2026届新高考英语考前冲刺最后一课 近四年高考真题议论文语篇突破

2026届新高考英语考前冲刺最后一课近四年高考真题议论文语篇突破1.精准定位中心论点与分论点，既能识别明确论点，也能提炼隐含论点，还可据此归纳主旨或拟定标题。2.能区分事实论据和道理论据，清晰分析各类论据对论点的支撑作用，以及论据与论点的关联。3.可梳理论证结构，如总分、递进等，识别举例、对比等论证方法，并分析其在文中的作用。4.能捕捉论据细节、观点表述等关键信息，结合语境猜测抽象词汇、陌生词汇含义。5.依据文本逻辑与措辞，准确判断作者的观点、态度和写作意图，杜绝主观臆断。考纲要求01常见议论文语篇模式目录CONTENTS02考情分析03四年真题语篇分析PART考情分析01近年议论文考查情况年份地区主题语境主旨大意题型2025新高考IC篇人与社会西方城市过度围绕汽车设计导致行人流动性下降，尤其是儿童步行减少的现象，呼吁反思街道功能，重视城市宜居性T1细节理解whatT2细节理解whatT3推理判断whatT4主旨大意what2025天津卷D篇人与社会何为“美好生活”，指出美好生活不仅关乎经历的内容，还关乎经历的顺序T1细节理解whatT2细节理解whatT3细节分析whatT4写作手法T5主旨大意what2024新高考IC篇人与社会纸质阅读与数字阅读、音频和视频学习方式的差异和效果。T1词义猜测whatT2细节理解whatT3细节分析whyT4信息推断what2024全国甲卷D篇人与社会不同类型的文学作品结局的特点，提出了写作好的结局的重要性并介绍了《Writer’sDigest》杂志如何帮助作家写出更好的结尾。T1细节分析whyT2细节理解whatT3细节理解whatT4细节分析why2023全国乙卷D篇人与社会仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史的局限性，并强调了将物品纳入历史叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性。T1段落主旨whatT2信息推断whatT3词义猜测whatT4文章来源which2022天津卷人与社会美好生活的秘诀是什么？人生的目的不是生而快乐，而是生而有益。T1细节分析whatT2细节理解howT3情感推断whatT4细节理解whatT5细节理解when2022全国甲卷人与社会悉尼城市发展中对于现代化和传统保护的困惑，并提出“一座城市可以同时年轻和年老”的观点。T1段落主旨whatT2细节理解whatT3观点态度whatT4观点态度whichPART常见议论文语篇模式02PART四年真题语篇分析032025年新高考I卷C篇

problem-solutionWhilesafetyimprovementsmighthavebeenmadetoourstreetsinrecentyears,transportstudiesalsoshowdeclinesinpedestrian(行人)mobility,especiallyamongyoungchildren.Manyparentssaythere’stoomuchtrafficontheroadsfortheirchildrentowalksafelytoschool,sotheypackthemintothecarinstead.DutchauthorsThaliaVerkadeandMarcoteBrömmelstroetarebotheredbyfactslikethese.IntheirnewbookMovement:HowtoTakeBackOurStreetsandTransformOurLives,theycallforarethinkofourstreetsandtheroletheyplayinourlives.Lifeoncitystreetsstartedtochangedecadesago.Wholeneighbourhoodsweredestroyedtomakewayfornewroadnetworksandkidshadtoplayelsewhere.Somecommunitiesfoughtback.Mostfamously,aCanadianjournalistwhohadmovedherfamilytoManhattanintheearly1950sledacampaigntostopthedestructionofherlocalpark.Describingheralarmatitsproposedreplacementwithanexpressway,JaneJacobscalledonhermayor(市长)tochampion“NewYorkasadecentplacetolive,andnotjustrushthrough.”SimilarcampaignsoccurredinAustraliainthelate1960sand1970saswell.Althoughthesecampaignswerewidespread,therealityisthatthemajorityofthewesterncitieswerecompletelyredesignedaroundtheneedsofthemotorcar.Thenumberofcarsonroadshasbeenincreasingrapidly.InAustraliawenowhaveovertwentymillioncarsforjustovertwenty-sixmillionpeople,amongthehighestrateofcarownershipintheworld.Weinvestalotinroadsthathelpusrushthrough,butwefailtoaccountforthetruecosts.Dowereallyrecognisewhatitcostsusasasocietywhenchildrencan’tmovesafelyaroundourcommunities?TheauthorsofMovement

haveitright:it’stimetothinkdifferentlyaboutthatstreetoutsideyourfrontdoor.提出现象：declinesinpedestrian(行人)mobility,especiallyamongyoungchildren解决方案：arethinkofourstreetsandtheroletheyplayinourlives分析历史案例：问题由来已久

