2026年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语一考试试题及答案

2026年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语一考试试题及答案SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Theconceptof"digitaldetox"hasgainedconsiderabletractioninrecentyears,yetitsimplementationremainsfraughtwithdifficulty.Assmartphonesbecomeincreasingly__1__todailylife,theideaofunpluggingforasignificantperiodseemsalmostheretical.Weareconstantlytetheredtoourdevices,__2__astreamofnotifications,emails,andsocialmediaupdatesthatdemandourimmediateattention.Thishyper-connectivityhas__3__aparadox:whiletechnologypromisestosetusfree,itoftenendsupenslavingus.Psychologistsarguethattheconstantstimulationprovidedbydigitaldevices__4__ourcognitiveresources.Thebrainisnotdesignedtomultitaskefficiently,andtherapidswitchingbetweentasks__5__byourphonescanleadtomentalfatigueanddecreasedproductivity.__6__,thefearofmissingout(FOMO)drivesmanytostayonline,evenwhentheyareexhausted.Thiscreatesaviciouscycle__7__stressandanxietyareboththecauseandtheeffectofexcessivescreentime.Attemptsto__8__awayfromtechnologyareoftenmetwithresistance.Withdrawalsymptoms,suchasirritabilityandrestlessness,arecommon.Thesesymptomsarenotmerelypsychological;thereisevidencetosuggestthattheymayhaveaphysiological__9__aswell.Thedopaminehitswereceivefromlikesandsharescreateadependencythatishardto__10__.Consequently,a"digitaldetox"isnotsimplyamatterofwillpower;itrequiresastructuredapproachtorewirethebrain'srewardsystem.Expertssuggeststartingsmall.__11__tryingtoquitcoldturkey,individualsshouldaimfor__12__periodsofdisconnection.Thiscouldbeassimpleasturningoffthephoneforanhourbeforebedordesignating"tech-freezones"inthehouse.__13__theseboundariesiscrucialforsuccess.Itisalsoimportanttofindalternativeactivitiesthatareengagingand__14__.Readingabook,hiking,orengaginginface-to-faceconversationscanhelpfillthe__15__leftbytheabsenceofdigitalstimulation.Moreover,thesocietalpressuretobealwaysavailable__16__asignificantbarrier.Inmanyprofessions,beingofflineisseenasalackof__17__.Changingthismindsetrequiresaculturalshiftthatvaluesdowntimeandrecognizestheimportanceofdisconnectionforcreativityandwell-being.Untilthen,individualsmust__18__theirownstrategiestonavigatethedigitallandscaperesponsibly.Ultimately,thegoalofadigitaldetoxisnotto__19__technologyentirely,buttodevelopahealthierrelationshipwithit.Byreclaimingcontroloverourdigitallives,wecan__20__thattechnologyservesus,ratherthantheotherwayaround.1.[A]integral[B]peripheral[C]detrimental[D]extraneous2.[A]curbing[B]inundatedwith[C]indifferentto[D]speculatingon3.[A]resolved[B]predicted[C]engendered[D]dismantled4.[A]replenishes[B]depletes[C]generates[D]isolates5.[A]necessitated[B]condoned[C]facilitated[D]exacerbated6.[A]Furthermore[B]Conversely[C]Nevertheless[D]Consequently7.[A]where[B]unless[C]although[D]because8.[A]steer[B]look[C]break[D]put9.[A]manifestation[B]component[C]basis[D]origin10.[A]ignore[B]sustain[C]break[D]analyze11.[A]Infavorof[B]Insteadof[C]Incaseof[D]Forthesakeof12.[A]indefinite[B]mandatory[C]incremental[D]simultaneous13.[A]Blurring[B]Erasing[C]Enforcing[D]Ignoring14.[A]monotonous[B]solitary[C]rewarding[D]trivial15.[A]schedule[B]void[C]budget[D]order16.[A]constitutes[B]alleviates[C]monitors[D]justifies17.[A]competence[B]security[C]enthusiasm[D]commitment18.[A]devise[B]inherit[C]discard[D]standardize19.[A]embrace[B]shun[C]upgrade[D]monopolize20.[A]ensure[B]doubt[C]question[D]observeSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Theriseofartificialintelligence(AI)inthecreativeindustrieshassparkedafiercedebateaboutthenatureofartandtheroleofthehumanartist.GenerativeAImodels,suchasGPT-4andMidjourney,arenowcapableofproducingstunninglyrealisticimages,coherenttext,andevencomposingmusicthatrivalshumancreations.ProponentsofAIarguethatthesetoolsdemocratizeart,allowingindividualswithoutformaltrainingtoexpresstheircreativityinwayspreviouslyunimaginable.TheyviewAIasacollaborator,a"powerassist"fortheimaginationthatcanhandlethetediousaspectsofcreation,freeingartiststofocusonhigh-levelconceptualization.However,criticscontendthatAI-generatedartlackstheessentialingredientofhumanexperience.Art,theyargue,isnotjustaboutthefinalproductbuttheintention,emotion,andcontextbehindit.AnAIdoesnotfeeljoy,sorrow,oranger;itsimplyprocessesdataandidentifiespatterns.Theresult,whileaestheticallypleasing,isoftendescribedasholloworderivative.Furthermore,therearesignificantethicalconcernsregardingcopyrightinfringement.ManyAImodelsaretrainedonvastdatasetsofexistingartwork,oftenwithouttheconsentorcompensationoftheoriginalcreators.Thishasledtolawsuitsandcallsforstricterregulationtoprotectintellectualpropertyintheageofalgorithms.Theeconomicimplicationsareequallycomplex.WhileAImaylowerthebarriertoentryforsome,itthreatenstodisplaceprofessionalillustrators,designers,andwriters.Thedemandforhuman-generatedcontentmaydiminishasbusinessesturntocheaper,fasterAIalternatives.Yet,historysuggeststhattechnologicalshiftsoftencreatenewopportunitiesratherthanmerelydestroyingoldones.Justasphotographydidnotkillpaintingbutforcedittoevolve,AImaypushhumanartiststoexplorenewfrontierswhereempathyanduniqueperspectiveareparamount.Ultimately,theintegrationofAIintotheartsislikelytobeagradualprocessofadaptationratherthananimmediateapocalypse.Thechallengeforsocietyistofindabalancethatfostersinnovationwhileprotectingthelivelihoodsandrightsofhumancreators.Thismayinvolveredefiningwhatwevalueinartanddevelopingneweconomicmodelsthatcomplement,ratherthanreplace,humancreativity.21.ProponentsofAIinthecreativeindustriesbelievethatAI______.[A]willeventuallyreplacehumanartistsentirely[B]limitstheimaginationofuntrainedindividuals[C]servesasahelpfultoolforenhancingcreativity[D]issuperiortohumanartistsinhigh-levelconceptualization22.CriticsarguethatAI-generatedartisdeficientbecauseit______.[A]reliestooheavilyondataprocessing[B]cannotreplicatehumanemotionsandintentions[C]isoftenaestheticallydispleasing[D]createslegalissuesforartcollectors23.Theword"derivative"(Line5,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto______.[A]innovative[B]unoriginal[C]complex[D]offensive24.TheauthormentionsphotographyinParagraph3toillustratethat______.[A]technologicalshiftsoftenleadtotheextinctionofoldartforms[B]newtechnologiescanforceartformstoadaptandevolve[C]photographyisamorelegitimateartformthanAIgeneration[D]humanartistsarealwaysresistanttotechnologicalchange25.Whichofthefollowingbestrepresentstheauthor'sviewonthefutureofAIinart?[A]Itwillleadtothetotalcollapseofthecreativeeconomy.[B]Strictregulationistheonlywaytostopitsprogress.[C]Itrequiresabalancedapproachinvolvingadaptationandprotection.[D]Humanartwillinevitablybeseparatedfromtechnologicaltools.Text2Theglobalfoodsystemisfacinganunprecedentedcrisis,drivenbyaconvergenceofclimatechange,populationgrowth,andgeopoliticalinstability.Traditionalagriculturalpractices,whilesuccessfulinfeedingthegrowingpopulationoverthelastcentury,arenolongersustainable.Theintensiveuseofchemicalfertilizersandpesticideshasdegradedsoilhealth,pollutedwaterways,andcontributedsignificantlytogreenhousegasemissions.Furthermore,therelianceonahandfulofstaplecropsmakesthefoodsystemvulnerabletopestsanddiseases,whichareexacerbatedbychangingweatherpatterns.Inresponsetothesechallenges,thereisagrowinginterestinregenerativeagriculture.Thisapproachfocusesonrestoringsoilhealth,enhancingbiodiversity,andimprovingwatercycles.Regenerativepracticesincludecovercropping,no-tillfarming,androtationalgrazing.Thesemethodsnotonlysequestercarbonfromtheatmospherebutalsoincreasetheresilienceofcropstoextremeweatherevents.Unlikeindustrialagriculture,whichoftenviewsnatureasaforcetobeconquered,regenerativeagricultureworkswithnaturalecosystems.Thetransitiontoregenerativeagriculture,however,isnotwithoutobstacles.Theinitialcostscanbehigh,andfarmersmayfaceloweryieldsduringthetransitionperiodasthesoilrecovers.Additionally,thereisalackofinfrastructureandmarketincentivestosupportregenerativeproducts.Consumersareoftenaccustomedtocheapfoodproducedbyindustrialmethodsandmaybereluctanttopayapremiumforsustainablygrownproducts.Governmentsandinternationalorganizationsplayacrucialroleinfacilitatingthistransitionbyprovidingsubsidies,researchfunding,andeducation.Anotherpromisingsolutionisthedevelopmentofalternativeproteins,suchasplant-basedmeatsandlab-grownmeat.Theseinnovationshavethepotentialtodrasticallyreducetheenvironmentalfootprintoflivestockfarming,whichisamajorsourceofmethaneemissions.Whilealternativeproteinscurrentlyrepresentasmallfractionofthemarket,investmentispouringintothesector,drivingdowncostsandimprovingtasteandtexture.Addressingthefoodcrisisrequiresamulti-facetedstrategy.Thereisnosilverbullet.Acombinationofregenerativeagriculture,technologicalinnovation,andchangesinconsumerbehaviorisnecessary.Thestakesarehigh;withoutsignificantchanges,foodinsecuritycouldleadtomassmigrationandpoliticalunrestinthecomingdecades.Thetimeforincrementaladjustmentshaspassed;asystemictransformationofthefoodsystemisimperative.26.Accordingtothetext,traditionalagricultureiscriticizedforbeing______.[A]toodependentontechnologicalinnovations[B]unabletofeedtheglobalpopulation[C]environmentallydamagingandvulnerable[D]focusedsolelyonlivestockfarming27.Regenerativeagriculturediffersfromindustrialagricultureprimarilyinthatit______.[A]utilizesmorechemicalfertilizers[B]aimstoworkwithnaturalecosystems[C]focusesonincreasingcropyieldsimmediately[D]ignorestheimpactofclimatechange28.Oneofthemajorhurdlesforfarmersadoptingregenerativeagricultureis______.[A]thelackofconsumerdemandfororganicfood[B]thehighinitialcostsandpotentialyielddrops[C]theprohibitionbyinternationalorganizations[D]thecomplexityofrotationalgrazingtechniques29.Theauthormentionsalternativeproteinsasasolutionbecausethey______.[A]arecheapertoproducethantraditionalcrops[B]arealreadythedominantsourceofproteinglobally[C]cansignificantlyreducetheenvironmentalimpactofmeatproduction[D]requirenotechnologicalinnovationtodevelop30.Thetextconcludesthatsolvingthefoodcrisisrequires______.