英语语法代词

LectureFivePronoun1/241)人称代词personalpronoun 2)物主代词possessivepronoun

3)反身代词reflexivepronoun4)相互代词reciprocalpronoun 5)指示代词demonstrativepronoun6)关系代词relativepronoun 7)不定代词indefinitepronoun 8)先行项antecedent 9)性gender 10)阴性femininegender

11)阳性masculinegender 12)中性neutergender

13)通性commongender 14)主格subjectivecase 2/24Whatispronoun?Pronounsareavariedclosed-classwords,withnominalfunction.itcomprise:

Personalpronouns人称代词Possessivepronouns物主代词Reflexivepronouns反身代词Reciprocalpronouns相互代词Demonstrativepronouns指示代词Interrogativepronouns疑问代词Relativepronouns关系代词Indefinitepronouns不定代词We’lltalkabouttheconcordofpronounswiththeirantecedentsinnumber,genderandpersonThemeaningofitcannotbeextended3/24Personalpronouncanbedividedinto3cases:Personalpronoun:subjectivecaseObjectivecase

Genitivecase

Let’slookatthechart

4/24Thechangeofthepersonalpronouninperson,numberandcase：

number

singular

plural

case

subjectobjectsubjectobject

Firstperson

I

me

we

us

Secondperson

you

you

you

you

he

him

they

them

Thirdperson

she

her

they

them

it

it

they

them

5/24Functioninsentence：1.

AssubjectandsubjectcomplimentEg:

Johnwaitedawhilebuteventually___wenthome.

JohnhopedthepassengerwouldbeMaryandindeeditwas___.Attention1:ininformalstyle,weoftenuseobjectivecase.Eg:It's

me.a.--Whobrokethevase?

b.--Me.

2.

Usedasobjectorprepositionalobject(objectcase)Eg:

Isawherwiththem,atleast,Ithoughtitwasher.

Attention2:incompoundsentences,ifthesubjectsarethesamebothinmainsentenceandsubordinatesentence,pronouninthesubordinatesentencenounsubjectinthemainsentenceeg:

Whenhearrived,Johnwentstraighttothelibrary.

heshe6/243.人称代词之主、宾格替换1)宾格代替主格

a.在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在not后，多用宾语。

IlikeEnglish.

Metoo.

Havemorewine?

Notme.

b.在表示比较非正式文体中，惯用宾格代替主格。但假如比较状语谓语保留，则主语只能用主格。

HeistallerthanI/me.HeistallerthanIam.Heisclevererthanusall.(usall,themboth)2)主格代替宾格

在电话用语中惯用主格。

IwishtospeaktoMary.

Thisisshe.

注意：在动词be或tobe后人称代词视其前面名词或代词而定。Iwastakentobe___.我被当成了她。(主格主格)Theytookmetobe___.他们把我当成了她。(宾格宾格)sheher7/24Pronounconcordingenderfemininegender masculinegender neutergender commongender

Letter,book,ship,cat,thenameofthecountryBaby,infant,child…Instructor,lawyer,teacher…Oftenuse“it”use“he”use“heorshe”,“hisorher”informalwriting8/24

1.referstolovely,beautifulsmallanimalsweoftenuse“she”，referstofierce,biganimals,weoftenuse“he”Eg:I've

a

lovely

cat.

She

is

my

favorite.

he

dog

waved

his

tail

when

he

saw

his

master.2.Express“cars、ship、motherland、moon…”,weoftenuse“she”

Eg:China

is

my

motherland.

She's

getting

more

andmore

beautiful.

What's

wrong

with

the

car?

She

won't

start.9/24Indefinitepronounconcordinnumberandpersonsuchas:anybody，everybody，nobody，anyone，someone，everyone，noone，whoeverandperson，informalstyle,wecanuse“he,his,him”.

Anybodycanattendthemeetingif___isinterested.Ininformalstyle,wecanusepluralform.(dependonnotionalconcord)

suchas:everything,something,nothing,anythingEg:Anythingonthetablecanbethrownaway,can’t___?ithe10/24Pronoun

“we、you、they

,one”makethegeneral

reference

Eg:You

should

keep

calm

even

when

you

are

in

danger.

