监理细则水暖细则

2026/5/14ANewEnglishGrammar13)DynamicVerbsandStativeVerbs1)MainVerbandAuxilliaries2)TransitiveVerbsIntransitiveVerbsandLinkingVerbs2026/5/14ANewEnglishGrammar21)MainVerbsandAuxiliaries

Whysodivided?differentrolesplayedintheformationofverbphrases

Accordingto

Iwillwinthiscompetition.

winwillbasicmeaningofphrase

grammaticalandmodal

meaningsofphraseMainVerbsAuxiliaries2026/5/14ANewEnglishGrammar3threecategories:

modal

auxiliaries

semi-auxiliaries.be,do,have

can/could,may/might,will/

would,shall/should,must,

oughtto,dare,need,usedto,

haveto,seemto

boto,besureto,beaboutto,

beaptto,becertainto,

beboundto,begoingto,

be(un)likelyto

havegotto,hadbetter,hadbest

happento,chanceto,

appearto,cometo,

failto,getto,tendto,

turnouttoprimary

auxiliaries2026/5/14ANewEnglishGrammar4Thesupermanissinging.

HewassenttoEngland.

Doeshelikehiswife?Hedidlovehiswife.HehasbeentoNewYork.is

wasDoesdidhas2026/5/14ANewEnglishGrammar5primaryauxiliaries

be

theprogressiveaspectorpassivevoice.do

negativemeaningsortoformquestionssometimestheemphaticaffirmative

have

theperfectiveortheperfectiveprogressiveaspect.nolexicalmeaning

withgrammaticalfunctions/meanings:

be,do,have

Features:

Exercise1Observethefollowingsentencesandpointoutwhichones

ofthebluewordsareprimaryauxiliariesandwhichones

arenot.2026/5/14ANewEnglishGrammar6Ihaveanewguitar.Idon't

haveanewguitar.Theyhave

hadanicetime.IhaveseenPeter.Theywillhave

spokentoPeter.Iam

fromEngland.Iamreadingabook.Ahousewasbuilt.Idomyhomeworkintheevenings.Ihave

donemyhomework.

Doing

myhomeworkisnotalwaysfun.Ididn'tseeJanedoing

herhomework.

Don'tsingundertheshower.Whendid

yougetupthismorning?

Exercise2Primary2026/5/14ANewEnglishGrammar7Completethefollowingsentencesbyusingtherightformoftohave(have,has,had).

1)Jack_____funatthepartylastSaturday.2)I'msorry,butI____togonow.3)You____everbeentoCanada?4)Dave____passedhisdrivingtest.5)Canwe_____thebill,please?6)Thematch____alreadystartedwhenwearrived.7)They_____breakfastat6:30thismorning.8)Doyou____abrother?9)Mybossnever____time.10)Doris___beenwaitingforPamfor20minutesnow.BACKhadhavehavehashavehadhadhavehashasPrimary2026/5/14ANewEnglishGrammar8ModalAuxiliariesthirteenmodalauxiliariesincludingsomepasttenseformscan/could,may/might,will/would,shall/should,

must,oughtto,dare,need,usedto1.

expressmodalmeanings2.

pasttenseformsdonotnecessarilyexpresspasttime3.Inafiniteverbphrase,wecanuseonlyonemodalauxiliary

whichisinvariablyfollowedbythebareinfinitiveorthebaseform.Features:

BACK2026/5/14ANewEnglishGrammar9Semi-auxiliarieshaveto,seemto

1.helpthemainverbtoformthecomplexverbphrase

andexpressthemodalmeaningFeatures:

2.

whenprecededbyotherauxiliaries,functionasmainverbsBACKIhaveto

buyanewcar.Idon’thaveto

buyanewcar.2026/5/14ANewEnglishGrammar10Whysodivided?2)Transitiveverbs,intransitiveverbsandlinkingverbs

Mainverbscanbedivided

inaccordancewith

whetherornot

theymustbefollowedby

obligatoryelements

functioningas

complementation

andwhatkindofelements

thatmustfollow.

TransitiveVerbs

IntransitiveVerbsLinkingVerbsFeatures:objectdonotrequireanobject

subjectcomplement

2026/5/14ANewEnglishGrammar11Intransitiveverb:sing,dance,fly,smile,rise,talk,.Theyalwayswant________afterlunch.applesnoobjectnopassivevoiceHeislooking

me.lookat/lookaround×Transitiveverb:+objectlistento/laughat/talktoS+Vt+O:IlovemymotherS+Vt+o+O:Ibuymymotheragift.S+Vt+O+C:Wepaintthewallwhite.2026/5/14ANewEnglishGrammar12Linkingverbam/is/arefeel/smell/taste/seem/lookturn/grow/become/gostay/keep/hold/remainSpidermanisahero.Thismilksmellssour.Thistaskseems

difficult.TheweatherbecomehotHealwayskeepssilentintheclass.Therumorprovesfalse.2026/5/14ANewEnglishGrammar13Distinguishthecategoriesoftheblueverbs:1.Thefishisfreshfromwater.