[A]asingle,comprehensivetechnologicalbreakthrough[B]afocussolelyonregenerativeagriculture[C]acombinationofdiversestrategiesandsystemicchange[D]increasedgovernmentcontroloverfooddistributionText3Theconceptof"urbansprawl"haslongbeenaconcernforurbanplannersandenvironmentalists.Characterizedbylow-densitydevelopmentspreadingoutwardfromcitycenters,urbansprawlisassociatedwithincreasedtrafficcongestion,longercommutetimes,andthelossofnaturalhabitats.However,inrecentyears,acounter-trendknownas"smartgrowth"hasgainedmomentum.Smartgrowthemphasizescompact,transit-orienteddevelopmentthatfocusesonrevitalizingexistingurbanareasratherthanexpandingintoundevelopedland.Proponentsofsmartgrowtharguethatitoffersahigherqualityoflife.Byhousingmorepeopleinasmallerarea,publictransportationbecomesmoreviableandefficient.Thisreducesrelianceonprivateautomobiles,therebydecreasingairpollutionandgreenhousegasemissions.Mixed-usedevelopments,whereresidential,commercial,andrecreationalspacesareintegrated,allowresidentstowalkorbiketoworkandshops,promotingphysicalactivityandreducingtheprevalenceofobesity.Despitethesebenefits,smartgrowthfacessignificantresistance.NIMBYism("NotInMyBackyard")isapotentforce.Existingresidentsoftenopposeincreaseddensityintheirneighborhoods,fearingitwillleadtoovercrowding,strainonlocalinfrastructure,andadecreaseinpropertyvalues.Thesefearsareoftenrootedinadesiretopreservethecharacteroflow-densitysuburbancommunities,whichareseenassafeandquiet.Furthermore,theimplementationofsmartgrowthrequirescoordinatedpolicyandinvestment.Zoninglawsmustbeupdatedtoallowforhigherdensityandmixed-useconstruction.Investmentinpublictransitinfrastructureisessentialtosupportthesenewdevelopments.Withoutthiscommitment,smartgrowthcandevolveintocongestionwithoutthebenefitsofmobility,simplypackingmorepeopleintoareaswithoutadequatetransportationoptions.Thedebatebetweenurbansprawlandsmartgrowthisultimatelyadebateaboutthefutureofourcommunities.Whiletheallureofthespacioussuburbanhomeremainsstrong,theeconomicandenvironmentalcostsofmaintainingsuchalifestylearebecomingunsustainable.Citiesthatembracesmartgrowthprinciplesarelikelytobemoreresilient,equitable,andcompetitiveinthe21stcentury.Thetransitionrequirespoliticalwillandashiftinpublicperception,butthepotentialrewards—avibrant,sustainableurbanfuture—arewellworththeeffort.31.UrbansprawlistypicallyassociatedwithallofthefollowingEXCEPT______.[A]low-densitydevelopment[B]lossofnaturalhabitats[C]compact,transit-orienteddevelopment[D]increasedtrafficcongestion32.Oneofthemainadvantagesofsmartgrowthmentionedinthetextis______.[A]thepreservationoflargesuburbanlawns[B]thepromotionofphysicalactivityandreducedpollution[C]theeliminationoftheneedforpublictransportation[D]asignificantdecreaseinthecostofhousing33.Theacronym"NIMBY"referstoresidentswho______.[A]supportsmartgrowthinitiatives[B]opposedevelopmentneartheirhomes[C]preferlivingincitycenters[D]advocateforenvironmentalprotection34.Forsmartgrowthtobesuccessful,thetextemphasizestheneedfor______.[A]banningallprivateautomobileusage[B]restrictingmigrationtocities[C]coordinatedpolicychangesandinvestment[D]maintainingexistingzoninglaws35.Theauthor'sattitudetowardssmartgrowthcanbebestdescribedas______.