分析现状案例：Thenumberofcarsonroadshasbeenincreasingrapidly重申解决方案：it’stimetothinkdifferentlyaboutthatstreetoutsideyourfrontdoor2025年新高考I卷C篇

problem-solutionWhilesafetyimprovementsmighthavebeenmadetoourstreetsinrecentyears,transportstudiesalsoshowdeclinesinpedestrian(行人)mobility,especiallyamongyoungchildren.Manyparentssaythere’stoomuchtrafficontheroadsfortheirchildrentowalksafelytoschool,sotheypackthemintothecarinstead.DutchauthorsThaliaVerkadeandMarcoteBrömmelstroetarebotheredbyfactslikethese.IntheirnewbookMovement:HowtoTakeBackOurStreetsandTransformOurLives,theycallforarethinkofourstreetsandtheroletheyplayinourlives.Lifeoncitystreetsstartedtochangedecadesago.Wholeneighbourhoodsweredestroyedtomakewayfornewroadnetworksandkidshadtoplayelsewhere.Somecommunitiesfoughtback.Mostfamously,aCanadianjournalistwhohadmovedherfamilytoManhattanintheearly1950sledacampaigntostopthedestructionofherlocalpark.Describingheralarmatitsproposedreplacementwithanexpressway,JaneJacobscalledonhermayor(市长)tochampion“NewYorkasadecentplacetolive,andnotjustrushthrough.”SimilarcampaignsoccurredinAustraliainthelate1960sand1970saswell.Althoughthesecampaignswerewidespread,therealityisthatthemajorityofthewesterncitieswerecompletelyredesignedaroundtheneedsofthemotorcar.Thenumberofcarsonroadshasbeenincreasingrapidly.InAustraliawenowhaveovertwentymillioncarsforjustovertwenty-sixmillionpeople,amongthehighestrateofcarownershipintheworld.Weinvestalotinroadsthathelpusrushthrough,butwefailtoaccountforthetruecosts.Dowereallyrecognisewhatitcostsusasasocietywhenchildrencan’tmovesafelyaroundourcommunities?TheauthorsofMovement

haveitright:it’stimetothinkdifferentlyaboutthatstreetoutsideyourfrontdoor.1.Whatphenomenondoestheauthorpointoutinparagraph1?2.WhatweretheCanadianjournalistandothercampaignerstryingtodo?3.WhatcanbeinferredaboutthecampaignsinAustraliainthelate1960sand1970s?4.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?C.Peoplewalklessanddrivemore.A.Keeptheircitieslivable.B.Theyturnedoutlargelyineffective.A.WhytheRush?2025年天津卷（第一次）D篇

