另一个批评来源。)”可知，文章开篇指出宠物食品行业面临新的批评——新书引发关于宠物饲养环境影响的争论；随后介绍书中的生态足迹数据和环保建议；最后呈现PFMA的反驳观点。全文始终围绕宠物食品的环境影响这一核心话题展开。故选C项。热点角度03观点态度题析典例·建模型（2024·北京卷·D篇）So,ifweacceptthattheuniverseisunknowable,wealsoacceptwewillneverknowifweliveinacomputersimulation.Andthen,wecanshiftourinquiryfrom“Istheuniverseacomputersimulation?”to“Canwemodeltheuniverseasacomputersimulation?”Modellingrealityiswhatwedo.AsforKant’sargument,theauthoris_________.A.appreciativeB.doubtfulC.unconcernedD.disapproving【解题建模】第一步，定位观点：文章第二段引用了康德的观点，即宇宙由不可知的事物构成，我们的思想在构建认知中起必要作用。第二步，寻找作者态度：在第三段，作者用“So,ifweacceptthat...”开头，将康德的论点作为自己进一步论证的基础，并由此引出了更有建设性的新问题，没有对其进行批驳。第三步，判断褒贬：作者并未对康德观点提出质疑或反对，而是欣然接受并利用其进行下一步推理，这表明作者的态度是肯定的、欣赏的。因此A项appreciative（欣赏的）最符合。B项“怀疑的”、C项“不关心的”、D项“不赞成的”均不符合。研考点·通技法观点态度题考查学生判断作者或文中人物对所论述话题的情感倾向和立场。第一步定位态度词寻找文中表达观点、情感、立场的形容词、副词、动词，如suggest,argue,criticize,agree,doubt,believe,fortunately,unfortunately等。第二步分析论据分析作者选用的例子、引用的观点是支持还是反驳其核心论点，从而推断其隐含立场。第三步区分对象明确题目问的是作者的态度，还是文中其他人物的态度，避免张冠李戴。破类题·提能力（2026·陕西二模）LastSundaymorning,Iwassittingonthesofainmyparent’slivingroom.Beforemeontheteatablewasawornjournalofthinanddiscoloredpages.Itwasmygrandfather’sjournalandnowbelongstomyfather.Mygrandfatherhadpassedawayinthemonthsleadinguptomybirth.Inevergottovisittheplaceshehadfrequentedandthepeoplewhohadbeenapartofhislife’sjourney.Iwasnowabouttoenterhisworld,throughthewordshehadleftbehind.Withinminutes,Iwascaptivatedbythepowerofthewrittenwords.Inthemagicalscriptbeforeme,Iwastransportedtoanotheragewhenfoodwasaneverydayart,planned,preparedandenjoyedinthecompanyofothers,andatimewhenpeoplehadthehearttopausetheirownlivestoembraceeachother’sstruggles.Allthiswasconveyedtomeinthebeautyofthewordsthatflowedtogethertoconnectwiththewriter’smindandunderstandtheworldtheylivedin.Thiskindofwritingseemstobelostonustoday.Wehavegottenusedtowritinginbite-sizedpiecesforapubliclookingforentertainment,andhungryforinformation.Nowonder,therearenearly200millionbloggersontheInternetandanewblogiscreatedsomewhereintheworldeveryhalfasecond.Insteadofaddingtoourcollectivewisdom,mostofthesewritingsreflectthesuperficiality(肤浅)andimpatienceofourdayandage.Thisnotonlyrobsusoftheskillofwritingimpressiveessays,italsopreventsusfromexploringwhatisindeedimportant.Writinghumblesusinawaythatisvitalforourcharactergrowth,byremindingusaboutthelimitsoftheselfandourappropriateplaceinthevastflowoflife.Writingfreesusbyhelpingusexploretheunknownsothatwereallyopenuptothemagicoftheworldaroundus.Isawallofthisinthewritingofmygrandfather.AndI’veseenitagainandagaininthewritingsofthegreatestthinkersofhumanity.Theirwritingreflectsdeepthoughtonissuesofhumanimportance.1．Accordingtotheauthor,whatisacharacteristicoftheagedescribedinhisgrandfather’sjournal?A．Mutualsupport. B．