翻译实践(英译汉)-《心有所安-从心慌意乱到心平气定的日常习惯》(第11-13章)

IntroductionIntroductiontotheSourceTextLetitSettle:DailyHabitstoMoveYoufromChaostoCalmisaself-helpbookwrittenbyMichaelGalyon,anAmericanauthorknownforhisworksonpersonaldevelopmentandmentalhealth.Thebookfallsunderthegenreofcontemporaryself-helpliterature,whichischaracterizedbyitspracticaladvice,relatablecontent,andfocusonimprovingreaders'dailylives.WhileMichaelGalyonmaynotbeaswidelyrecognizedassomeofthetopnamesinself-helpliterature,hisbookhasgarneredadedicatedreadership,particularlyamongthoseseekingpracticalsolutionstomanagestressandanxietyintheirdailylives.Thebookhasbeenpraisedforitsaccessiblelanguageandactionableadvice,makingitavaluableresourceforreaderslookingtocultivatementalwell-being.TheselectionofLetitSettlefortranslationpracticewasdrivenbyseveralfactors.Firstly,thebook'sfocusonmentalhealthanddailyhabitsishighlyrelevantintoday'sfast-pacedworld,wherestressandanxietyareprevalentissues.TranslatingthisbookintoChinesecanhelpbridgethegapinmentalhealthawarenessandprovidepracticalguidancetoChinesereaders.Secondly,thebook'sstraightforwardlanguageandpracticaladvicemakeitanidealcandidatefortranslation.Lastly,thebook'scontentisculturallyadaptable,makingiteasiertotranslatewhilemaintainingitscoremessageandeffectiveness.1.2PurposesandSignificanceoftheTranslationTaskAgainstthebackdropoftheglobalmentalhealthcrisis,modernpeoplearefacinganxietyandstress.ThebookLetitSettle:DailyHabitstoMoveYoufromChaostoCalmfocusesonre-establishinginnerorderthroughsmallhabits,whichisinlinewiththeurgentneedforemotionalmanagementinChina'surbanization.AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization,theprevalenceofanxietydisordersinChinahasreached7.3%,sothecross-culturaldisseminationofthiskindofpsychologicalself-helptextisofgreatpracticalsignificance.Besides,integratingpsychologicaltheoryandbehavioralscience,thisbookisinstructive,healing,andliterary,requiringabalanceofprofessionalismandreadabilityintranslationtoachieveadiscursiveshiftfromWesterncognitive-behavioraltherapytoEasternmindfulness.Studiesathomeandabroadhaveshownthatthetheoryoffunctionalequivalencehasbeenwidelyappliedtothetranslationofmanytexttypes,especiallyintermsoflinguistics,culturaldifferences,andtheadaptationoftargetreaders.ForeignscholarKatan(2004)explorestheculturalfactorsintranslationandtheirrelationshipwiththefunctionalequivalencetheory,emphasizingtheinfluenceofcultureonthetranslationprocess.ThemaincontentofthetaskistopracticetheEnglish-Chinesetranslationofchapters11-13ofLetitSettle:DailyHabitstoMoveYoufromChaostoCalm,guidedbythetheoryoffunctionalequivalence.Bytranslatingthispartofthebook,thetaskrequiresnotonlytoensuretheaccuratecommunicationoftheconceptsofpsychology,philosophyoflifeandself-managementinthebook,butalsorequiresthetranslatortoimprovethesensitivitytovocabularyselection,sentencestructureandculturaladaptation,tounderstandtheculturaldifferencesbetweenthesourcelanguageandthetargetlanguage,andtobeabletoeffectivelysolvethelinguisticbarriersandculturalconflictsinthetranslationprocess.TheprimarypurposeofthistranslationtaskistointroduceMichaelGalyon'svaluableinsightsonmentalhealthanddailyhabitstoChinesereaders.ByemployingEugeneNida'sfunctionalequivalencetheory,thetranslationaimstoachievethesamefunctionalimpactastheoriginaltext,ensuringthatChinesereaderscanderivesimilarbenefitsfromthebook.Thistranslationpracticenotonlyseekstoenhancecross-culturalcommunicationbutalsotocontributetothegrowingbodyofself-helpliteratureavailableinChinese.BymakingthesechaptersaccessibletoChinesereaders,thetranslatorhopestoempowerindividualswithpracticaltoolstoimprovetheirmentalwell-beingandnavigatethechallengesofmodernlifewithgreatereaseandclarity.TheoreticalbasisABriefIntroductiontotheFunctionalEquivalenceTheoryEugeneA.NidaisoneofthefoundersofWesterntranslationtheory,andhiscoretheory“FunctionalEquivalence”hasfar-reachingsignificanceinguidingtranslationpractice.FunctionalequivalencetheoryisthecoreofEugeneNaida'stranslationtheory,whichhadagreatinfluenceonthetranslationtheorycirclesinthe1960sand1970s,andisoneofthetheoriesthatwereintroducedearlierinChina,soithasagreaterinfluenceontheChinesetranslationcommunity,anditisalsothetheorythathasbeenevaluatedmorebythedomestictranslationcommunity(Li,2009).Naidaarguesthattherearetwotypesofreciprocityintranslation:formalreciprocityandfunctionalreciprocity.Formalequivalencefocusesonthecorrespondenceofthelanguageitself,whichisthetraditionalfocusoftranslation.Functionalequivalence,ontheotherhand,takesthereaderasitsstartingpoint,anditemphasizestherelationshipbetweenthereaderofthetranslatedtextandthetranslatedtext,whichisoftendynamic(Wang,2012).Naidahasproposedthatfunctionalequivalenceshouldfulfillfourcriteria:Accuracyofinformationconveyance,Reproductionofspiritandstyle,Linguisticnaturalnessandfluency,Similarityofreaders'response.Naida'sdefinitionoftranslationindicatesthattranslationisnotonlyaboutlexicalequivalence,butalsoaboutsemantic,stylisticandstylisticequivalence,andthattranslationconveysbothsurfacelexicalinformationanddeeperculturalinformation(Liao,2006).Besides,ZhangXuefang(2008)hassaidinherpaperthat，dynamicpeer-to-peertranslationaimstoachieveacompletelynaturalexpression.Naidafurtherdescribesdynamicpeer-to-peertranslationas“theclosest,naturalequivalentofthesourcelanguagemessage”.TosummarizethedevelopmentofNaida'stheoryoffunctionalequivalence,thecoreofthetheoryis:thetranslationissmoothandnaturalinitswording,thecontentismeaningfulandevocative,andthereaders'reflectionsaresimilar(Tan,1999).TranslationmethodsofFunctionalEquivalenceTheoryNaida'stheoryoffunctionalequivalenceadvocatesthatthetranslationshouldnotonlyaccuratelyconveytheinformationoftheoriginaltext,butalsoconformtotheexpressionhabitsofthetargetlanguage.Itscoreisreflectedinthreeaspects:Thefirstoneislexicalequivalence.Semanticequivalenceshouldbeprioritizedoverliteralcorrespondence.Forexample,abstractpsychologicaltermsinEnglisharetransformedintoconceptsfamiliartoChinesereaders.Anotheroneissyntacticequivalence.Dynamiccorrespondencesonasyntacticlevelincludegeneralstylisticcomparabilityandcertainadjustmentsinspecificstructures(Nida,2004).ThetranslatorneedstoadjustthesentencestructuretofittheChinesemeaning,suchasconvertingEnglishpassivesentencesintoactiveonesandsplittinglongsentencesintoshortones.Thethirdoneistextualequivalence.Maintainingthelogicalcoherenceandstylisticstyleoftheoriginaltextisimportant,andthetranslatorshouldalsorealizeanaturalandfluentdiscourseeffectbymeansofreorganizingthewordorderandsupplementingthearticulationwords.Moreover,thesecondsystemoftranslationconsistsofamoreelaborateprocedurecomprisingthreestages:(a)analysis,inwhichthesurfacestructure(i.e.,themessageasgiveninlanguageA)isanalyzedintermsofthegrammaticalrelationshipsandthemeaningsofthewordsandcombinationsofwords,(b)transfer,inwhichtheanalyzedmaterialistransferredinthemindofthetranslatorfromlanguageAtolanguageB,and(c)restructuring,inwhichthetransferredmaterialisrestructuredinordertomakethefinalmessagefullyacceptableinthereceptorlanguage(Nida,2004).3.TranslationDifficultiesandTranslationTechniquesatThreeLevelsWiththeacceleratedpaceofmodernlife,mentalhealthissueshavebecomeatopicofincreasingconcernworldwide.Especiallyunderthepressureoftheworkplace,socialcompetition,andthechallengesofindividualqualityoflife,howtomaintaininnerpeace,stability,andhealthhasbecomeanimportanttopicthateveryonecannotignore.Forthisreason,moreandmorebooksinthefieldsofpsychology,philosophy,andself-growthhavebeencreated,providingpeoplewithvariousmethodsandperspectives.Inpractice,thetranslatorsummarizesthecharacteristicsanddifficultiesofthetext.Firstly,thisbookexploreshowaseriesofdailyhabitscanhelpindividualsrelievestressandmaintaininnerstabilityinmodernlife.Byintroducingpsychologicaltheories,behavioraltechniques,andadjustmentstodailyhabits,thebooktakesreadersthroughtheprocessofunderstandinginneranxietyandrestlessness,andthenfindingbalanceandharmony.ItdiscussesmindfulnessandmeditationpracticesthataredeeplyrootedinWesternculture.ThesepracticesmayhavedifferentconnotationsorinterpretationsinChineseculture.Therefore,thetranslatorneedstofindequivalentexpressionsorexplanationsthatcanconveythesamemeaningandsignificanceintheChinesecontext.Forexample,theconceptof"mindfulness"mayneedtobeexplainedinawaythatresonateswithChinesereaders'understandingofmentalwell-beingandspiritualpractices.Secondly,thebookusesalotofdescriptivelanguagetoconveytheauthor'sexperiencesandideas.ThetranslatorneedstohaveagoodcommandofChinesewritingskillstoaccuratelyconveythesedescriptionsinawaythatisvividandengaging.Forexample,theauthorusesmanymetaphorstodescribetheprocessofmovingfromchaostocalminaverydetailedandvividway,andthetranslatorneedstofindappropriateChineseexpressionstoconveythesameimageryandemotionaltone.Thirdly,thisbookusesalotofthedifferentwordstoconveythesamemeanings.Thus,thetranslatorneedstomaintainconsistencyintheuseofterminologythroughoutthetranslation.Thisrequiresadeepunderstandingoftheconceptsandacarefulchoiceofwordstoensurethatthesametermsareusedconsistentlytoconveythesamemeanings3.1FunctionalEquivalenceattheLexicalLevelInbothEnglishandChinesevocabulary,therearemultiplemeaningsofoneword,multiplewordswithonemeaning,wordoverlapandvacantwords.Therefore,atthelexicallevel,thesamemeaningneedstobeexpressedindifferentformstoachievesemantic,grammaticalandculturalequivalenceinlexicaltranslation.Itrequiresfindingthecorrespondingmeaninginthetargetlanguage.Thiscorrespondenceisnotformalword-to-wordrigidcorrespondence,butinternalmeaningequivalence.Undertheguidanceofthetheoryoffunctionalequivalence,translatorscanadoptthetranslationstrategyoffreetranslationtodealwithsomesentencesthatcannotbetranslatedintoEnglishbyliteraltranslation.ProfessorFengQinghua(2010)mentionedinhisbookthattheso-calledfreetranslationisatranslationmethodthatdoesnotretaintheformbutonlyconveysthemeaning.Therefore,undertheconditionofbeingfaithfultotheoriginaltext,translatorsusefreetranslationtohelpreadersunderstandtherealmeaningoftheoriginaltextwithoutbeingconfinedtotheformoftheoriginaltext.3.1.1ExtensionExpansionreferstothefactthatintheprocessoftranslation,whenawordorexpressioninthesourcelanguagecannotfindadirectandexactequivalentinthetargetlanguage,themeaningofthewordisappropriatelyexpandedorderivedaccordingtothecontext,culturalbackgroundandsemanticrangeoftheword,soastomoreaccuratelyconveytheintentionandinformationoftheoriginaltextandrealizefunctionalequivalence.XuJianpingsaidthismethodnotonlyimprovesthefluencyoftranslation,butalsoenhancesthecomprehensionoftarget-languagereaders(Xu,2018).Example1:ST:Angerisatypicalpartofthehumancondition,andfromtimetotimeweallexperiencemomentsofanger.TT:愤怒是人类典型特征，我们时不时会感到愤怒。Analysis:Theoriginalabstractlyexpresses“universalhumancondition”through“humancondition”,andthetranslationexpandsitto“typicalcharacteristicsofhumanbeings”,whichenhancesreadabilitythroughconcretizationandavoidsthemechanicalsenseofdirecttranslationof“humancondition”,avoidingthemechanicalsenseofadirecttranslationof“humancondition”.Example2:ST:Emotions,likeanger,aremessengerssignalingourneeds,desires,andboundaries.TT:情绪，如愤怒，是信使，传递着我们的需求，欲望和底线。Analysis：Thesentenceusesabstractnounslike"messengers,""needs,""desires,"and"boundaries,"whichcanbechallengingfornon-nativespeakerstounderstandincontext.Itaimstoreframetheperceptionofemotions,particularlyanger,asnaturalandinformativeratherthanpurelynegative.Thetranslatorextendstheword"signaling"to"传递着"(conveying),whichnotonlymaintainstheoriginalmeaningbutalsoemphasizestheongoingactionofconveyingmessages,enhancingthedynamicaspectofemotions.3.1.2CondensationCondensationreferstotheprocessofshorteningtheoriginaltextwhilemaintainingitsmeaning.Thistechniqueinvolvesreducingthewordcountorsimplifyingideaswithoutalteringthecoremessage.Condensationisoftenusedwhentranslatingbetweenlanguageswithdifferentstructures,forinstance,whenasentenceinonelanguagewouldrequiremorewordsinanother.ZhongShunengmentionsinhisbookthatthereductionratioofcondensationisatleasthalfoftheoriginal,otherwiseitcanhardlybeconsideredascondensation,whereasaparaphrasemayinvolveonlyapartialsummarizationoftheinformation(Zhong,2010).Example3:ST:Oneofthemostpowerfulmomentsinlifeiswhenyoudiscoverthatyoudonotneedtobefullyhealedinordertoexperienceloveandthateveninyourbrokennessyouareworthyofreceivingandcapableofgivingloving-kindness.TT:人生中最有力量的时刻之一，便是当你发现：自己不必完全痊愈也值得被爱，纵使伤痕累累，你依然配得上世间温柔，也依然拥有给予善意的能力。Analysis:Inthistranslation,theuseofcompressionorreductionisevident,wheretheoriginalsentencestructureiscondensedwithoutomittinganykeymeaning.ThetranslatorhascondensedtheEnglishsentencewithoutlosinganyessentialmeaning.IntheoriginalEnglishsentence,thestructureiscomplex,withlongclausesandmoreexplicit,descriptivephrases.Forexample,"oneofthemostpowerfulmomentsinlifeiswhenyoudiscoverthatyoudonotneedtobefullyhealedinordertoexperiencelove..."isarelativelyextendedsentence.TheChinesetranslationcondensesthisbyusingafour-characterrhythm,atraditionalChineseliteraryformthatishighlyeffectiveforconveyingmeaninginacompactway,suchas"人生中最有力量的时刻之一"(oneofthemostpowerfulmomentsinlife)and"不必完全痊愈也值得被爱"(youdonotneedtobefullyhealedtobeworthyoflove).Thisnotonlymakesthetextmoresuccinctbutalsogivesitamorepoeticandculturallyresonantfeel.Thetranslationalsoemploysafour