管理信息技术(英文版)492

Chapter1InformationTechnology:StrategicApplicationinaDigitalEconomyandBusinessEnvironment

Chapter12LearningObjectivesDescribethecharacteristicsofthedigitaleconomyande-business.Recognizetherelationshipsbetweenbusinesspressures,organizationalresponses,andinformationsystems.Identifythemajorpressuresinthebusinessenvironmentanddescribethemajororganizationalresponsestothem.Definecomputer-basedinformationsystemsandinformationtechnology.Describetheroleofinformationtechnologyinsupportingthefunctionalareas,publicservicesandspecificindustriesListthenewtechnologydevelopmentintheareasofgenericandnetworkedcomputingandWeb-basedsystems.Understandtheimportanceoflearningaboutinformationtechnology.Chapter13DigitalEconomy–“New”EconomyE-Business:Theuseofelectronictechnologiestotransactbusiness.Collaboration:PeopleandOrganizationsinteract,communicate,collaborateandsearchforinformationInformationExchange:Storing,processingandtransmissionofinformation.Chapter14DigitalBusinessNetworksInternetTelecommunicationsConsumerIn-officeFieldSalesChapter15TheOldEconomy–TakingPhoto’sBuyfilminastoreLoadyourcameraTakepicturesTakerolloffilmtostoreforprocessingPickupthefilmwhenreadySelectspecificphotosforenlargementMailtofamilyandfriendsChapter16TheNewEconomy–TakingPhoto’s1stGenerationDigitalPhotographyOldeconomyexcept6and7werereplacedbyusingascannerandemailing2ndGenerationDigitalPhotographyUseaDigitalCamera,nofilm,noprocessing.3rdGenerationDigitalPhotographyYourDigitalCameraisnowyourmobilephone,inyourbinocularsorapalmtopcomputer.

Chapter17BusinessModelsAbusinessmodelisamethodofdoingbusinessbywhichacompanycangeneraterevenuetosustainitself.Themodelspellsouthowthecompanyaddsvaluetocreateaproductorservice.(ValueChain)NokiamakesandsellscellphonesATVstationprovidesfreebroadcasting.Itssurvivaldependsonacomplexmodelinvolvingadvertisersandcontentproviders.Internetportals,suchasYahoo,alsouseacomplexbusinessmodel.ChangingChapter18DigitalAgeBusinessModelsName-Your-OwnPriceReverseAuctionsAffiliateMarketingE-MarketplacesandExchangesElectronicaggregation(buyinggroups)Chapter19DriversForcingChangesInBusinessModelsEnvironmental,organizational,andtechnologicalfactorsarecreatingahighlycompetitivebusinessenvironmentthesefactorsorforcescanchangequickly,sometimesinanunpredictablemanner.Therefore,companiesneedtoreactfrequentlyandquicklytoboththethreatsandtheopportunitiesresultingfromthisnewbusinessenvironment.Aresponsecanbeareactiontoapressurealreadyinexistence,aninitiativeintendedtodefendanorganizationagainstfuturepressures,oranactivitythatexploitsanopportunitycreatedbychangingconditions.BusinessPressuresBusinessCriticalResponseActivitiesChapter110TheDriversofchangeBusinessPressuresonanOrganizationthatforcechange.MarketTechnologySocietyChapter111TheDriversofchangeContinuedBusinessPressuresonanOrganization.MarketSocietyTechnologyChapter112OrganizationalResponsetotheseDriversStrategicManagement&SystemsContinuousImprovement–OperationalEfficiencyRestructuringbusinessprocessesManufacturertoorder,Mass-CustomizationCustomerFocusStrategyElectronicbusinessBusinessAlliancesTechnologyisrequiredtoeffectivelyimplementthesecriticalresponses.Chapter113InputInformationSystemAninformationsystem(IS)collects,processes,stores,analyzes,anddisseminatesinformationforaspecificpurpose.Likeanyothersystem,aninformationsystemincludesinputs