[A]skeptical[B]ambivalent[C]supportive[D]criticalText4Theoriesofcriminaljusticehaveoscillatedbetweentwoprimarypoles:retributionandrehabilitation.Theretributivemodelviewscrimeasamoralviolationagainstsocietythatdemandspunishment.Thefocusisontheoffender'spastactionsandtheimpositionofapenaltyproportionatetothecrime."Aneyeforaneye"istheancientmaximthatunderpinsthisphilosophy.Proponentsarguethatjusticerequiresoffenderstopayfortheirwrongdoingandthatpunishmentservesasadeterrenttoothers.Incontrast,therehabilitativemodelviewscrimeoftenasasymptomofdeepersocialorpsychologicalissues.Thegoalhereisnotmerelytopunishbuttotransformtheoffenderintoaproductivememberofsociety.Thisinvolvesprovidingeducation,vocationaltraining,andmentalhealthserviceswithinthecriminaljusticesystem.Thefocusisontheoffender'sfuturepotentialratherthantheirpasttransgression.Supportersofrehabilitationarguethatitismoreeffectiveatreducingrecidivismthanpunishmentalone.Inrecentdecades,manyjusticesystems,particularlyintheUnitedStates,haveshiftedtowardsa"toughoncrime"approach,emphasizingretributionandincarceration.Thishasledtoexplodingprisonpopulationsandexorbitantcosts.Criticsarguethatthisapproachisnotonlyfiscallyirresponsiblebutalsosociallydestructive.Massincarcerationdisproportionatelyaffectscommunitiesofcoloranddestabilizesfamilies,creatingacycleofcrimeandpovertythatisdifficulttobreak.Thereisnowagrowingbipartisanconsensusthatthecurrentsystemisbroken.StatesacrosstheU.S.areexperimentingwithreformssuchasdrugcourts,whichdivertnon-violentoffenderstotreatmentinsteadofprison,and"banthebox"initiatives,whichremovethecheckboxaskingaboutcriminalrecordsonjobapplicationstoimproveemploymentprospectsforex-convicts.Thesereformsreflectarenewedinterestintheprinciplesofrehabilitation,albeittemperedbythepoliticalrealitiesofpublicsafetyconcerns.Restorativejusticeoffersathirdpath,onethatfocusesonrepairingtheharmcausedbycrimeratherthanpunishingtheoffenderortreatingtheoffender'spathology.Itinvolvesfacilitatedmeetingsbetweenvictims,offenders,andcommunitymembers.Thisprocessallowsvictimstobeheardandoffenderstounderstandtheimpactoftheiractions,fosteringaccountabilityandhealing.Whilenotapplicabletoallcrimes,restorativejusticehasshownpromiseinreducingtheemotionaltollonvictimsandpreventingre-offending.Theevolutionofcriminaljusticetheorysuggeststhataone-size-fits-allapproachisinadequate.Differentcrimesanddifferentoffendersrequiredifferentresponses.Abalancedsystemthatholdsoffendersaccountablewhileprovidingthemwiththetoolstochange,andthatcenterstheneedsofvictims,istheidealtowardswhichsocietyshouldstrive.Achievingthisbalanceiscomplexandrequiresconstantevaluationandadaptation,butitisessentialforajustandsafesociety.36.Theretributivemodelofcriminaljusticefocuseson______.[A]thefuturepotentialoftheoffender[B]theoffender'spastactionsandpunishment[C]repairingtheharmcausedtothevictim[D]providingeducationandvocationaltraining37.Whichofthefollowingisacriticismofthe"toughoncrime"approach?[A]Itleadstohighincarcerationratesandsocialdestabilization.[B]Itistoofocusedontheneedsofthevictims.[C]Itfailstoprovideenoughpunishmentforviolentoffenders.[D]Itignoresthepsychologicalneedsoftheoffenders.38.ThereformsmentionedinParagraph4,suchasdrugcourts,aimto______.