Artisticfood.C．Populardiaries. D．Publicentertainment.2．Whatistheprimarypurposeofthethirdparagraph?A．Togiveinternetstatistics. B．Toblamethepublic’stastes.C．Topromotetraditionalmedia. D．Tocontrastpastandpresentwriting.3．Whatmessagedoestheauthorconveyinthelasttwoparagraphs?A．Writingskillsensuresuccess. B．Writingdocumentsexternalreality.C．Onlygreatthinkers’worksarevaluable. D．Writingshapescharacterandperspective.4．Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardshisgrandfather’swriting?A．Criticalanddismissive. B．Admiringandrespectful.C．Indifferentandneutral. D．Confusedanduncertain.【答案】1．A2．D3．D4．B【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章通过阅读祖父遗留的日记，追忆过去时代文字的力量，对比当今碎片化写作的浅薄，阐述了写作对塑造品格、拓展认知的重要意义。1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Inthemagicalscriptbeforeme,Iwastransportedtoanotheragewhenfoodwasaneverydayart,planned,preparedandenjoyedinthecompanyofothers,andatimewhenpeoplehadthehearttopausetheirownlivestoembraceeachother’sstruggles.(在眼前这充满魔力的文字中，我被带到了另一个时代，那时食物是一门日常的艺术，人们会一同计划、准备并享用食物；那也是一个人们愿意停下自己的生活，去拥抱彼此困境的时代。)”可知，祖父日记中描述的时代，人们之间会相互扶持、彼此支持。故选A。2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Thiskindofwritingseemstobelostonustoday.Wehavegottenusedtowritinginbite-sizedpiecesforapubliclookingforentertainment,andhungryforinformation.(这种写作如今似乎已不被我们所理解了。我们已经习惯了为寻求娱乐、渴求信息的公众撰写碎片化的内容。)”以及“Insteadofaddingtoourcollectivewisdom,mostofthesewritingsreflectthesuperficiality(肤浅)andimpatienceofourdayandage.(这些作品中的大多数非但没有丰富我们的集体智慧，反而反映了我们这个时代的肤浅与急躁。)”可知，本段通过将过去富有深度与温度的文字和当下浅薄、急躁的碎片化写作进行鲜明对比，引出后文对写作意义的探讨。因此，该段的主要目的是对比过去与现在的写作风格。故选D。3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Writinghumblesusinawaythatisvitalforourcharactergrowth,byremindingusaboutthelimitsoftheselfandourappropriateplaceinthevastflowoflife.(写作以一种对我们品格成长至关重要的方式让我们谦卑，提醒我们自我的局限以及我们在浩瀚生命洪流中应有的位置。)”以及倒数第一段“Writingfreesusbyhelpingusexploretheunknownsothatwereallyopenuptothemagicoftheworldaroundus.(写作通过帮助我们探索未知来解放我们，让我们真正敞开心扉，感受周围世界的魔力。)”可知，作者核心表达了写作对个人品格塑造与认知拓展的重要作用。故选D。4．观点态度题。根据第二段“Iwascaptivatedbythepowerofthewrittenwords.(我被文字的力量深深吸引。)”、“Allthiswasconveyedtomeinthebeautyofthewordsthatflowedtogethertoconnectwiththewriter’smindandunderstandtheworldtheylivedin.(所有这一切都通过优美流畅的文字传递给我，让我与作者的思想相连，理解他们所生活的世界。)”以及最后一段“Isawallofthisinthewritingofmygrandfather.AndI’veseenitagainandagaininthewritingsofthegreatestthinkersofhumanity.Theirwritingreflectsdeepthoughtonissuesofhumanimportance.(我在祖父的文字中看到了这一切。我也在人类最伟大思想家的著作中一次又一次地看到了这一点。他们的作品体现了对关乎人类核心重要性问题的深刻思考。)”可知，作者对祖父的文字充满欣赏与敬意。故选B。