全国翻译专业资格（水平）考试英语二级笔译实务章节题

全国翻译专业资格（水平）考试英语二级笔译实务章节题Section1:English-ChineseTranslation(60points)Passage1Theworld’stransitiontonet-zerocarbonemissionsby2050isoneofthemostcomplexandambitiouscollectiveundertakingsinhumanhistory,requiringfundamentalshiftsinhowweproduceenergy,manufacturegoods,movepeopleandproducts,anddesigncities.Fordecades,climatepolicydiscussionshavecenteredonthetrade-offsbetweenenvironmentalactionandeconomicgrowth,withcriticsarguingthataggressivedecarbonizationwouldraiseenergycosts,eliminatejobsintraditionalindustries,andhinderdevelopmentinlowandmiddle-incomecountries.Yetagrowingbodyofempiricalevidencefromregionsthathaveimplementedambitiousclimatepoliciessuggeststhesetrade-offsarefarlessseverethanoftenclaimed,andthatwell-designeddecarbonizationstrategiescandelivertangibleeconomicandsocialco-benefitsthatoffsetshort-termadjustmentcosts.TaketheEuropeanUnion’sGreenDeal,apolicyframeworklaunchedin2019thataimstocutthebloc’semissionsby55percentby2030comparedto1990levels,andachieveclimateneutralityby2050.Between2019and2023,despitetheunprecedentedshocksoftheCOVID-19pandemicandtheglobalenergycrisistriggeredbytheRussianinvasionofUkraine,theEU’srenewableenergycapacitygrewby40percent,withsolarandwindpowernowaccountingfor22percentofthebloc’stotalelectricitygeneration,upfrom15percentin2019.Overthesameperiod,thenumberofjobsintheEU’scleanenergysectorroseby18percentto5.4million,outpacingjobgrowthinfossilfuelindustries,whichdeclinedby12percentascoalandoilproductionwasphaseddowninlinewithclimatetargets.CriticsoftheGreenDealoftenpointtoshort-termspikesinenergypricesin2022,whennaturalgaspricesintheEUroseto10timestheirpre-pandemiclevels,asevidencethatdecarbonizationincreaseshouseholdenergycosts.ButanalysisbytheEuropeanCommissionshowsthathouseholdsthathadinstalledrooftopsolarpanelsandenergy-efficientheatingsystemssawtheirenergybillsrisebyjust12percentonaveragein2022,comparedtoa57percentincreaseforhouseholdsrelyingentirelyonfossilfuel-basedheatingandgridelectricity.Moreover,theEU’sacceleratedrolloutofrenewableenergysince2022hasreducedthebloc’sannualnaturalgasimportsby120billioncubicmeters,cuttingitsexpenditureonfossilfuelimportsby€400billionin2023alone,savingsthataregraduallybeingpassedontoconsumersthroughlowerenergytaxesandtargetedsubsidiesforlow-incomehouseholds.Theeconomicbenefitsofdecarbonizationarenotlimitedtoadvancedeconomies.InIndia,thegovernment’sNationalSolarMission,launchedin2010,aimedtoinstall20gigawattsofsolarpowercapacityby2022,atargetthatwasexceededfouryearsearly,withtotalinstalledsolarcapacityreaching70gigawattsby2022andontracktohit280gigawattsby2030.ThecostofsolarpowerinIndiahasfallenby85percentsince2010,makingitthecheapestsourceofnewelectricitygenerationinthecountry,undercuttingbothcoalandnaturalgas.A2023studybytheCouncilonEnergy,EnvironmentandWater,aNewDelhi-basedthinktank,foundthatthesolarsectornowemploys1.1millionpeopleinIndia,70percentofwhomareruralworkerswhopreviouslyreliedoninformalagriculturallaborforincome.Forruralcommunitieswithoutaccesstogridelectricity,small-scaleoff-gridsolarsystemshavealsodeliveredtransformativesocialbenefits,enablingchildrentostudyafterdark,poweringlocalhealthclinicstostorevaccinesandrunmedicalequipment,andsupportingsmallbusinessessuchastailorsandmobilephonerepairshopstoextendtheiroperatinghours.Oneofthemostpersistentmythsaboutdecarbonizationisthatitwillimposeunacceptablecostsonheavyindustry,particularlysectorssuchassteel,cement,andchemicals,whichtogetheraccountfor30percentofglobalcarbonemissions.Butrecenttechnologicalbreakthroughsingreenhydrogenproduction,carboncaptureandstorage,andcirculareconomyprocessesaremakinglow-carbonindustrialproductionincreasinglycost-competitive.InSweden,thesteelcompanySSABlaunchedtheworld’sfirstcommercial-scalefossil-freesteelproductionfacilityin2021,usinghydrogenproducedfromrenewableelectricityinsteadofcokingcoaltoreduceironore.By2023,thecompanyhadreceivedordersfor1.5milliontonsoffossil-freesteelfrommajormanufacturersincludingVolvo,IKEA,andMercedes-Benz,atapricepremiumofjust15percentovertraditionalsteel,agapthatisexpectedtonarrowtozeroby2026asproductionscalesupandrenewableenergycostscontinuetofall.A2024reportbytheInternationalEnergyAgencyfoundthatifglobalsteelmakersadopthydrogen-basedproductiontechnologiesatscale,thesectorcouldcutitsemissionsby75percentby2050,whilecreating6millionnewjobsworldwide,mostlyinregionswithabundantrenewableenergyresources.Thetransitiontonet-zeroisnotwithoutitschallenges,ofcourse.Workersintraditionalfossilfuelindustriesoftenfacesignificantbarrierstotransitioningtocleanenergyjobs,includinggapsinskillstraining,limitedgeographicmobility,andlackofsocialsafetynetstosupportthemduringperiodsofunemployment.IntheUnitedStates,forexample,coalminerswholosetheirjobsasminescloseseetheiraverageannualearningsfallby30percentinthefirstyearafterunemployment,andonly40percentareabletofindnewjobsthatmatchtheirprevioussalarylevelswithouttargetedretrainingprograms.Toaddresstheseissues,governmentsimplementingdecarbonizationpoliciesneedtodesignjusttransitionframeworksthatincludededicatedfundingforskillstraining,wagesubsidiesforworkersmovingtocleanenergyjobs,andpensionguaranteesforolderworkerswhoareclosetoretirement.InGermany,thecountry’sCoalPhase-outAct,passedin2020,allocates€40billioninfundingfortheregionsthatwillbemostaffectedbytheclosureofcoalminesby2038,including€15billionforworkerretraining,€10billionforinfrastructureinvestmenttoattractnewcleanenergyindustriestoformercoalregions,and€5billionforpensionsupplementsforworkerswhoarewithin10yearsofretirementage.Earlydatafromtheprogramshowsthat72percentofcoalworkerswhohaveparticipatedintheretrainingschemeshavefoundnewjobsintherenewableenergy,construction,anddigitaltechnologysectors,ataveragesalaries5percenthigherthantheirpreviousearningsinthecoalindustry.Anotherkeychallengeisensuringthatlowandmiddle-incomecountrieshaveaccesstothefinancingandtechnologytheyneedtodecarbonizetheireconomieswithoutsacrificingtheirdevelopmentgoals.TheUnitedNationsestimatesthatdevelopingcountriesneed$2.4trillionperyearinclimatefinanceby2030toadapttotheimpactsofclimatechangeandtransitiontolow-carbonenergysystems,butcurrentannualclimatefinanceflowstodevelopingcountriesstandatjust$800billion,lessthanathirdoftherequiredamount.Multilateraldevelopmentbankshaveacriticalroletoplayinclosingthisgap,byde-riskingprivatesectorinvestmentincleanenergyprojectsindevelopingcountries,offeringconcessionalloanswithlowinterestratesandlongrepaymentperiods,andsupportingthetransferofcleantechnologyfromadvancedeconomiestodevelopingcountries.InKenya,forexample,a$500millionconcessionalloanfromtheWorldBanksupportedtheconstructionofthe310-megawattLakeTurkanaWindPowerproject,thelargestwindfarminAfrica,whichnowsupplies17percentofthecountry’selectricity,hascutKenya’sannualcarbonemissionsby700,000tons,andhasreducedaverageelectricitypricesforconsumersby12percentsinceitcameonlinein2019.Theprojectalsocreated2,500constructionjobsforlocalcommunities,and20percentoftheproject’sannualrevenueisallocatedtolocaldevelopmentprojects,includingschools,healthclinics,andwatersupplysystems.Ascountriesaroundtheworldacceleratetheirdecarbonizationefforts,itisimportanttorecognizethatthereisnoone-size-fits-allapproachtothenet-zerotransition.Eachcountry’sdecarbonizationpathwaywilldependonitsuniqueresourceendowments,levelofeconomicdevelopment,andinstitutionalcapacity.Whatisuniversal,however,isthefactthatdelayingactiononclimatechangewillbefarmorecostlythanactingnow.TheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeestimatesthatifglobalwarmingexceeds1.5degreesCelsiusabovepre-industriallevels,theannualeconomicdamagesfromextremeweatherevents,cropfailures,sealevelrise,andpublichealthcriseswillreach$14.5trillionperyearby2050,disproportionatelyaffectingthepoorestandmostvulnerablecommunitiesaroundtheworld.Bycontrast,theglobalcostoftransitioningtonet-zeroemissionsby2050isestimatedat$9.2trillionperyearbetweennowand2050,afigurethatincludesnotonlythecostofbuildingnewcleanenergyinfrastructureandretrofittingexistingbuildingsandindustrialfacilities,butalsothesavingsfromreducedfossilfuelimports,lowerhealthcarecostsfromreducedairpollution,andincreasedproductivityfrommoreefficientenergysystems.Whentheseco-benefitsarefactoredin,thenetcostofthetransitionfallstolessthan$1trillionperyear,asmallfractionoftheestimateddamagesfromunmitigatedclimatechange.Thetransitiontonet-zeroisalsoahistoricopportunitytobuildamoreequitableandsustainableglobaleconomy,onethatprioritizestheneedsofmarginalizedcommunities,createshigh-qualityjobsacrossallsectors,andensuresthatthebenefitsofcleanenergyaccessaresharedwidely.Fordecades,theglobalenergysystemhasbeenstructuredaroundtheextractionandcombustionoffossilfuels,amodelthathasconcentratedwealthinthehandsofasmallnumberoflargecorporationsandwealthynations,whileimposingdisproportionateenvironmentalandhealthcostsonlow-incomecommunitiesanddevelopingcountries.Acleanenergysystem,bycontrast,isinherentlymoredecentralized,withsolarpanels,windturbines,andsmall-scalehydropowerprojectsabletobedeployedatthecommunitylevel,givinglocalcommunitiesgreatercontrolovertheirenergysupplyandkeepingmoreoftheeconomicbenefitsofenergyproductionwithinlocaleconomies.InCostaRica,forexample,98percentofthecountry’selectricitynowcomesfromrenewablesources,mostlysmall-scalehydro,wind,andgeothermalprojectsownedandoperatedbylocalcooperativeassociations.Sincethecountrybeganitstransitiontorenewableenergyinthe1990s,theshareofthepopulationwithaccesstoelectricityhasrisenfrom82percentto100percent,averageelectricitypriceshavefallenby38percent,andtheenergysectornowcontributes12percentofthecountry’sGDP,upfrom4percentin1990,with70percentofthatrevenuegoingtolocalcommunitiesratherthanmultinationalcorporations.Aswelooktothenextdecade,whichwillbecriticalfordeterminingwhethertheworldcanlimitglobalwarmingto1.5degreesCelsius,theneedforcoordinated,ambitiousactionfromgovernments,businesses,andcivilsocietyhasneverbeengreater.Thesuccessofthenet-zerotransitionwilldependnotonlyontechnologicalinnovationandinvestment,butalsoonourabilitytodesignpoliciesthatarefair,inclusive,andresponsivetotheneedsofthecommunitiesmostaffectedbythetransition.Fortoolong,climatepolicyhasbeenframedasaburdenthatrequiressacrificefromordinarypeople,buttheevidencefromcountriesthathavealreadymadesignificantprogressindecarbonizationshowsthatthetransitioncandelivertangibleimprovementsinlivingstandards,createneweconomicopportunities,andbuildmoreresilientcommunitiesforfuturegenerations.Thechoicefacingpolicymakerstodayisnotbetweenprotectingtheenvironmentandpromotingeconomicgrowth,butbetweenbuildingaprosperous,sustainablefutureforall,orlockinginafutureofrisinginequality,catastrophicclimatedisasters,andeconomicdecline.Passage2Advancesinartificialintelligenceoverthepastdecadehavetransformednearlyeverysectoroftheglobaleconomy,fromhealthcareandeducationtofinanceandmanufacturing,offeringunprecedentedopportunitiestoimproveproductivity,solvecomplexscientificproblems,andexpandaccesstoessentialservices.GenerativeAIsystems,whicharecapableofproducingtext,images,audio,andvideothatareindistinguishablefromcontentcreatedbyhumans,haveemergedasoneofthemosttransformativetechnologicalinnovationsofthe21stcentury,withthepotentialtoadd$2.6trillionto$4.4trillionannuallytotheglobaleconomyby2030,accordingtoa2023reportbyMcKinseyGlobalInstitute.Yetasthesesystemsbecomeincreasinglypowerfulandubiquitous,theyalsoraiseprofoundethical,legal,andsocietalchallenges,fromalgorithmicbiasandmisinformationtojobdisplacementandthreatstoprivacy,thatrequireurgent,coordinatedpolicyresponsestoensurethatthebenefitsofAIaresharedequitablyacrossallsegmentsofsociety,andthattherisksaremitigatedeffectively.OneofthemostwidelydiscussedrisksofgenerativeAIisitspotentialtodisruptlabormarkets,automatingawiderangeofwhite-collarjobsthatwerepreviouslyconsideredimmunetoautomation,includinglegalresearch,contentwriting,graphicdesign,andbasicsoftwaredevelopment.A2024studybytheOECDfoundthat27percentofjobsacrossits38membercountriesareathighriskofautomationbygenerativeAI,withworkersinthebottom20percentoftheincomedistribution3timesmorelikelytolosetheirjobstoAIthanworkersinthetop20percent,aslow-wagejobsinadministrativesupport,customerservice,anddataentryarethefirsttobeautomated.ContrarytopopularnarrativesthatAIwillleadtomassunemployment,however,mosteconomicresearchsuggeststhattheprimaryimpactofAIwillbetotransformjobsratherthaneliminatethementirely,automatingroutinetaskswithinroleswhilecreatingdemandfornewskillsrelatedtoAIdevelopment,deployment,andoversight.A2023analysisbytheWorldEconomicForumestimatesthatwhileAIwillautomate85millionjobsgloballyby2025,itwillalsocreate97millionnewjobsinfieldssuchasAItraining,promptengineering,AIethics,andcybersecurity,leadingtoanetgainof12millionjobsoverthenexttwoyears.ThekeytoensuringasmoothtransitiontoanAI-poweredeconomyisinvestingincomprehensivereskillingandupskillingprogramsthathelpworkersadapttothechangingdemandsofthelabormarket.InSingapore,thegovernment’sSkillsFutureinitiative,launchedin2015,provideseveryadultcitizenwitha$500crediteveryyearthatcanbeusedtopayforapprovedtrainingcourses,includingcoursesinAIliteracy,dataanalytics,anddigitalskills.SincethelaunchofgenerativeAItoolsin2022,thegovernmenthasallocatedanadditional$200milliontoexpandtheSkillsFutureprogram,withafocusontrainingmid-careerworkersinsectorsthataremostexposedtoAIautomation,includingfinance,media,andprofessionalservices.Earlyevaluationsoftheprogramshowthat68percentofworkerswhocompletedAI-relatedtrainingcoursessawtheirsalariesincreasebyanaverageof18percentwithin12months,and72percentwereabletotransitiontonewroleswithhigherlevelsofresponsibilitythatintegrateAItoolsintotheirdailywork.AnothercriticalchallengeposedbygenerativeAIisthespreadofmisinformationanddisinformation,particularlyduringelectionsandpublichealthcrises.AI-generateddeepfakes,whichusemachinelearningalgorithmstocreaterealisticvideos,audiorecordings,andimagesofpeoplesayingordoingthingstheyneverdid,arebecomingincreasinglyeasyandcheaptoproduce,withevenbasicopen-sourceAItoolscapableofgeneratingconvincingdeepfakesinminutesforlessthan$1.Duringthe2024generalelectioninIndia,forexample,fact-checkingorganizationsidentifiedmorethan12,000AI-generatedfakevideosandimagescirculatingonsocialmedia,includingfakevideosofpoliticalleadersmakingincendiaryremarks,fakeimagesofpollingstationfraud,andAI-generatedvoicerecordingsofcandidatespromisingtocutsocialwelfareprograms.A2024studybytheUniversityofOxfordfoundthatvoterswhowereexposedtoAI-generatedmisinformationduringtheelectionwere23percentlesslikelytovote,and18percentmorelikelytoreportlowlevelsoftrustindemocraticinstitutions,comparedtovoterswhowerenotexposedtosuchcontent.ToaddressthethreatofAI-generatedmisinformation,governmentsaroundtheworldareexploringarangeofpolicyresponses,includingmandatorywatermarkingofAI-generatedcontent,transparencyrequirementsforsocialmediaplatformstolabelAI-generatedcontent,andcriminalpenaltiesforthecreationanddistributionofdeepfakesintendedtoharmindividualsorinterferewithdemocraticprocesses.IntheEuropeanUnion,theAIAct,passedin2024,classifiesAIsystemsusedtogeneratedeepfakesas“unacceptablerisk”systemsiftheyareusedtointerferewithelectionsorspreaddisinformationaboutpublichealth,imposingfinesofupto6percentofglobalannualrevenueforcompaniesthatviolatetherules,andrequiringallgenerativeAIsystemstoembedinvisiblewatermarksinallcontenttheyproduce,sothatAI-generatedcontentcanbeeasilyidentifiedbyfact-checkersandsocialmediaplatforms.ThelawalsorequiressocialmediaplatformsoperatingintheEUtoremoveAI-generatedmisinformationwithin24hoursofitbeingreported,orfacefinesofupto4percentofglobalannualrevenue.EarlydatafromtheEU’simplementationoftheAIActshowsthatthevolumeofAI-generatedmisinformationcirculatingonmajorsocialmediaplatformsintheEUfellby62percentinthefirstsixmonthsafterthelawcameintoeffect,and88percentofAI-generatedcontentontheseplatformsisnowclearlylabeledassuch.AlgorithmicbiasisanothermajorriskassociatedwithgenerativeAIsystems,whichlearnpatternsfromlargedatasetsofexistingcontent,andasaresult,oftenreplicateandamplifythesocialbiasesthatarepresentinthosedatasets.A2023studybyStanfordUniversity’sCenterforInternetandSocietyfoundthatpopulargenerativeAIimagetoolswere34percentmorelikelytogenerateimagesofdoctors,engineers,andcorporateexecutivesaswhitemen,and47percentmorelikelytogenerateimagesofnurses,teachers,andadministrativeassistantsaswomenofcolor,whenpromptedwithneutraljobtitles.Similarly,a2024studybytheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,foundthatgenerativeAItoolsusedbybankstoevaluateloanapplicationswere22percentmorelikelytorejectloanapplicationsfromBlackandLatinoborrowerswiththesamecreditscoresandfinancialprofilesaswhiteborrowers,leadingtosignificantdisparitiesinaccesstocreditformarginalizedcommunities.Addressingalgorithmicbiasrequiresamulti-facetedapproach,includingmorediversetrainingdatasets,independentthird-partyauditsofAIsystemsbeforetheyaredeployed,andgreaterdiversityintheAIdevelopmentworkforce.InCanada,thegovernment’sAIandDataAct,passedin2023,requiresallcompaniesdeployinghigh-riskAIsystems,includingsystemsusedforlending,hiring,andcriminaljustice,toconductmandatorybiasauditsbyindependentthirdpartiesbeforethesystemsarelaunched,andtopublishpublicreportsdetailingtheresultsoftheseaudits,includinganydisparitiesinoutcomesfordifferentdemographicgroups.ThelawalsorequirescompaniestodisclosethecompositionoftheirAIdevelopmentteams,andofferstaxincentivestocompaniesthatincreasetherepresentationofwomen,racialminorities,andIndigenouspeopleintheirAIworkforces.Between2023and2024,theshareofAIdevelopmentteamsinCanadathatincludeatleast30percentwomenrosefrom28percentto47percent,andtherateofalgorithmicbiasinhigh-riskAIsystemsdeployedinthecountryfellby58percent,accordingtoa2024reportbytheCanadianOfficeofthePrivacyCommissioner.TherapiddevelopmentofgenerativeAIalsoraisessignificantchallengesforintellectualpropertylaw,asAIsystemsaretrainedonvastamountsofcopyrightedcontent,includingbooks,articles,images,andmusic,oftenwithoutthepermissionoftheoriginalcreators.In2023,agroupof17authors,includingNobelPrize-winningauthorToniMorrisonandbest-sellingnovelistStephenKing,filedalawsuitagainstOpenAI,allegingthatthecompanyhadcopiedtheirentirebodyofworkwithoutpermissiontotrainitsGPT-4model,anddemandingcompensationforcopyrightinfringement.Similarly,in2024,agroupof5,000visualartistsfiledaclass-actionlawsuitagainstStabilityAIandMidJourney,twoleadinggenerativeAIimagecompanies,allegingthatthecompanieshadtrainedtheirmodelson12millioncopyrightedimagescreatedbytheartistswithoutconsentorcompensation.TheselawsuitshavesparkedaglobaldebateabouthowtoupdateintellectualpropertylawsfortheAIera,balancingtheneedtoincentivizeAIinnovationwiththeneedtoprotecttherightsofcreatorstobecompensatedfortheirwork.SeveralcountriesarealreadyexperimentingwithnewintellectualpropertyframeworksforAI.InJapan,thegovernmentreviseditscopyrightlawin2023toallowAIsystemstobetrainedoncopyrightedcontentwithoutthepermissionoftheoriginalcreators,providedthattheuseofthecontentisfornon-commercialresearchpurposes,orthattheAIsystem’soutputdoesnotinfringeontheoriginalwork’scopyright.ForcommercialusecaseswhereAIsystemsgeneratecontentthatissubstantiallysimilartoexistingcopyrightedworks,thelawrequiresAIcompaniestopayroyaltiestotheoriginalcreators,basedontheextenttowhichtheirworkwasusedtotraintheAImodel.InSouthKorea,thegovernmentintroducedanew“AIcopyrightlicense”systemin2024,whichallowscreatorstoregistertheirworkinanationaldatabase,andsetsstandardroyaltyratesforAIcompaniesthatusetheworktotraintheirmodels,rangingfrom0.01wonto0.1wonperwordfortextcontent,and10wonto100wonperimageforvisualcontent.ThesystemhasbeenwidelypraisedbybothcreatorsandAIcompanies,with82percentofregisteredcreatorsreportingthattheyhavereceivedroyaltypaymentsfortheuseoftheirworkinAItraining,and76percentofAIcompaniesreportingthatthesystemhasreducedtheirlegalrisksandmadeiteasiertoaccesstrainingdata.AsAIsystemsbecomeincreasinglypowerful,thereisalsogrowingconcernaboutthepotentialforthesesystemstoposeexistentialriskstohumanity,particularlyasresearchersdevelopartificialgeneralintelligence(AGI)systemsthatarecapableofperforminganyintellectualtaskthatahumancando.WhilemostexpertsagreethatAGIisstilldecadesaway,a2023surveyof800leadingAIresearchersfoundthat36percentofrespondentsbelievethatAGIcouldleadtooutcomesthatare“extremelybad”forhumanity,suchasnuclearwar,large-scalebioterrorism,orthedisplacementofhumandecision-makingincriticalsectorssuchasenergy,healthcare,andnationalsecurity.Inresponsetotheseconcerns,governmentsaroundtheworldarebeginningtodevelopregulatoryframeworksforhigh-riskAIresearch,includingmandatorysafetytestingforadvancedAImodelsbeforetheyaredeployed,andinternationalcooperationtosetglobalsafetystandardsforAIdevelopment.In2024,theUnitedStates,theEuropeanUnion,China,and25othercountriessignedtheBletchleyParkDeclarationonAISafety,whichcommitssignatorycountriestoshareinformationaboutAIsafetyrisks,conductjointresearchintoAIsafetyprotocols,andimplementmandatorypre-deploymenttestingforallAImodelsthatexceedcertaincapabilitythresholds,includingmodelsthatcandesignbiologicalpathogens,controlcriticalinfrastructure,orgeneratelarge-scaledisinformationcampaigns.ThegovernanceofAIisaglobalchallengethatrequiresglobalcooperation,asAIsystemsdonotrespectnationalborders,andtherisksposedbyunregulatedAIdevelopmentinonecountrycanhavespillovereffectsontheentireworld.Lowandmiddle-incomecountries,whichhavetheleastcapacitytoregulateAIdevelopmentandthemosttolosefromthenegativeimpactsofAI,includingincreasedinequality,misinformation,anderosionofculturalsovereignty,mustbeincludedinglobalAIgovernanceprocesses,ratherthanbeingsidelinedinfavoroftheinterestsoflargetechnologycompaniesandwealthynations.TheUnitedNations’AIAdvisoryBody,establishedin2023,includesrepresentativesfrom42countries,60percentofwhicharefromlowandmiddle-incomecountries,andistaskedwithdevelopingglobalAIgovernanceprinciplesthatprioritizethepublicgood,protecthumanrights,andensurethatthebenefitsofAIaresharedequitablyacrossallcountries.Thebody’s2024reportonglobalAIgovernancecallsforthecreationofaglobalAIfund,financedbya1percenttaxontherevenueoflargeAIcompanies,whichwouldprovidegrantstolowandmiddle-incomecountriestosupportthedevelopmentoflocalAIecosystems,trainworkersinAIskills,andbuildregulatorycapacitytooverseeAIdeploymentintheircountries.AswestandatthecuspoftheAIrevolution,thechoiceswemaketodayabouthowtogovernthesepowerfultechnologieswillshapethefutureofhumanityfordecadestocome.AIhasthepotentialtocurediseases,reduceglobalpoverty,tackleclimatechange,andunlocknewfrontiersofhumanknowledge,butthesebenefitswillonlyberealizedifwebuildgovernanceframeworksthatprioritizehumanrights,equity,andthepublicgoodoverprivateprofitandtechnologicaladvancementforitsownsake.Thehistoryoftechnologicalinnovationshowsthatnewtechnologiesdonotinherentlyleadtobetterormoreequitablesocieties;theirimpactdependsontheinstitutions,policies,andnormsthatwebuildtoguidetheirdevelopmentanduse.Byworkingtogetheracrossborders,sectors,andcommunities,wecanensurethattheAIre