立论文Askmostpeoplewhat“thegoodlife”involves,andtheywilllikelydrawuparapidlistofgoods—money,friendship,arewardingcareer,etc.EvenAristotle,whobelievedthatthekeytohappinessisthecultivation(培养)andexerciseofvirtue,stillthoughtcertaingoodswereeithernecessaryconditionsforhappinessorweregoodsthatcametovirtuouspeople.Ifwe’recomparinghowhappyvariouspeople’slivesare,itseemsnaturaltolookforcertaingoods,andcomparewhohasmoreofthem.Let’simaginethelivesoftwoactors,TobyandYbot.Tobystrugglestogetworkformanyyears,sufferingallsortsofdifficulties.Hebecomesafamousandwealthyactor,andwinsanOscarforhisfinalmoviebeforeretiring.Ybot,however,winsanOscarforhisveryfirstfilmrole.Butovertimehebecomeslessfamousandlesswellpaid,andhebeginstosufferdifficulties.Intheend,heretiresasanobody.Thesetwoactors’lives,liketheirnames,aremirror-images.TobyandYbotbothseemtoleadlivesofequalnetworth.YetmostofuswouldthinkthattheorderingofthesegoodsdoesmakeadecisivedifferencetohowwecompareTobyandYbot’scareers.Someonewhoclimbsamountainwillexperiencemorestrugglethansomeonewhogetscarriedtothepeakbybus,buttheclimberwillalsohaveasenseofaccomplishmenttheotherpersonmaywellenvy.Inthatsense,wemightthinkToby’slifeisbetterbecausehishighsseemmorewell-earnedthanYbot’sdo.Butthat’snotthewholestory.Thenarrative(叙述)itselfseemstomakeadifference.Alifeofearlysuccessfollowedbydeclineseemslikealessoverallsuccessfullifethanonewheresuccesscomeslaterintheday.Wherethestoryendsseemstomatterinitself.Wevaluehappyendings,notjusthappymoments.Thisimmediatejudgmentfindsexpressioninwhat’sbeencalledthe“shapeoflife”hypothesis(假说).Onthisview,livingagoodlifeisnotsimplyabouthavingtherightkindofexperiencesorlife-events,butofhavingthemintherightorder.Thehypothesissuggeststhatourlivesarenotsimplybagsintowhichwestuffgoodthingsandbadthings.Thetypeoflife—thenarrativeofthatlife-story—matterstoo.Withouttherightshape,evenalifefullofwondrousthingscanendupasatalewe’dprefernottoliveout.提出议题：what“thegoodlife”involves,andtheywilllikelydrawuparapidlistofgoods例证观点1：Yetmostofuswouldthinkthattheorderingofthesegoodsdoesmakeadecisivedifference观点2：Thenarrative(叙述)itselfseemstomakeadifference.结论：Withouttherightshape,evenalifefullofwondrousthingscanendupasatalewe’dprefernottoliveout.2025年天津卷（第一次）D篇

立论文Askmostpeoplewhat“thegoodlife”involves,andtheywilllikelydrawuparapidlistofgoods—money,friendship,arewardingcareer,etc.EvenAristotle,whobelievedthatthekeytohappinessisthecultivation(培养)andexerciseofvirtue,stillthoughtcertaingoodswereeithernecessaryconditionsforhappinessorweregoodsthatcametovirtuouspeople.Ifwe’recomparinghowhappyvariouspeople’slivesare,itseemsnaturaltolookforcertaingoods,andcomparewhohasmoreofthem.Let’simaginethelivesoftwoactors,TobyandYbot.Tobystrugglestogetworkformanyyears,sufferingallsortsofdifficulties.Hebecomesafamousandwealthyactor,andwinsanOscarforhisfinalmoviebeforeretiring.Ybot,however,winsanOscarforhisveryfirstfilmrole.Butovertimehebecomeslessfamousandlesswellpaid,andhebeginstosufferdifficulties.Intheend,heretiresasanobody.Thesetwoactors’lives,liketheirnames,aremirror-images.TobyandYbotbothseemtoleadlivesofequalnetworth.YetmostofuswouldthinkthattheorderingofthesegoodsdoesmakeadecisivedifferencetohowwecompareTobyandYbot’scareers.Someonewhoclimbsamountainwillexperiencemorestrugglethansomeonewhogetscarriedtothepeakbybus,buttheclimberwillalsohaveasenseofaccomplishmenttheotherpersonmaywellenvy.Inthatsense,wemightthinkToby’slifeisbetterbecausehishighsseemmorewell-earnedthanYbot’sdo.Butthat’snotthewholestory.Thenarrative(叙述)itselfseemstomakeadifference.Alifeofearlysuccessfollowedbydeclineseemslikealessoverallsuccessfullifethanonewheresuccesscomeslaterintheday.Wherethestoryendsseemstomatterinitself.Wevaluehappyendings,notjusthappymoments.Thisimmediatejudgmentfindsexpressioninwhat’sbeencalledthe“shapeoflife”hypothesis(假说).Onthisview,livingagoodlifeisnotsimplyabouthavingtherightkindofexperiencesorlife-events,butofhavingthemintherightorder.Thehypothesissuggeststhatourlivesarenotsimplybagsintowhichwestuffgoodthingsandbadthings.Thetypeoflife—thenarrativeofthatlife-story—matterstoo.Withouttherightshape,evenalifefullofwondrousthingscanendupasatalewe’dprefernottoliveout.5.WhatcanbelearnedaboutAristotle’sviewonhappiness?A.Goodscontributetohappiness.6.Accordingtotheauthor,whatdobothTobyandYbotexperience?B.Theyreachthesameheightincareer.7.Whatdoestheauthortrytoconveywiththeexampleofmountainclimbing?D.Hard-earnedsuccessistreasuredmore.8.InwritingParagraph4,theauthortriesto________?C.furtheranargument9.Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?B.DefiningtheShapeofaGoodLife.2024年新高考I卷C篇comparison-contrastIscomprehensionthesamewhetherapersonreadsatextonscreenoronpaper?Andarelisteningtoandviewingcontentaseffectiveasreadingthewrittenwordwhencoveringthesamematerial?Theanswerstobothquestionsareoften“no”.Thereasonsrelatetoavarietyoffactors,includingreducedconcentration,anentertainmentmindset(心态)andatendencytomultitaskwhileconsumingdigitalcontent.Whenreadingtextsofseveralhundredwordsormore,learningisgenerallymoresuccessfulwhenit’sonpaperthanonscreen.Alargeamountofresearchconfirmsthisfinding.Thebenefitsofprintreadingparticularlyshinethroughwhenexperimentersmovefromposingsimpletasks—likeidentifyingthemainideainareadingpassage—toonesthatrequirementalabstraction—suchasdrawinginferencesfromatext.

