审计基础整合 22

AuditingandAssuranceServicesSeventeenthEditionChapter4ProfessionalEthicsCopyright©2020,2017,2014PearsonEducation,Inc.AllRightsReservedLearningObjectives(1of2)4.1 Distinguishethicalfromunethicalbehaviorinpersonalandprofessionalcontexts4.2 Resolveethicaldilemmasusinganethicalframework4.3 Explaintheimportanceofethicalconductfortheaccountingprofession4.4 DescribethepurposeandcontentoftheAICPA

CodeofProfessionalConductLearningObjectives(2of2)4.5 ApplytheAICPA

Coderulesandinterpretationsonindependenceandexplaintheirimportance4.6 UnderstandtheSarbanes–OxleyActandotherSECandPCAOBindependencerequirementsandadditionalfactorsthatinfluenceauditorindependence4.7 UnderstandtherequirementsofotherrulesundertheAICPA

Code4.8 DescribetheenforcementmechanismsforCPAconductLearningObjective4.1DistinguishethicalfromunethicalbehaviorinpersonalandprofessionalcontextsWhatAreEthics?EthicscanbedefinedbroadlyasasetofmoralprinciplesorvaluesEthicalbehaviorisnecessaryforasocietytofunctioninanorderlymannerTheneedforethicsinsocietyissufficientlyimportantthatmanycommonlyheldethicalvaluesareincorporatedintolawsWhyPeopleActUnethicallyMostpeopledefineunethicalbehaviorasconductthatdiffersfromwhattheybelieveisappropriategiventhecircumstancesTherearetwoprimaryreasonswhypeopleactunethically:Theperson’sethicalstandardsaredifferentfromthoseofsocietyasawholeThepersonchoosestoactselfishlyFigure4.1(1of2)IllustrativePrescribedEthicalPrinciplesThefollowingarethesixcoreethicalvaluesthattheJosephsonInstituteassociateswithethicalbehavior:Trustworthinessincludeshonesty,integrity,reliability,andloyalty.Honestyrequiresagoodfaithintenttoconventthetruth.Integritymeansthatthepersonactsaccordingtoconscience,regardlessofthesituation.Reliabilitymeansmakingallreasonableeffortstofulfillcommitments.Loyaltyisaresponsibilitytopromoteandprotecttheinterestsofcertainpeopleandorganizations.Respectincludesnotionssuchascivility,courtesy,decency,dignity,autonomy,tolerance,andacceptance.Arespectfulpersontreatsotherswithconsiderationandacceptsindividualdifferencesandbeliefswithoutprejudice.Responsibilitymeansbeingaccountableforone’sactionsandexercisingrestraint.Responsibilityalsomeanspursuingexcellence,self-restraint,andleadingbyexample,includingperseveranceandengagingincontinuousimprovement.Fairnessandjusticeincludeissuesofequality,impartiality,proportionality,openness,anddueprocess.Fairtreatmentmeansthatsimilarsituationsarehandledconsistently.Figure4.1(2of2)IllustrativePrescribedEthicalPrinciples(continued)Caringmeansbeinggenuinelyconcernedforthewelfareofothersandincludesactingaltruisticallyandshowingbenevolence.Citizenshipincludesobeyinglawsandperformingone’sfairsharetomakesocietywork,includingsuchactivatesasvoting,servingonjuries,conservingresources,andgivingmorethanonetakes.LearningObjective4.2ResolveethicaldilemmasusinganethicalframeworkEthicalDilemmasAnethicaldilemmaisasituationapersonfacesinwhichadecisionmustbemadeabouttheappropriatebehaviorCaremustbetakentoavoidmethodsthatarerationalizationsofunethicalbehavior:EverybodydoesitIfit’slegal,it’sethicalLikelihoodofdiscoveryandconsequencesResolvingEthicalDilemmasThefollowingisasix-stepapproachintendedtobearelativelysimpleapproachtoresolvingethicaldilemmas:ObtaintherelevantfactsIdentifytheethicalissuesfromthefactsDeterminewhoisaffectedbytheoutcomeofthedilemmaandhoweachpersonorgroupisaffectedIdentifythealternativesavailabletothepersonwhomustresolvethedilemmaIdentifythelikelyconsequenceofeachalternativeDecidetheappropriateactionLearningObjective4.3ExplaintheimportanceofethicalconductfortheaccountingprofessionSpecialNeedforEthicalConductinProfessionsProfessionalsareexpectedtoconductthemselvesatahigherlevelthanmostothermembersofsocietyPublicconfidenceinthequalityofprofessionalservicesisenhancedbyhighstandardsofperformanceandconductItisessentialthat:ClientandexternalfinancialstatementusershaveconfidenceinthequalityofauditsandotherservicesUsersregardCPAfirmsascompetentandunbiasedDifferenceBetweenCPAFirmsandOtherProfessionalsOtherprofessionalsaretypicallyengagedandpaidbyaclientandhaveprimaryresponsibilitytobeanadvocateforthatclientCPAfirmsareusuallyengagedbymanagementforprivatecompaniesandtheauditcommitteeforpubliccompanies:TheyarepaidbythecompanyissuingthefinancialstatementsTheprimarybeneficiariesoftheauditarefinancialstatementusersFigure4.2WaystheProfessionandSocietyEncourageCPAstoConductThemselvesataHighLevelLet’sDiscuss(1of7)Describeanethicaldilemma.Howdoesapersonresolveanethicaldilemma?IdentifysomeofthemostimportantwaysthattheprofessionandsocietyencourageCPAstoconductthemselvesatahighlevel.Let’sDiscuss(2of7)Supposethatyousharearidetoaclientwithanotherauditstaffmember.Yourcolleagueproposesthatyoubothsubmitmileagereimbursementrequestsforeachdayoftheauditeventhoughyousharerides.Explainthesix-stepapproachtoresolvinganethicaldilemmaandapplyittothissituation.WhyisthereaspecialneedforprofessionalconductbyCPAs?Howdoesthisdifferfromtheneedforspecialconductinotherprofessions?LearningObjective4.4DescribethepurposeandcontentoftheAICPA