Eg:They

say

it's

going

to

be

another

cold

winter.Eg:onemustremembertoremainstillwhen_____attendsaconcert.即使在危急时刻也要保持冷静听说一个严寒冬天即未降临he/one11/24GenitivecasegenitivepronouncanbecalledNominalGenitivePronounpossessivepronounDeterminativegenitivepronoun

数单数复数

人称第一第二第三第一第二第三

人称人称人称人称人称人称

形容词性my

your

his/her/its

ouryourtheir/its物主代词

名词性mineyourshis/hers/itsoursyours/theirs/its

物主代词

12/24Possessivecase：Determinativegenitivecase

canonlybeusedasattributive.Nominalpronouncanbeusedassubject,complement,objectEg:My

school

is

not

far

from

here.Ours

is

the

best

football

team

in

the

school.The

book

on

the

desk

isn't

mine.I

forgot

to

bring

my

pen.

May

I

use

yours?13/24Otherusageofpossessivepronouns

一.Determinativegenitivepronoun

Inthefollowingstructure,wecanonlyuse“the”touch

sb.

on

the

head

hit

sb.

in

the

face

hit

sb.

on

the

nose

strike

sb.

in

the

chest

catch

sb.

by

the

arm

二.

NominalGenitivePronouncollocatewith“of“usedasattributiveandformdoublegenitiveeg:That

son

of

hers

is

very

lovable.

三.Attheendofaletter,weoftenuse:1.sincerelyyours2.Bestwishesforyouandyours.14/24ChoicebetweenobjectiveandgenitivecasesLookattheexample:Idon’tmindtheir/themchangingtheirmindsIwanttoavoidhis/himthinkingthatIdon’twanttohelp.Itoldthemaboutyour/youresigningfromoffice.Iamsurprisedathis/himmakingthatmistake.Hedoesn’tdenyhisbreakingtheagreement.(defer,postpone)Hisrefusingtoaccepttheinvitationisreallysurprising.

inbrief:wecanusedeterminativegenitivepronounallthetime15/24ReflexivenounsListoutthereflexivenounscorrectlyThefunctionofreflexivenounsSpecialpatternsSomefixedcollocations16/24Reflexivepronoun：Lookattheusage:Eg:She's

not

herself

today.(complement)/refertopage101Eg:Please

help

yourself

to

some

fish.(object)Eg:I

learned

English

by

myself.(Propositionalobject)Eg:He

can

do

that

himself.(appositive)Reflexivenounemphaticuse,attention:Emphasizesubject,thepositionisflexible.Eg:Myself,Ican’tcome,I‘llasksomeonetohelpme.Emphasizeotherparts,thepositionisfixed.Eg:Ispoketothepresidenthimself.17/24SpecialsentencepatternsVerb+reflexivenouns+adverbEg:Hehasreallyputhimselfouttoseethateverybodyiscomfortable.Verb+reflexivenouns+PropositionYoushouldnotsurrenderyourselftodespair.Subject+Verb+reflexivenounEg:Hebehavedhimselffairlywellwhenhewasatcollege.Find/hear/catch+reflexivenoun+complimentEg:Theenemyfoundthemselvesinadilemma.Refertopage10018/24Lookatthesesentences:A.Anyonebutyourselfwouldhavenoticedthechange.B.Nobodybutmyselfnoticedthechange.C.Nobody/noonebuthimselfspeaksFrenchhere.D.NoonebuthehimselfspeaksFrenchhere.Whichsentenceiswrong?So,afteranyonebut,nobodybut,noonebut,wecanonlyusethefirstandsecondpersonalreflexivepronoun.So,Cshouldbechangedto:noonebuthe(himself)speaksFrenchhere.C19/24Fixedcollocationsin

oneself

eg:itisnotabadideainitself.to

oneself

eg:Ihavearoomtomyself.by

oneself

for

oneself

amuse

oneself

help

oneself

to

enjoy

oneself

teach

oneself

speak

to

oneself

本身、本质上供自己用独自地、单独地替自己,亲自地自娱自乐随便吃过得很快活自学自言自语20/24devote

oneself

to

lose

oneself

make

oneself

understand

among

oneselves

between

oneselves

Besideoneself献身于...=

lose

one‘s

way

迷路让他人知道自己意思在...之间私下说话（不可告诉他人）欣喜若狂21/24Fixedcollocations:in

oneself

本身、本质上eg:itisnotabadideainitself.to

oneself

供自己用eg:I