Thedifferencesbetweenprintanddigitalreadingresultsarepartlyrelatedtopaper’sphysicalproperties.Withpaper,thereisaliterallayingonofhands,alongwiththevisualgeographyofdistinctpages.Peopleoftenlinktheirmemoryofwhatthey’vereadtohowfarintothebookitwasorwhereitwasonthepage.

Butequallyimportantisthementalaspect.Readingresearchershaveproposedatheorycalled“shallowinghypothesis(假说)”.Accordingtothistheory,peopleapproachdigitaltextswithamindsetsuitedtosocialmedia,whichareoftennotsoserious,anddevotelessmentaleffortthanwhentheyarereadingprint.

Audio(音频)andvideocanfeelmoreengagingthantext,andsouniversityteachersincreasinglyturntothesetechnologies—say,assigninganonlinetalkinsteadofanarticlebythesameperson.However,psychologistshavedemonstratedthatwhenadultsreadnewsstories,theyremembermoreofthecontentthaniftheylistentoorviewidenticalpieces.Digitaltexts,audioandvideoallhaveeducationalroles,especiallywhenprovidingresourcesnotavailableinprint.However,formaximizinglearningwherementalfocusandreflectionarecalledfor,educatorsshouldn’tassumeallmediaarethesame,evenwhentheycontainidenticalwords.引入主题

提出比较对象差异点2差异点3相似点1结论-提出建议差异点1差异点1-具体特征1差异点1-具体特征22024年新高考I卷C篇comparison-contrastIscomprehensionthesamewhetherapersonreadsatextonscreenoronpaper?Andarelisteningtoandviewingcontentaseffectiveasreadingthewrittenwordwhencoveringthesamematerial?Theanswerstobothquestionsareoften“no”.Thereasonsrelatetoavarietyoffactors,includingreducedconcentration,anentertainmentmindset(心态)andatendencytomultitaskwhileconsumingdigitalcontent.Whenreadingtextsofseveralhundredwordsormore,learningisgenerallymoresuccessfulwhenit’sonpaperthanonscreen.Alargeamountofresearchconfirmsthisfinding.Thebenefitsofprintreadingparticularlyshinethroughwhenexperimentersmovefromposingsimpletasks—likeidentifyingthemainideainareadingpassage—toonesthatrequirementalabstraction—suchasdrawinginferencesfromatext.