CodeofProfessionalConductCodeofProfessionalConduct

(1of2)MembersoftheAICPAagreetofollowtheAICPACodeofProfessionalConductTheCodeconsistsof:PrinciplesthatprovidetheframeworkfortherulesthatgoverntheCPA’sperformanceofprofessionalresponsibilitiesRulesofConductthatmustbefollowedbymembersInterpretationsoftherulestoaddresscircumstancesmembersmayfacethatarethreatstocompliancewiththerulesofconductCodeofProfessionalConduct

(2of2)RulesofconductareenforceableandmanypractitionersrefertothemastheAICPA

CodeofProfessionalConductWhenpractitionersconductthemselvesattheminimumlevelsetuptheprofession,itdoesnotimplyunsatisfactoryconductTheprofessionhaspresumablysetthestandardssufficientlyhightomaketheminimumconductsatisfactoryTable4.2(1of2)PrinciplesofProfessionalConductPrincipleDescriptionResponsibilitiesIncarryingouttheirresponsibilitiesasprofessionals,membersshouldexercisesensitiveprofessionalandmoraljudgmentsinalltheiractivities.ThePublicInterestMembersshouldaccepttheobligationtoactinawaythatwillservethepublicinterest,honorthepublictrust,anddemonstrateacommitmenttoprofessionalism.IntegrityTomaintainandbroadenpublicconfidence,membersshouldperformallprofessionalresponsibilitieswiththehighestsenseofintegrity.Table4.2(2of2)PrinciplesofProfessionalConduct(continued)PrincipleDescriptionObjectivityandIndependenceAmembershouldmaintainobjectivityandbefreeofconflictsofinterestindischargingprofessionalresponsibilities.Amemberinpublicpracticeshouldbeindependentinfactandappearancewhenprovidingauditingandotherattestationservices.DueCareAmembershouldobservetheprofession’stechnicalandethicalstandards,strivecontinuallytoimprovecompetenceandqualityofservices,anddischargeprofessionalresponsibilitytothebestofthemember’sability.ScopeandNatureofServicesAmemberinpublicpracticeshouldobservetheprinciplesoftheCodeofProfessionalConductindeterminingthescopeandnatureofservicestobeprovided.©2017,AICPA.Allrightsreserved.Usedbypermission.Table4.3(1of3)ThreatstoCompliancewithRulesUndertheAICPACodeofProfessionalConductThreatDefinitionExampleofaThreatAdverseinterestThethreatthatamemberwillnotactwithobjectivitybecausethemember’sinterestsareopposedtotheattestclient’sinterests.Anofficer,director,orsignificantshareholderparticipatesinlitigationagainstthefirm.AdvocacyThethreatthatamemberwillpromoteanattestclient’sinterestorpositiontothepointthathisorherobjectivityorindependenceiscompromised.Amemberendorsesanattestclient’sservicesorproducts.FamiliarityThethreatthat,duetoalongorcloserelationshipwithanattestclient,amemberwillbecometoosympathetictotheclient’sInterestortooacceptingoftheclient’sworkorproduct.Amember’sclosefriendisemployedbytheclient.Table4.3(2of3)ThreatstoCompliancewithRulesUndertheAICPACodeofProfessionalConduct(continued)ThreatDefinitionExampleofaThreatManagementParticipationThethreatthatamemberwilltakeontheroleofanattestclientmanagementorotherwiseassumemanagementresponsibilities,suchasmayoccurduringanengagementtoprovidenonattestservices.Duetoalossofclientpersonnel,theattestclientasksamemberfirmtoassistwithaccountingactivities,includingtheauthorizationoftransactions.Self-interestThethreatthatamembercouldbenefit,financiallyorotherwise,fromaninterestin,orrelationshipwith,anattestclientorpersonsassociatedwiththeclient.Thememberhasafinancialinterestinanattestclient,andtheoutcomeofaprofessionalservicesengagementmayaffectthefairvalueofthefinancialinterest.Table4.3(3of3)ThreatstoCompliancewithRulesUndertheAICPACodeofProfessionalConduct(continued)ThreatDefinitionExampleofaThreatSelf-reviewThethreatthatamemberwillnotappropriatelyevaluatetheresultsofapreviousjudgmentorserviceperformedorsupervisedbythememberoranindividualinthemember’sfirmandthatthememberwillrelyonthatserviceinformingajudgmentaspartofanotherservice.Thememberperformsbookkeepingservicesfortheattestclientandthenperformsanauditofthosefinancialstatements.UndueinfluenceThethreatthatamemberwillsubordinatehisorherjudgmenttoanindividualassociatedwithaclientoranyrelevantthirdpartyduetothatindividual’sreputationorexpertise,aggressiveordominantpersonality,orattemptstocoerceorexerciseexcessiveinfluenceoverthemember.Theclientindicatesthatitwillnotawardadditionalengagementstothefirmifthefirmcontinuestodisagreewiththeclientonanaccountingortaxmatter.©2017,AICPA.Allrightsreserved.Usedbypermission.Figure4.3StandardsofConductLet’sDiscuss(3of7)WhatisthepurposeofthePrinciplesofProfessionalConduct?Identifythesixprinciples.ExplaintheconceptualframeworkfortheRulesofConductandhowitshouldbeapplied.LearningObjective4.5ApplytheAICPA