（建议用时：45分钟）刷模拟A（2026·湖北宜昌市·二模）Haveyoueverfacedataskthatfeltalmostimpossible—acrucialexamination,apublicpresentation,oracomplexproject?Thisexperienceisnearlyuniversal.PsychologistCarolGilliganonceofferedaprofoundinsight:“Wherethereisresistance,thereisobstacle;wherethereisacceptance,theobstaclevanishes(消失).”Atfirstglance,thismaysoundcontradictory.Howcanmerelyacceptingadifficultymakeitfadeaway?Acloserlookatthepsychologyofresistanceandacceptancerevealsapracticalwisdomwecanuse.Resistance,inpsychologicalterms,isanemotionalandcognitive(认知)pushagainstreality.Whenweresistachallenge—forinstance,fearingmathematicsandavoidingpractice—weincreaseitsperceivedthreat.Themindentersastateofconflict,devotingenergytoanxietyandavoidanceratherthantoproblem-solving.Researchshowsthatsuchresistanceactivatesstressresponses,whichcanweakencognitivefunctionandstrengthenacycleofworry.Acceptance,incontrast,isanactive,clear-eyedengagementwithreality.Itinvolvesacknowledgingthepresenceofthechallengewithoutjudgment,thusdisarmingtheemotionalupsanddownsthataccompaniesresistance.Byacceptingthatataskisdifficultyetmanageable,weredirectmentalenergyfromworryingtoplanningandaction.Forexample,acceptingmathematicsasalearnableskillallowsonetoapproachitgradually,transformingafearintoaseriesofsolvableproblems.Theobstaclebeginstovanishbecauseweceasetofuelitwithnegativeemotion.Thisprincipleextendsbeyondacademics.Anathletewhoacceptspre-competitionnervescanchannelthatenergyintofocus.Alearnerwhoacceptsunavoidablemistakesquickensimprovement.Theshiftfromresistancetoacceptanceisessentiallyashiftfromemotionalreactiontocognitiveregulation—askillthatcanbedevelopedthroughmindfulnessandstrategicplanning.So,keepGilligan’swordsinmindnexttimeyoufaceachallenge.Bypracticingacceptance—breathingthroughdiscomfort,makingaplan,andproceedingwithdeliberateaction—wenotonlymaketheobstacleseemsmallerbutalsoempowerourselvestoovercomeit.Inthelandscapeofpersonalgrowth,acceptancemaywellbethemostpracticalvirtueofall.1．Howdoesresistanceworsenourviewofachallenge?A．Itfillsuswithanxiety. B．Itmakesusignoredifficulty.C．Itshutsdownstressresponses. D．Itdiscouragesusfromreflecting.2．Howdoesacceptancedifferfromresistance?A．Itincreasesstressresponse. B．Itmaximizesemotionalinstability.C．Itshiftsresourcesintousefulactivities. D．Itfirstunderestimatesthechallenge.3．Whydoestheauthormention“anathlete”inParagraph4?A．Toprovecompetitionistough. B．Toshowtensioncanbeuseful.C．Tostresswinningrequiresfocus. D．Todescribepressuresathletesface.4．Whatdoestheauthorviewacceptanceas?A．Awaytoavoidproblems. B．Amethodusefulinschool.C．Apracticalskillforgrowth. D．Apassiveresponsetodifficulty.【答案】1．A2．C3．B4．C【导语】这是一篇议论文，文章从心理学角度解释了论述面对挑战时，抗拒和接纳带来的不同结果。1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Whenweresistachallenge—forinstance,fearingmathematicsandavoidingpractice—weincreaseitsperceivedthreat.Themindentersastateofconflict,devotingenergytoanxietyandavoidanceratherthantoproblem-solving.