Thedifferencesbetweenprintanddigitalreadingresultsarepartlyrelatedtopaper’sphysicalproperties.Withpaper,thereisaliterallayingonofhands,alongwiththevisualgeographyofdistinctpages.Peopleoftenlinktheirmemoryofwhatthey’vereadtohowfarintothebookitwasorwhereitwasonthepage.

Butequallyimportantisthementalaspect.Readingresearchershaveproposedatheorycalled“shallowinghypothesis(假说)”.Accordingtothistheory,peopleapproachdigitaltextswithamindsetsuitedtosocialmedia,whichareoftennotsoserious,anddevotelessmentaleffortthanwhentheyarereadingprint.

Audio(音频)andvideocanfeelmoreengagingthantext,andsouniversityteachersincreasinglyturntothesetechnologies—say,assigninganonlinetalkinsteadofanarticlebythesameperson.However,psychologistshavedemonstratedthatwhenadultsreadnewsstories,theyremembermoreofthecontentthaniftheylistentoorviewidenticalpieces.Digitaltexts,audioandvideoallhaveeducationalroles,especiallywhenprovidingresourcesnotavailableinprint.However,formaximizinglearningwherementalfocusandreflectionarecalledfor,educatorsshouldn’tassumeallmediaarethesame,evenwhentheycontainidenticalwords.10．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“shinethrough”inparagraph2mean?11.Whatdoestheshallowinghypothesisassume?12．Whyareaudioandvideoincreasinglyusedbyuniversityteachers?13．Whatdoestheauthorimplyinthelastparagraph?D．Becomeeasytonotice.A．Readerstreatdigitaltextslightly..A．Theycanholdstudents'attention.C．Printtextscannotbeentirelyreplacedineducation.围绕差异点和作者建议出题2024年全国甲卷D

problem-solution“Ididn’tliketheending,”Isaidtomyfavoritecollegeprofessor.Itwasmyjunioryearofundergraduate,andIwasdoinganindependentstudyonVictorianliterature.IhadjustfinishedreadingTheMillontheFlossbyGeorgeEliot,andIwasheartbrokenwiththeending.Prof.Gracie,withallhispatience,askedmetothinkaboutitbeyondwhetherIlikeditornot.HesuggestedIthinkaboutthedifferencebetweenendingsthatIwantedforthecharactersandendingsthatwererightforthecharacters,endingsthatsatisfiedthestoryeveniftheydidn’thaveatraditionallypositiveoutcome.Ofcourse,IwouldhavepreferredadifferentendingforTomandMaggieTulliver,buttheendingtheygotdidmakethemostsenseforthem.Thiswasanahamomentforme,andIneverthoughtaboutendingsthesamewayagain.Fromthenon,ifIwantedtoreadanendingguaranteedtobehappy,I’dpickupaloveromance.IfIwantedanendingIcouldn’tguess,I’dpickupamystery(悬疑小说).OnewhereIkindofknewwhatwasgoingtohappen,historicalfiction.Choosingwhattoreadbecameeasier.Butwritingtheend—that’shard.It’shardforwritersbecauseendingscarrysomuchweightwithreaders.Youhavetobalancecreatinganendingthat'sunpredictable,butdoesn’tseemtocomefromnowhere,onethatfitswhat’srightforthecharacters.That’swhythisissue(期)ofWriter’sDigestaimstohelpyoufigureouthowtowritethebestendingforwhateverkindofwritingyou’redoing.Ifit’sshortstories,PeterMountfordbreaksdownsixtechniquesyoucantrytoseewhichonehelpsyoustickthelanding.ElizabethSimsanalyzesthefinalchaptersoffivegreatnovelstoseewhatkeypointstheyincludeandhowyoucanadaptthemforyourwork.Thisissuewon’ttellyouwhatyourendingshouldbe—that’suptoyouandthestoryyou’retelling—butitmightprovidewhatyouneedtogetthere.提出问题1分析问题1解决问题1提出问题2解决问题22024年全国甲卷D