CoderulesandinterpretationsonindependenceandexplaintheirimportanceIndependenceRule(1of3)Thevalueofauditingdependsheavilyonthepublic’sperceptionoftheindependenceofauditorsCPAfirmsarerequiredtobeindependentforcertainservicesthattheyprovide:TheIndependenceRuleappliestoauditsandothertypesofattestationsACPAfirmcandotaxreturnsandprovidemanagementserviceswithoutbeingindependentIndependenceRule(2of3)Independenceconsistsoftwocomponents:IndependenceofmindReflectstheauditor’sstateofmindthatpermitstheaudittobeperformedwithanunbiasedattitudeIndependenceinappearanceTheresultofothers’interpretationsoftheauditor’sindependenceIndependenceRule(3of3)Significantissuesandinterpretationsinvolvingindependence:FinancialinterestsRelatedfinancialinterestissuesConsulting,bookkeeping,andothernonattestservicesLitigationbetweenCPAfirmandclientUnpaidfeesNetworkoffirmsLearningObjective4.6UnderstandtheSarbanes–OxleyActandotherSECandPCAOBindependencerequirementsandadditionalfactorsthatinfluenceauditorindependenceSarbanes–OxleyandRelatedIndependenceRequirements(1of2)AuditorsofpubliccompaniesmustcomplywiththeindependencerequirementsoftheSarbanes–OxleyAct,thePCAOB,andtheSECSarbanes–OxleyandSECrulesrestrictthetypesofnonauditservicesthatcanbeprovidedtopubliclyheldauditclientsSarbanes–Oxleyalsorequirestheauditcommitteeofapubliccompanytoberesponsiblefortheappointment,compensation,andoversightoftheworkoftheauditorSarbanes–OxleyandRelatedIndependenceRequirements(2of2)Thereareotherindependencerulesrelatedtothefollowing:ConflictsarisingfromemploymentrelationshipsPartnerrotationOwnershipinterestsShoppingforaccountingprinciples(“opinionshopping”)EngagementandpaymentofauditfeesbymanagementLet’sDiscuss(4of7)Distinguishbetweenindependenceofmindandindependenceinappearance.Identifyanactivitythatmaynotaffectindependenceofmindbutislikelytoaffectindependenceinappearance.Explaintheroleoftheauditcommitteeinenhancingauditorindependence.Let’sDiscuss(5of7)Whyisanauditor’sindependencesoessential?ManypeoplebelievethataCPAcannotbetrulyindependentwhenpaymentoffeesisdependentonthemanagementoftheclient.Explaintwoapproachesthatcouldreducethisappearanceoflackofindependence.LearningObjective4.7UnderstandtherequirementsofotherrulesundertheAICPACodeOtherRulesofConduct(1of4)IntegrityandObjectivityAuditorshallmaintainobjectivityandintegrity,befreeofconflictsofinterest,andshallnotknowinglymisrepresentfactsorsubordinatehisorherjudgmenttoothersTechnicalStandardsTheprimarypurposeistoprovidesupportforthetechnicalstandards-settingbodiesOtherRulesofConduct(2of4)ConfidentialityPractitionersshallnotdiscloseanyconfidentialclientinformationwithoutthespecificconsentoftheclientContingentFeesBasingfeesontheoutcomeofengagementsisprohibitedOtherRulesofConduct(3of4)CommissionsandReferralFeesCPAsareprohibitedfromreceivingcommissionsforaclientwhoisreceivingattestationservicesfromthemReferralfeesarenotrestrictedAdvertisingandSolicitationCPAsareprohibitedfromadvertisingorsolicitationthatisfalse,misleading,ordeceptiveOtherRulesofConduct(4of4)FormofOrganizationandNameRestrictthepermissibleformsoforganizationandprohibitCPAsfrompracticingunderafirmnamethatismisleadingDiscreditableActsCPAsshallnotcommit