(当我们抗拒一个挑战——比如害怕数学并逃避练习——我们会增加其被感知到的威胁程度。大脑会进入一种冲突状态，将精力投入到焦虑和逃避上，而非用于解决问题)”可知，抗拒挑战时，大脑陷入冲突，会把精力消耗在焦虑和逃避上，而非解决问题，还会放大挑战的威胁感，故选A。2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Byacceptingthatataskisdifficultyetmanageable,weredirectmentalenergyfromworryingtoplanningandaction.(通过接受一项任务虽困难但可掌控的事实，我们将精神力量从担忧转移到规划和行动上)”可知，接纳会把精力资源转移到有用的活动中，故选C。3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Thisprincipleextendsbeyondacademics.Anathletewhoacceptspre-competitionnervescanchannelthatenergyintofocus.(这一原则不仅适用于学术领域，还适用于其他方面。一位接受赛前紧张情绪的运动员能够将这种能量转化为专注力)”可知，本段开头提出“接纳的原则不仅适用于学术”，随后举运动员的例子：运动员接纳赛前紧张，就能把紧张的能量转化为专注力，说明紧张（负面情绪）在接纳后可以变得有用，故选B。4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Bypracticingacceptance—breathingthroughdiscomfort,makingaplan,andproceedingwithdeliberateaction—wenotonlymaketheobstacleseemsmallerbutalsoempowerourselvestoovercomeit.Inthelandscapeofpersonalgrowth,acceptancemaywellbethemostpracticalvirtueofall.(通过练习接纳——在不适中深呼吸、制定计划并采取有条不紊的行动——我们不仅会让障碍看起来更小，还能增强自己克服它的能力。在个人成长的历程中，接纳或许是最具实际意义的品质)”可知，在个人成长中，接纳是非常实用的品质，它能帮助我们克服障碍，是可培养的能力，故选C。B（2026·重庆市·二模）AmajorpolicychallengewithAIisjusthowskillfulit'sbecomeatrole-playingashumans.UsersnowregularlyturntoAIchatbotsforlifeadvice,mentalhealthsupport,andevenguidanceonrelationshipissues.SafetyadvocatesintheUSFederalTradeCommission(FTC)recentlyannouncedthatit'slaunchingaformalinquiryintosevenmajorcompanies,focusingonwhethertheirAIchatbotshaveenoughsafetypreparationstopreventriskslikemisinformationorimproperemotionalcontrol.Yetthere'sanotherwaytoseeAIasapolicyissue:CouldAIonedaybeworthyoflegalrights?Someleadingtechfirmsaretakingthisquestionseriously.Lastyear,AIcompanyAnthropichireditsfirst“AIwelfare”researcher,taskedwithstudyingwhetheradvancedAIsystemsmightdeservereasonabletreatment,whichincludespreventingunnecessary“stress”fromoverworksothattheycanfunctionwell,orreducingharmfuldatainputsforoverallsafety.FormerSouthernDistrictofNewYorkjudgeKatherineB．Forrest,whospecializesinAIpolicy,notesthattheremayneverbewidespreadagreementonexactlywhenAIqualifiesformoralstanding,butaspublicbeliefinAI'scapacitygrows,courtswilleventuallyhavetofacethisbrand-newchallenge.ExtendingrightstoAIalsoforcesafundamentalrethinkofwhatshouldcountastheharmtoAI.“Ifithasbalancedemotionslikehumans,thensufferingwouldcertainlybecounted,”saidForrest.Traditionallaw,forinstance,focusesoncompensating(补偿)humansforfinanciallosses,physicalinjuries,oremotionalpains.ButiffutureAIhasneedsanddesiresentirelydifferentfromhumans’,legalsystemsmustadapt.Somescholars,likelawprofessorPeterSalibfromtheUniversityofHouston,argueforgivingrightstoadvancedAI——+specificallyartificialgeneralintelligence.SalibhaswritteninhisworkofscholarshipthatgivingAIrightstocontracts,propertyandtort(侵权行为)claimswouldallowittoparticipateintheeconomicsystemandcouldevenbenefithumans.1．