[A]increasetheseverityofpunishmentfordrugcrimes[B]providetreatmentfornon-violentoffenders[C]reducethecostofprisonconstruction[D]preventoffendersfromreturningtotheircommunities39.Restorativejusticediffersfrombothretributionandrehabilitationby______.[A]focusingsolelyontheoffender'spunishment[B]ignoringtheimpactonthevictims[C]emphasizingtherepairofharmanddialogue[D]requiringlongerprisonsentences40.Thetextsuggeststhataneffectivecriminaljusticesystemshouldbe______.[A]strictlyretributive[B]exclusivelyrehabilitative[C]uniformandstandardized[D]balancedandadaptablePartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubtitlefromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubtitleswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)[A]TheRoleofGutHealth[B]TheImpactofChronicStress[C]TheImportanceofQualitySleep[D]DietaryAdjustmentsforMentalClarity[E]TheConnectionBetweenHeartandBrain[F]ExerciseasaCognitiveEnhancer[G]SocialConnectionandLongevityThehumanbrainisanextraordinarilycomplexorgan,anditsfunctionisinextricablylinkedtothehealthoftherestofthebody.Whileweoftenthinkofmentalhealthasdistinctfromphysicalhealth,researchincreasinglyshowsthattheyaretwosidesofthesamecoin.Optimizingcognitiveperformanceandemotionalwell-beingrequiresaholisticapproachthataddressesvariouslifestylefactors.41._______________________________Regularphysicalactivityisoneofthemostpotentelixirsforthebrain.Exerciseincreasesbloodflowtothebrain,deliveringvitaloxygenandnutrients.Italsostimulatesthereleaseofneurotrophicfactors,suchasBDNF(Brain-DerivedNeurotrophicFactor),whichsupportsthegrowthofnewneuronsandsynapses.Studieshaveconsistentlyshownthataerobicexercisecanimprovememory,attention,andprocessingspeed,whilealsoreducingtheriskofneurodegenerativediseaseslikeAlzheimer's.42._______________________________Oftenoverlooked,sleepisthefoundationuponwhichcognitivehealthisbuilt.Duringsleep,thebrainengagesina"cleaning"processknownastheglymphaticsystem,whichremovesmetabolicwasteproductsthataccumulateduringwakinghours.Chronicsleepdeprivationimpairsjudgment,reactiontime,andemotionalregulation.Itisalsolinkedtoanincreasedbuildupofbeta-amyloidplaques,ahallmarkofAlzheimer'sdisease.Prioritizingseventoninehoursofqualitysleepisnon-negotiableforbrainhealth.43._______________________________Thesaying"youarewhatyoueat"appliesparticularlytothebrain.Thebrainconsumesroughly20%ofthebody'scaloricenergy,sothefuelweprovideitmattersimmensely.Dietshighinrefinedsugarsandsaturatedfatscanimpairbrainfunctionandcontributetoinflammation.Conversely,aMediterranean-styledietrichinomega-3fattyacids,antioxidants,andwholegrainshasbeenassociatedwithbettercognitiveperformanceandalowerriskofdepression.44._______________________________Thebidirectionalrelationshipbetweenthedigestivesystemandthebrainismediatedbythevagusnerveandthegutmicrobiome.Thegutisoftencalledthe"secondbrain"becauseitproducesasignificantportionofthebody'sserotonin,aneurotransmittercrucialformoodregulation.Animbalanceingutbacteria(dysbiosis)hasbeenlinkedtoanxiety,depression,andevenautismspectrumdisorders.Probioticsandprebioticsplayakeyroleinmaintainingthisdelicateecosystem.45._______________________________Whiledietandexercisearecritical,thepsychologicalenvironmentisequallyinfluential.Prolongedexposuretostresshormoneslikecortisolcandamagethehippocampus,thebrainregionresponsibleformemoryandlearning.Chronicstressalsokeepsthebodyinastateofconstantinflammation,whichisdetrimentaltobraincells.Effectivestressmanagementtechniques,suchasmindfulnessmeditation,deepbreathingexercises,andspendingtimeinnature,areessentialforprotectingthebrainfromthetoxiceffectsofchronictension.