-characterstructuretypicalinChineseliterarystyle,whichcompressestheoriginalcompoundsentenceintoamorecompactform.Forexample,"eveninyourbrokennessyouareworthyofreceivingandcapableofgivingloving-kindness"becomes"纵使伤痕累累，你依然配得上世间温柔，也依然拥有给予善意的能力."Here,thephrase"纵使伤痕累累"capturestheessenceof"eveninyourbrokenness"inamorepoetic,concisemanner,while"依然配得上"and"依然拥有"ensurethatthesenseofworthinessandabilitytogiveremainsclear.Moreover,thetranslationdoesnotomitanyessentialmeaningfromtheoriginalsentence.Instead,itcarefullyreducesthesentencelengthwhilepreservingthenuancedmessageaboutlove,worthiness,andkindness.Themeaningremainsfullyintact,asdoesthesentimentandemotionaldepthoftheoriginal.Intermsoflexicalequivalence,thetranslatorachievesfunctionalequivalencebychoosingwordsinChinesethatresonatewiththesameemotionalweightanddepthasinEnglish.Wordslike"brokenness"aretranslatedas"伤痕累累,"whichconveysnotjustphysicalinjurybutalsotheemotionalresonanceofbeingwounded.Similarly,"worthyofreceivingandcapableofgivingloving-kindness"iscondensedtoasimpleryetpowerful"配得上世间温柔"(worthyoftheworld'stenderness),capturingtheessencewithoutlosingthemeaning.Thetranslationprocesseffectivelybalancestheneedforconcisenesswhilemaintainingboththeliteralmeaningandemotionaltone,ensuringthestyle,sentiment,andcoremessageareretained.Example4:ST:Hisfather’sactionswerehurtfulandDanielcouldnotjustifythem,buthecouldempathizewithwhathisfatherwasgoingthroughthatledtohisinabilitytoacceptasonwhowassodifferentfromhimandsofarremovedfromthetraditionalideasofmanhoodhehadbeenraisedwith.TT:父亲的行为令人心寒，丹尼尔无法为其开脱，但他却能体谅父亲的处境——正是这种困境，让父亲难以接受儿子与自己截然不同，儿子自幼便被灌输传统的男子气概，但如今却与此相去甚远。Analysis:TheoriginalEnglishsentencehasamorecomplexstructure,especiallyinthepartof“asonwhowassodifferentfromhimandsofarremovedfromthetraditionalideasofmanhoodhehadbeenraisedwith.”InChinese,thisisrestructuredas"儿子与自己截然不同，儿子自幼便被灌输传统的男子气概,"whichbetterfollowsChinesesentenceflowandclarity.Thetransitionbetweenthepartsdescribingthefather'sdifficultyinacceptinghissonissmootherandbetterlinkedwith"但如今却与此相去甚远."InChinese,it'softenmorenaturaltocondenselongerphrasesintosuccinct,powerfulexpressions.Forexample,theEnglish"thatledtohisinabilitytoacceptasonwhowassodifferentfromhimandsofarremovedfromthetraditionalideasofmanhoodhehadbeenraisedwith"isshortenedinto“让父亲难以接受儿子与自己截然不同，儿子自幼便被灌输传统的男子气概，但如今却与此相去甚远.”Here,“父亲的行为令人心寒，丹尼尔无法为其开脱”mirrorstheoriginalbutsimplifiesthestructureslightly.Thephrase“令人心寒”capturestheemotionalweightofthe“hurtful”actionsinamoreconcisemanner.Thetranslation“但他却能体谅父亲的处境——正是这种困境”reflectsthatthetransitionfromtheinabilitytojustifytheactionstoempathyispreserved.Theword“困境”clearlyconveysthefather'sinternalstruggle,whichleadstotheson'salienation.Moreover,“hisfatherwasgoingthroughthatledtohisinabilitytoacceptasonwhowassodifferentfromhim”istranslatedinto“让父亲难以接受儿子与自己截然不同”.Here,thephrase“sodifferentfromhim”iscondensedinto“与自己截然不同,”whichcapturesthefullcontrastbetweenthefatherandsonwithoutbecomingtoowordy.Theterm"截然不同"isaprecisewaytoshowthestarkdifferenceincharacter.