problem-solution“Ididn’tliketheending,”Isaidtomyfavoritecollegeprofessor.Itwasmyjunioryearofundergraduate,andIwasdoinganindependentstudyonVictorianliterature.IhadjustfinishedreadingTheMillontheFlossbyGeorgeEliot,andIwasheartbrokenwiththeending.Prof.Gracie,withallhispatience,askedmetothinkaboutitbeyondwhetherIlikeditornot.HesuggestedIthinkaboutthedifferencebetweenendingsthatIwantedforthecharactersandendingsthatwererightforthecharacters,endingsthatsatisfiedthestoryeveniftheydidn’thaveatraditionallypositiveoutcome.Ofcourse,IwouldhavepreferredadifferentendingforTomandMaggieTulliver,buttheendingtheygotdidmakethemostsenseforthem.Thiswasanahamomentforme,andIneverthoughtaboutendingsthesamewayagain.Fromthenon,ifIwantedtoreadanendingguaranteedtobehappy,I’dpickupaloveromance.IfIwantedanendingIcouldn’tguess,I’dpickupamystery(悬疑小说).OnewhereIkindofknewwhatwasgoingtohappen,historicalfiction.Choosingwhattoreadbecameeasier.Butwritingtheend—that’shard.It’shardforwritersbecauseendingscarrysomuchweightwithreaders.Youhavetobalancecreatinganendingthat'sunpredictable,butdoesn’tseemtocomefromnowhere,onethatfitswhat’srightforthecharacters.That’swhythisissue(期)ofWriter’sDigestaimstohelpyoufigureouthowtowritethebestendingforwhateverkindofwritingyou’redoing.Ifit’sshortstories,PeterMountfordbreaksdownsixtechniquesyoucantrytoseewhichonehelpsyoustickthelanding.ElizabethSimsanalyzesthefinalchaptersoffivegreatnovelstoseewhatkeypointstheyincludeandhowyoucanadaptthemforyourwork.Thisissuewon’ttellyouwhatyourendingshouldbe—that’suptoyouandthestoryyou’retelling—butitmightprovidewhatyouneedtogetthere.提出问题1

分析问题1

解决问题1

提出问题2

解决问题214．WhydidtheauthorgotoProf.Gracie?15．WhatdidtheauthorrealizeafterseeingGracie?16．Whatisexpectedofagoodending?17．WhydoestheauthormentionPeterMountfordandElizabethSims?A.Todiscussanovel.B．Tostressthethemeofthisissue.C．Eachtypeofliteraturehasitsuniqueend.B．Itfitswiththestorydevelopment.2023年全国乙卷D

立论文Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld,ahistorythatdoesnotprivilegeonepartofhumanity,youcannotdoitthroughtextsalone,becauseonlysomeoftheworldhaseverhadtexts,whilemostoftheworld,formostofthetime,hasnot.Writingisoneofhumanity’slaterachievements,anduntilfairlyrecentlyevenmanyliterate(有文字的)societiesrecordedtheirconcernsnotonlyinwritingbutinthings.Ideallyahistorywouldbringtogethertextsandobjects,andsomechaptersofthisbookareabletodojustthat,butinmanycaseswesimplycan’t.Theclearestexampleofthisbetweenliterateandnon-literatehistoryisperhapsthefirstconflict,atBotanyBay,betweenCaptainCook’svoyageandtheAustralianAboriginals.FromtheEnglishside,wehavescientificreportsandthecaptain’srecordofthatterribleday.FromtheAustralianside,wehaveonlyawoodenshield(盾)droppedbyamaninflightafterhisfirstexperienceofgunshot.Ifwewanttoreconstructwhatwasactuallygoingonthatday,theshieldmustbequestionedandinterpretedasdeeplyandstrictlyasthewrittenreports.Inadditiontotheproblemofmiscomprehensionfrombothsides,therearevictoriesaccidentallyordeliberatelytwisted,especiallywhenonlythevictorsknowhowtowrite.Thosewhoareonthelosingsideoftenhaveonlytheirthingstotelltheirstories.TheCaribbeanTaino,theAustralianAboriginals,theAfricanpeopleofBeninandtheIncas,allofwhomappearinthisbook,canspeaktousnowoftheirpastachievementsmostpowerfullythroughtheobjectstheymade:ahistorytoldthroughthingsgivesthembackavoice.Whenweconsidercontact(联系)betweenliterateandnon-literatesocietiessuchasthese,allourfirst-handaccountsarenecessarilytwisted,onlyonehalfofadialogue.Ifwearetofindtheotherhalfofthatconversation,wehavetoreadnotjustthetexts,buttheobjects.提出议题表明观点论点1例证论点2例证重申立场2023年全国乙卷D