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Thehistoryofeconomicthoughtisnotmerelyachronicleofchangingtheories;itisareflectionoftheevolvingstrugglesandaspirationsofhumanity.(46)Fromthemercantilistsofthe16thcentury,whoviewedwealthasastockofpreciousmetals,totheclassicaleconomistslikeAdamSmith,whochampionedthe"invisiblehand"ofthemarket,economicideashaveshapedtheinstitutionsandpoliciesthatgovernourlives.(47)However,thedisciplineofeconomicshaslongbeenplaguedbyatensionbetweenitsscientificaspirationsanditspracticalrelevance.Economistsstriveformathematicaleleganceandpredictivepower,oftenconstructingmodelsthatabstractawayfromthemessycomplexitiesoftherealworld.Thisreductionistapproach,whilenecessaryfortheoreticalprogress,canleadtopolicyprescriptionsthataretheoreticallysoundbutpracticallydisastrouswhenappliedtodiverseculturalandhistoricalcontexts.(48)TheGreatDepressionofthe1930sservedasastarkwake-upcall,shatteringtheconfidenceintheself-correctingnatureofmarkets.ThiscrisisgaverisetoKeynesianeconomics,whicharguedthatgovernmentinterventionwasnecessarytomanageaggregatedemandandpreventeconomicslumps.Fordecades,theKeynesianconsensusdominated,guidingpolicymakersthroughperiodsofbothstabilityandturbulence.(49)Inthelate20thcentury,acounter-revolutionemerged,advocatingforfreemarkets,deregulation,andlimitedgovernment.Thisneoliberalturn,championedbyfigureslikeMiltonFriedman,emphasizedindividuallibertyandtheefficiencyofthemarketmechanism.Whileitspurredglobalizationandeconomicgrowthinmanypartsoftheworld,italsoexacerbatedinequalityandfinancialinstability.(50)Today,westandatanothercrossroads.Thechallengesofclimatechange,risinginequality,andtechnologicaldisruptiondemandaneweconomicparadigm.Weneedaneconomicsthatisnotonlyrigorousinitsanalysisbutalsohumaneinitsobjectives,onethatrecognizesthattheeconomyisasubsystemofthebroaderecosystemandsociety,ratherthanamastertobeservedatallcosts.SectionIIIWritingPartA51.Directions:SupposeyouarethepresidentoftheStudentUnionatyouruniversity.Theuniversitylibraryisplanningtorenovatethestudyroomsandhasaskedstudentsforsuggestions.Writeanemailtothelibrarycommitteeto:1)Expressyoursupportfortherenovationproject.2)Proposetwospecificimprovements(e.g.,soundproofing,poweroutlets,lighting).3)Explainthebenefitsoftheseimprovementsforstudents.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsontheANSWERSHEET.Donotuseyourownnameorthenameofyouruniversity.Use"LiMing"instead.Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)PartB52.Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould:1)Describethedrawingbriefly,2)Interpretitsintendedmeaning,and3)Giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(20points)[PictureDescription]Thepicturedepictsascenebyariver.Ononebank,thereisagroupofpeopleholdinglarge,sophisticatednets,tryingfranticallytocatchfish.Theyaresurroundedbyhigh-techequipmentandlookstressed.Ontheoppositebank,asinglepersonsitscalmlyonachair,holdingasimplefishingrod.Thewateristeemingwithfishonthesideofthepersonwiththesimplerod,whilethesidewiththegroupandnetsisalmostemptyoffish.Thereisa