“sofarremovedfromthetraditionalideasofmanhoodhehadbeenraisedwith.”becomes“儿子自幼便被灌输传统的男子气概，但如今却与此相去甚远”.Thispartrephrasestheideaoftheson’supbringingintraditionalmasculinityandhiscurrentdeviationfromit.Thephrase"与此相去甚远"translatesas"farremovedfromit,"whichisamoreidiomaticwaytoexpresstheoriginalmeaninginChinese.Intheoriginalsentence,theconjunction"but"introducesacontrastbetweenthefather’semotionalinabilitytoaccepthissonandtherecognitionoftheson’sdifference.Thetranslationmaintainsthiscontrastwith"但",whichdirectlyconveystheturningpointinthenarrative.Thisallowsthesentencetomaintainitslogicalflowintermsoftimeandemotion.Thetemporalrelationshipbetweenthefather’searlierandcurrentbeliefsiscapturedeffectivelywith"自幼便被灌输"and"如今却与此相去甚远",establishingacleartimelogicandcontrast.Thetranslatoralsofocusesonmaintainingthemeaningwithoutover-explainingoroverlystretchingthesentence,whichresultsinamorecompacttranslationinChinesewithoutlosingtheessenceoftheoriginal.Asforlexicalchoice,thetranslatorusesequivalentsthatfittheculturalcontextofChinese,like"困境"foracomplexemotionalstateratherthanasimpledescriptionofpersonalchallenges."男子气概"worksasaneffectiveequivalentfor"manhood,"keepingtheculturalnuance.Thephrase“thatledtohisinabilitytoaccept”inEnglishistranslatedinto“正是这种困境，让父亲难以接受,”emphasizingthecausalrelationship.Theword"正是"addsasenseofemphasisthatunderscoresthereasonbehindthefather’sactions.Functionalequivalenceisachievedbyensuringthatthetranslationeffectivelyconveystheunderlyingmeaningandemotionalweight,eventhoughthesyntaxandwordchoicesdifferinbothlanguages.3.1.3OmissionOmissioninvolvesdeliberatelyleavingoutcertainwords,phrases,orevenentiresentencesfromthesourcetextduringtranslation.Thiscanbeduetoculturaldifferences,redundancy,orirrelevancetothetargetaudience.Omissionisanecessarytoolincertainsituationstoavoidoverloadingthetargettextortomakeitsoundmorenatural.JustasNidasaid,thereareanumberofphraseswhichseemquiteawkwardandunnecessarilyrepetitionswhentransferredintoareceptorlanguage(Nida,2004).Example5:ST:Hewasliketheduckthatlookssosmoothandgracefulglidingthroughthewater;nooneseesthelegsbeneaththesurfacetreadingfuriouslytokeeptheduckafloat.TT:他就像水中的鸭子，看似悠然自得，从容优雅地在水面滑行，却无人看见水下那双奋力划动的蹼。Analysis:TheEnglishsentencedescribesthelegsasbeing"beneaththesurface,"whereasinChinese,itistranslatedas"水下"(underwater).Thischoiceisamoresuccinctwayofconveyingtheideaandeliminatestheneedfor"beneaththesurface".Intheoriginalsentence,thephrase"sosmoothandgraceful"istranslatedas"悠然自得"and"从容优雅",whichconveysasimilaridea,thoughwithslightlydifferentnuancesinChinese."Treadingfuriously"istranslatedas"奋力划动".Theword"奋力"intensifiestheaction,while"划动"ismorespecifictotheactionofswimming.Thephrase"tokeeptheduckafloat"isomitted,becauseitisimpliedinthecontextof"treadingfuriously"(i.e.,theduckisstrugglingtostayafloat),sothisspecificpurposeisnotdirectlytranslated.Meanwhile,thetranslatorpreservesthebasicmeaningbutshiftssentencestructuretofittheChineselinguisticstyle.Forexample,thesubject-verb-objectorderismaintained,buttheemphasisontheduck’sgracecomesearlierinthesentence,aligningmorecloselywiththeflowofChinesesentences.ThetranslatormaintainsthesentencestructurethatfitsthenaturalwordorderofChinese,usingomissionwhereneededtoconveythesameideasinamannerthatsoundsnaturalinChinese.Example6：ST：Butmostimportant,helearnedthatitwouldn’thavematteredhowhisfatherreactedorwhetherhereceivedanapologyfromhisfather,becausethevalueofforgivenesswasn’ttiedtohisfatheranymore;itwastiedtoDaniel’sownfreedom.TT：但关键是他明白：父亲如何反应、能否道歉都不重要，因为宽恕的价值不在父亲，而在自身自由。