Unit3Grammar单元语法课件牛津上海版（试用本）英语九年级下册

牛津上海版九年级下Module2RecreationandentertainmentUnit3GoingplacesGrammar单元语法ActionsbeforeatimeinthepastWeusethepastperfecttensetotalkaboutthingsthathappenedbeforeacertaintimeinthepast.Weformthepastperfecttensewithhad

+thepastparticipleoftheverb.Whenweusethepastperfecttense,weareimaginingourselvesassituatedatpointA,tellingwhathappenedbeforethatpoint.FuturePastPresentAPastperfecttenseMysisterhadalreadyeatenherdinnerbysixo’clocklastnight.Thepastperfecttenseisusuallyusedtogetherwithanadverbialstartingwithby.By

teno’clockthismorning,wehadvisitedShanghaiMuseum. they completedthejob. noonyesterday she donethework. teno’clockthismorningI hadbreakfast. we beenforaswim.Byhad行业PPT模板http:///hangye/判断依据1.由时间状语来判定一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：（1）

by+过去的时间点。如：Ihadfinishedreadingthenovelbynineo'clocklastnight.（2）

bytheendof+过去的时间点。如：WehadlearnedovertwothousandEnglishwordsbytheendoflastterm.（3）

before+过去的时间点。如：TheyhadplantedsixhundredtreesbeforelastWednesday.Thetablebelowshowswhatsomeofthetouristsdidyesterdayafternoonaftertheyarrivedattheirhotel.Useinformationfromthetabletocompletetheconversation.Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou.hadwashedherhairhadphonedhomehadgoneforaswimhadhadsometeahadgotsomepostcardshadgoneforawalkhadchangedsomemoneyhadhadashowerhadboughtsomesnacksEarlierandlateractionsinthepastWhenwetalkabouttwoactionsinthepast,weusethepastperfecttensefortheearlieraction,andthesimplepasttenseforthelateraction. Victorputdownthetelephone.Hehadjustphonedhome. Elsadriedherhair.Shehadalreadywashedit.just

and

alreadyWeoftenusejustandalreadywiththepastperfecttensefortheearlieractioninthepast.Thesesentencesbelowareaboutlateractions.UseinformationfromthetableinA1toaddsentencesaboutearlieractions.Usejustoralready.Thefirstonehasbendoneforyou.B1Shehadjusthadsometea.Hehadjustchangedsomemoney.Hehadalreadyboughtsomesnacks.Shehadjusthadashower.Hehadalreadygotsomepostcards.行业PPT模板http:///hangye/判断依据2.由“过去的过去”来判定。过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：（1）宾语从句中当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句。如：

Shesaidthatshehadseenthefilmbefore.过去完成时常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。例如：Hesaidthathehadknownherwell.他说他很熟悉她。

IthoughtIhadsenttheletteraweekbefore.我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。行业PPT模板http:///hangye/判断依据（2）状语从句中在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如：

WhenIgottothestation,thetrainhadalreadyleft.

Afterhehadfinishedhishomework,hewenttobed.注意：

before,after引导的时间状语从句中，由于before和after本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如：Wheredidyoustudybeforeyoucamehere?Afterheclosedthedoor,helefttheclassroom.（3）叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。例如：Mr.Smithdiedyesterday.Hehadbeenagoodfriendofmine.史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。Ididn’tknowathingabouttheverbs,forIhadnotstudiedmylesson.我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。如when,before,after,assoonas,till/until引导的例如：WhenIwokeup,ithadalreadystoppedraining.我醒来时雨已停了。Shedidn’tgotobeduntilshehadfinishedherwork.她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，因为这时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。例如：

AfterhearrivedinEngland,MarxworkedhardtoimprovehisEnglish.马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。

beforeand

afterThereisnodifferenceinmeaningbetweenthetwosentencesabove.However,thewomanwantstoemphasizethatsheatebreakfastfirst,sosheusedthepastperfecttensehadeaten.After

Iatebreakfast,Iwentforaswim.After

Ihad

eaten

breakfast,Iwentforaswim.Themanwantstoemphasizethathehadawalkfirst,soheusedthepastperfecttensehadhad.BeforeIatebreakfast,Ihad

awalk.Before

Iate

breakfast,Ihad

had

awalk.Bythetimeandbeforehaveasimilarmeaninginsentenceswithtwoclauses,e.g.,Wehadarrivedbythetime/beforeitstartedraining.TipsReadtheconversationbetweentwotouristsandunderlinetheverbsforearlieractionsintheresponses.Thenemphasizewhathappenedfirstbyusingtheverbsinthepastperfecttense.Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou.B21

T1 Didyougoshoppingbeforedinner?

T2 No.Wewentshoppingafterwefinisheddinner.2

T1 Didyougobacktothehotellater?

T2 Yes,butbeforewewentback,wedidallourshopping.No.Wewentshoppingafterwehadfinisheddinner.Yes,butbeforewewentback,wehaddoneallourshopping.3

T1 DidyouseetheSunrisefromEastPeak?

T2 No.Unfortunately,itrosebeforewereachedthetop.4

T1 WhatwasthesunsetlikeatBlueBay?

T2 Great!Itsetafewminutesafterwearrivedthere.5

T1 DidyouwalkaroundthePeak?

T2 Yes,andafterwewalkedaroundit,wetooklotsofphotos.6 T1 ButIthoughtyourcamerawasbroken?

T2 Itwas,butbeforewereachedBlueBay,wegotitrepaired.No.Unfortunately,ithadrisenbeforewereachedthetop.Great!Itsetafewminutesafterwehadarrivedthere.Yes,andafterwehadwalkedaroundit,wetooklotsofphotos.Itwas,butbeforewereachedBlueBay,wehadgotitrepaired.行业PPT模板http:///hangye/判断依据（3）表示意向的动词，如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"Wehadhopedthatyouwouldcome,butyoudidn't.

3.根据上、下文来