立论文Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld,ahistorythatdoesnotprivilegeonepartofhumanity,youcannotdoitthroughtextsalone,becauseonlysomeoftheworldhaseverhadtexts,whilemostoftheworld,formostofthetime,hasnot.Writingisoneofhumanity’slaterachievements,anduntilfairlyrecentlyevenmanyliterate(有文字的)societiesrecordedtheirconcernsnotonlyinwritingbutinthings.Ideallyahistorywouldbringtogethertextsandobjects,andsomechaptersofthisbookareabletodojustthat,butinmanycaseswesimplycan’t.Theclearestexampleofthisbetweenliterateandnon-literatehistoryisperhapsthefirstconflict,atBotanyBay,betweenCaptainCook’svoyageandtheAustralianAboriginals.FromtheEnglishside,wehavescientificreportsandthecaptain’srecordofthatterribleday.FromtheAustralianside,wehaveonlyawoodenshield(盾)droppedbyamaninflightafterhisfirstexperienceofgunshot.Ifwewanttoreconstructwhatwasactuallygoingonthatday,theshieldmustbequestionedandinterpretedasdeeplyandstrictlyasthewrittenreports.Inadditiontotheproblemofmiscomprehensionfrombothsides,therearevictoriesaccidentallyordeliberatelytwisted,especiallywhenonlythevictorsknowhowtowrite.Thosewhoareonthelosingsideoftenhaveonlytheirthingstotelltheirstories.TheCaribbeanTaino,theAustralianAboriginals,theAfricanpeopleofBeninandtheIncas,allofwhomappearinthisbook,canspeaktousnowoftheirpastachievementsmostpowerfullythroughtheobjectstheymade:ahistorytoldthroughthingsgivesthembackavoice.Whenweconsidercontact(联系)betweenliterateandnon-literatesocietiessuchasthese,allourfirst-handaccountsarenecessarilytwisted,onlyonehalfofadialogue.Ifwearetofindtheotherhalfofthatconversation,wehavetoreadnotjustthetexts,buttheobjects.提出议题表明观点论点1例证论点2例证重申立场18．Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?19．WhatdoestheauthorindicatebymentioningCaptainCookinparagraph2?20．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“conversation”inparagraph3referto?21．Whichofthefollowingbooksisthetextmostlikelyselectedfrom?A．Howpasteventsshouldbepresented.D．Hisrecordwasone-sided.B.History.C．AHistoryoftheWorldin100Objects.2022年天津卷problem-solutionRalphEmersononcesaidthatthepurposeoflifeisnottobehappy,buttobeuseful,tobeloving,tomakesomedifferenceinheworld.Whileweappreciatesuchwordsofwisdom,werarelytrytofollowtheminourlives.Mostpeopleprefertoliveagoodlifethemselves,ignoringtheirresponsibilitiesfortheworld.Thisnarrowperceptionofagoodlifemayprovideshort-termbenefits,butissuretoleadtolong-termharmandsuffering.Agoodlifebasedoncomfortandluxurymayeventuallyleadtomorepainbecausewespoilourhealthandevenourcharacter,principles,ideals,andrelationships.Whatthen,isthesecretofagoodlife?Agoodlifeisaprocess,notastateofbeing:adirection,notadestination.Wehavetoearnagoodlifebyfirstservingotherswithoutanyexpectationinreturnbecausetheirhappinessistheverysourceofourownhappiness.Moreimportantly,wemustknowourselvesinsideout.Onlywhenweexamineourselvesdeeplycanwediscoverourabilitiesandrecognizeourlimitations,andthenworkaccordinglytocreateabetterworld.Thefirstrequirementforagoodlifeishavingalovingheart.Whenwedocertainrightthingsmerelyasaduty,wefindourjobsotiresomethatwe’llsoonburnout.However,whenwedothatsamejoboutoflove,weno