Analysis:Thephrase"wasn’ttiedto"intheoriginalsentencehasbeentranslatedas"不在",whichisamoresuccinctwayofexpressingtheideainChinese.While"tiedto"suggestsaconnectionordependency,"不在"focusesmoredirectlyonthelocationorsourceofthevalue,whichworkswellinChinese.Besides,thephrase"itwastiedtoDaniel’sownfreedom"issimplifiedinthetranslationtojust"在自身自由".Thesubject"Daniel’s"isomitted,whichistypicalinChinesewhenthesubjectcanbeinferredfromcontext.Additionally,theuseof"自身"isageneralreferencetotheindividual,whichimpliesDanielwithoutexplicitlystatingit.ThesentencestructureisadjustedtofitChinesesyntacticnorms.InEnglish,thesentencestartswiththeclause"itwouldn’thavemattered,"butinChinese,thesentencebeginswiththemoreconcise"但关键是他明白,"followedbythekeyidea"父亲如何反应、能否道歉都不重要."ThemorecomplexEnglishsentencestructureissimplifiedtoachieveanaturalflowinChinese.Theomissionofthesephrasesandthereorderingofideashelpmaintainclarityandnaturalnessinthetargetlanguage,achievingfunctionalequivalenceinconveyingthemessage.FunctionalEquivalenceattheSyntacticLevelAccordingtoNida,syntaxisthesetofrelationsexistingbetweenlexemesandbetweengroupsoflexemes(Nida,200).Also,thedynamiccorrespondencesonasyntacticlevelincludegeneralstylisticcomparabilityandcertainadjustmentsinspecificstructures(Nida,2004).ChenHongweihasmadeanin-depthdiscussiononthefunctionalequivalenceatthesyntacticlevelinherbook,emphasizingthatthetranslatorshouldflexiblyadjustthesentencestructureandthemodeofexpressionaccordingtothesyntacticdifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishinordertorealizethefunctionalequivalenceofthetranslatedtext(Chen,2000).3.2.1DivisionItreferstosplitlongsentencesintoshorteronestoimprovereadability.ItisespeciallysuitablefordealingwiththedifferencebetweenChineserunningsentencesandEnglishclauses.Example7:ST:Byusingmindfulnesstodevelopaconsciousawarenessofthought,feeling,andtheimpulsestoactionwhenangerarises,wecanpauseforamomentandassessthesituationbeforetakingdirectaction.TT:通过正念，我们学会意识愤怒时产生的思想、情感和行为冲动，在采取直接行动之前会停顿片刻，评估当前的情况。Analysis:TheEnglishsentenceisstructurallyatypicalexampleofEnglishgrammaticalforms,whichtendtobestaticandnominalized,oftenusingabstractnounstoexpressactionsandconcepts.Thesentenceincludesnominalizedverbslike"develop"(todevelopmindfulness),andtheactionverbssuchas"arises"and"pause"areencapsulatedwithintheframeworkofabstractnounsintheoriginalEnglish.IntheoriginalEnglishsentence,wordslike"awareness,""thought,""feeling,"and"impulses"areusedtoformastaticstructure,whereactionsarerepresentedasabstractconcepts.ThisiscommoninEnglish,wheretheuseofnounsoftenexpressesdynamicactions.Incontrast,Chineseprefersmoredynamicexpressions,oftenrequiringadditionalexplanationtoconveythefullmeaningofsuchabstractnouns.Then,thetranslationintroducesamoredynamicsubject—“我们”(we)—toalignwithChinesegrammarandcommunicationhabits.WhiletheEnglishsentenceusesimpersonalstructures,Chinesetendstoemployactivepronounstocreateamoredirectconnectionbetweenthesubjectandtheaction.ThisadjustmentmakesthesentencemorerelatableandgroundedintheChineselanguage'spreferenceforexplicitsubjects.Thetranslatoralsosplitstheactionof"pausingforamoment"and"assessingthesituation"intomoredistinctcomponents.InEnglish,theconceptsofthought,feeling,andimpulsestoactionareimpliedtooccursimultaneously,butthetranslatordividesthemintosequentialactionsinChinese,whichismoresuitableforhowactionandreflectionareviewedinChi