Youdon’thavetosmellit.3.Themilkisgoingbad.Itsmells.4.Thisfishsmellsdelicious.actionstatedescriptionBACK2026/5/14ANewEnglishGrammar143)DynamicVerbsandStativeVerbsdynamicstativeforactionsforstatesWhysodivided?accordingtolexicalmeanings1.DurativeVerbs2.TransitionalVerbs3.MomentaryVerbsTheseverbs

normallyadmitof

boththeprogressiveand

thenon-progressiveaspect.non-progressiveform

asinglemovement

progressiveform

arepeatedmovementDynamicVerbscanbesubclassifiedintothreecategories:accordingtotheirDuration2026/5/14ANewEnglishGrammar15StativeVerbsnormallyincompatiblewiththeprogressiveexceptincertaincaseswherethereisatransferofmeaningfourcategories1.mainverb

beandhave2.verbswiththenotionofbeingandhaving3.verbsthatrefertoasenseperception4.verbsthatrefertoafeeling/opinion

NOTE2026/5/14ANewEnglishGrammar16The1stsubclassincludesmainverbbeandmainverbhave:Jimisateacher,but20yearsagohewasasoldier.Wehavefriendsallovertheworld.BACK2026/5/14ANewEnglishGrammar17The2ndsubclassincludesverbsthatinclude,aspartoftheirmeaning,thenotionofbeingandhaving,suchas

applyto,belongto,differfrom,cost,weigh,measure,fit,hold,lack,resembleThisruleappliestoeveryone.

(=isapplicableto)

FrenchdiffersfromEnglishinhavinggenderforallnouns.

(=isdifferentfrom)Theauditoriumholds2000people.

(=hasthecapacityfor)BACK2026/5/14ANewEnglishGrammar18The3rdsubclassincludesverbsthatrefertoasenseperception,suchashear,see,feel,taste,smellShedoesn’thearverywell.Ican

taste

pepperinthesoup.Ittasteshot.BACK2026/5/14ANewEnglishGrammar19The4thsubclassincludesverbsthatrefertoafeeling,astateofmindoranopinion,suchas

assume,believe,consider(=think),

detest,fear,hate,hope,imagine,know,like,

love,mean,mind,notice,prefer,regret,

remember,suppose,think,understand,Ibelievewehavemetbefore.

JimknowsChinese.BACK2026/5/14ANewEnglishGrammar20DurativeVerbseatsleepworkSheworksatachemicalfactory.Shehasbeen

workingthereforalongtime.Theactionsexpressedbytheseverbsalmosthavenotimelimit.TransitionalVerbsbecomechangeTheleavesofthetreesare

turningyellow.Theweatheris

changingforthebetter.BACK2026/5/14ANewEnglishGrammar21MomentaryVerbsjumpopenTheoldmanstopsatahouseandknocksatthedoor.Whois

knockingthedoor?Heopenedthedoorandranoutofthehouse.Hewas

openingandclosingthedoortomakesure

thatitworkedproperly.SingleactionscannotlastTherepetitionofSingleactionscanbe

durativeBACK2026/5/14ANewEnglishGrammar22Hereareafewexamplestoillustratethatstativeverbscansometimesbeuseddynamicallyandthereforecanbeusedwiththeprogressiveaspect,e.g.:

Heisafool.Heisbeingafool.Ihaveabook.Wearehavingbreakfast.Ifeelcomfortable.I’mfeelingthismaterial.Iexpectyou’rerathertired.Iamexpectingavisitor.Idon’tthinkyouareright.Don’tmakesomuchnoise.I’mthinking.StativeStativeStativeStativeStativeDynamicDynamicDynamicDynamicDynamicbeactingas/pretendhaveeatfeeltouchexpectwaitforthinkconsider2026/5/14ANewEnglishGrammar2310.2Classificationofverbs(II)single-wordverbsandphrasalverbsFiniteverbsandnon-finiteverbsRegularverbsandIrregularverbs2026/5/14ANewEnglishGrammar24Phrasalverbsareverbalidiomswhichareequivalenttosingle-wordverbs,transitiveorintransitive,andwhicharedifferentfromsimpleverbalcombinationswherethemeaningsareeasilyguessedfromtheparts.Compare:

Thelights

wentout.(S+V)

Heputonhiscoatandwentout.(S+V+A)

Mary

came

in

withthecoffee.(S+V+A+A)

Thebomb

wentoff

withadeafeningcrash.(SVA)

He

cameoutwith

anextraordinarystory.(SVO)2026/5/14ANewEnglishGrammar25Finiteverbsandnon-finiteverbsEnglishmainverbshavetwofiniteforms

andthreenon-finiteforms.1.thepresenttenseform

2.thepasttenseform1.theinfinitive

2.the–ingparticiple

3.the–edparticiplethebareinfinitive

theto-infinitive※

Finiteverbsaremarkedfortense,

andnon-finiteverbshavenotensedistinctions.

2026/5/14ANewEnglishGrammar26Tense&AspectTenseisagrammaticalformassociatedwithverbsthatte