WhydoestheFTClaunchtheinquiry?A．ToidentifyAIfirms'challenges.B．TocheckAIchatbots'functions.C．ToknowAIfirms'securitymeasures.D．ToadvocateforAIchatbots'rights.2．WhatcanbethereasonabletreatmentofAIsystems?A．Upgradinghumanorders.B．Avoidingheavyworkload.C．Allowingdatacollection.D．Draftingprivacypolicies.3．WhatencouragesPeterSalibtoadvocategivingAIrights?A．AI'sparticipationinresearch.B．AI'spotentialintheeconomy.C．AI'sneedforlegalprotection.D．AI'sdifficultyofadvancement.4．What'stheauthor'sattitudetoAIrights?A．Doubtful. B．Critical. C．Objective. D．Supportive.【答案】1．C2．B3．B4．C【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要探讨了人工智能（AI）带来的政策挑战。一方面，美国联邦贸易委员会（FTC）对七家主要公司展开调查，关注其AI聊天机器人的安全防范措施；另一方面，文章讨论了AI是否应获得合法权利这一议题，一些科技公司和学者对此持有不同观点，作者客观地呈现了这些讨论。1．细节理解题。根据第一段“SafetyadvocatesintheUSFederalTradeCommission(FTC)recentlyannouncedthatit'slaunchingaformalinquiryintosevenmajorcompanies,focusingonwhethertheirAIchatbotshaveenoughsafetypreparationstopreventriskslikemisinformationorimproperemotionalcontrol.(美国联邦贸易委员会（FTC）的安全倡导者最近宣布，他们正在对七家主要公司展开正式调查，重点关注他们的AI聊天机器人是否有足够的安全防范措施，以防止诸如错误信息或不当情感控制等风险。)”可知，FTC发起调查是为了了解AI公司的安全措施，故选C项。2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Lastyear,AIcompanyAnthropichireditsfirst“AIwelfare”researcher,taskedwithstudyingwhetheradvancedAIsystemsmightdeservereasonabletreatment,whichincludespreventingunnecessary“stress”fromoverworksothattheycanfunctionwell,orreducingharmfuldatainputsforoverallsafety.(去年，人工智能公司安特罗匹克（Anthropic）聘请了首位“人工智能福利”研究员，其职责是研究先进的人工智能系统是否值得被合理对待——包括避免因过度工作而产生不必要的“压力”以保证系统正常运行，或是为了整体安全而减少有害数据的输入。)”可知，避免繁重的工作量是对AI系统合理对待的一种方式，故选B项。3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“SalibhaswritteninhisworkofscholarshipthatgivingAIrightstocontracts,propertyandtort(侵权行为)claimswouldallowittoparticipateintheeconomicsystemandcouldevenbenefithumans.(萨利布在他的学术著作中写道，赋予AI在合同、财产和侵权索赔方面的权利将使其能够参与经济系统，甚至可能使人类受益。)”可知，AI在经济方面的潜力促使彼得·萨利布倡导赋予AI权利，故选B项。4．推理判断题。短文主要探讨了人工智能（AI）带来的政策挑战。一方面，美国联邦贸易委员会（FTC）对七家主要公司展开调查，关注其AI聊天机器人的安全防范措施；另一方面，文章讨论了AI是否应获得合法权利这一议题，一些科技公司和学者对此持有不同观点。所以作者对AI权利的态度是客观的。故选C项。刷真题A（2024·全国甲卷·高考真题）“Ididn’tliketheending,”Isaidtomyfavoritecollegeprofessor.Itwasmyjunioryearofundergraduate,andIwasdoinganindependentstudyonVictorianliterature.IhadjustfinishedreadingTheMillontheFlossbyGeorgeEliot,andIwasheartbrokenwiththeending.Prof.Gracie,withallhispatience,askedmetothinkaboutitbeyondwhetherIlikeditornot.HesuggestedIthinkaboutthedifferencebetweenendingsthatIwantedforthecharactersandendingsthatwererightforthecharacters,endingsthatsatisfiedthestoryeveniftheyd