(data,instructions)andoutputs(reports,calculations).ItprocessestheinputsbyusingtechnologysuchasPCsandproducesoutputsthataresenttousersortoothersystemsviaelectronicnetworksandafeedbackmechanismthatcontrolstheoperation.OutputProcessFeedbackControlChapter114InformationSystemIsASystemChapter115ComputerBasedInformationSystemHardwareSoftwareDataNetworkProceduresPeopleHardwareSoftwarePeopleDataApplicationMorethanhardwareandsoftwareChapter116ApplicationsandOperationsRetailoperationsWholesaleManufacturingHumanResourcesMarketingContentmanagement…Chapter117InformationSystemsFunctionalPerspectiveMarketingIdentifycustomersDeterminewhattheywantPlanningproductsAdvertisingandpromotingproductsDeterminepricesforproductsChapter118InformationSystemsFunctionalPerspectiveSalesContactcustomersSelltheproductTaketheorderFollow-uponthesale5yearsalesforecastChapter119InformationSystemsFunctionalPerspectiveManufacturingControlEquipmentandmachineryDesignnewproductsWhenandquantityofproductstoproduceNewproductionfacilitiesGeneratetheworkorderChapter120InformationSystemsFunctionalPerspectivePurchasingWhichvendorsQuantitytopurchaseCoop,rebatetrackingHandledeliverydiscrepanciesGeneratethepurchaseorderChapter121InformationSystemsFunctionalPerspectiveFinanceFinancialAssetsInvestmentmanagementBankingLongtermbudgetsChapter122InformationSystemsFunctionalPerspectiveAccountingAccountsReceivableDisbursementsPayrollDepreciationEarnedCoopandRebatesChapter123InformationSystemsFunctionalPerspectiveHumanResourcesEmployeewages,salaries&benefitsLongtermlaborrequirementsTrackingvacation,sick,TrackemployeeskillsInterviewandreviewemployeesChapter124TrendsinTechnologyCost-performanceratioofchipskeepsimproving.Moore’sLaw,hispredictionwasthattheprocessingpowerofsiliconchipswoulddoubleevery18months.AccordingtoMcGarvey&,statesthattheperformanceofopticalcommunicationnetworksisgrowingbyafactorof10everythreeyearsSeveralnewdevicesandmethodstoincreasestoragecapacitypriceperformanceObjecttechnologyenablesthedevelopmentofself-containedunitsofsoftwarethatcanbesharedNetworkedanddistributedcomputingisemergingrapidlyMetcalfe’sLaw.Chapter125TrendsinTechnology(continued)InternetMobileComputingandM-CommerceWirelessnetworksPervasiveComputingSmartDevicesChapter126TrendsinTechnology(continued)TheNetworkComputerOpticalNetworksStorageAreaNetworksIntranets&ExtranetsTheInternetTheNetworkedEnterpriseChapter127WhyStudyInformationSystems?Youwillbemoreeffectiveinyourchosencareerifyouunderstandhowsuccessfulinformationsystemsarebuilt,used,andmanaged.Youalsowillbemoreeffectiveifyouknowhowtorecognizeandavoidunsuccessfulsystemsandfailures.AccordingtotheUSBureauofLaborStatistics,“TopsevenfastestgrowingoccupationsfallwithinITorcomputerrelatedfield”Developing“Computer”Literacywillonlyenhanceyour“Information”LiteracyChapter128TheOutlineChapter129MANAGERIALISSUESRecognizingopportunitiesforusingITandWeb-basedsystems.Whowillbuild,operate,andmaintaintheinformationsystems.ThisisacriticalissuebecausemanagementwantstominimizethecostofITwhilemaximizingitsbenefits.Somealternativesaretooutsourceportions,orevenall,oftheITactivities,andtodividetheremainingworkbetweentheISdepartmentandtheendusers.

HowmuchIT?ThisisacriticalissuerelatedtoITplanning.ITdoesnotcomefree,butnothavingitmaybemuchcostlier.HowimportantisIT?Insomecases,ITistheonlyapproachthatcanhelporganizations.Astimepasses,thecomparativeadvantageofITincreases.Isthesituationgoingtochange?Yes,thepressureswillbestrongerastimepasses.Therefore,theITrolewillbeevenmoreimportant.Globalization.Globalcompetitionwillhaveanimpactonmanycompanies.However,globalizationopensmanyopportunities,rangingfromsellingandbuyingproductsandservicesonlineinforeignmarkets,toconductingjointventuresorinvestinginthem.ITsupportscommunications,collaboration,anddiscoveryofinformationregardingalltheabove.Chapter130MANAGERIALISSUESContinuedEthicsandsocialissues.TheimplementationofITinvolvesmanyethicalandsocialissuesthatareconstantlychangingduetonewdevelopmentsintechnologiesandenvironments.ThesetopicsshouldbeexaminedanytimeanITprojectisundertaken.Transformingtheorganizationtothedigitaleconomy.Thetransformationcanbedoneonseveralfronts.Managementshouldstudytheopportunities,consideralternativesandprioritizethem.Chapter231Chapter2UnderstandingandManagingInformationTechnologies

Chapter232LearningObjectivesDescribevariousinformationsystemsandtheirevolution,andcategorizespecificsystemsyouobserve.DescribeandcontrasttransactionprocessingandfunctionalinformationsystemsIdentifythemajorinternalsupportsystemsandrelatethemtomanagerialfunctions.DescribethesupportITprovidesalongthesupplychain,includingCRM.Discussinformationinfrastructureandarchitecture.Compareclient/serverarchitecture,mainframe-basedlegacysystems,andP2Parchcitectureandcommentontheirdifferences.DescribethemajortypesofWeb-basedinformationsystemsandunderstandtheirfunctionalities.Describenewcomputingenvironments.DescribehowinformationresourcesaremanagedandwhataretherolesoftheISDandendusersChapter233InformationSystem:

ConceptsandDefinitionsHardwareSoftwareDataNetworkProceduresPeopleHardwareSoftwarePeopleDataApplicationAninformationsystem(IS)collects,processes,stores,analyzes,anddisseminatesinformationforaspecificpurpose“Application”.Chapter234InformationSystem–PrimaryPurposeDataElementarydescriptionofthings,events,activities,andtransactionsthatarerecorded,classified,andstored,butnotorganizedtoconveyanyspecificmeetingInformationDatathathasbeenorganizedsothattheyhavemeaningandvaluetotherecipientKnowledgeInformationthathasbeenorganizedandprocessedtoconveyunderstanding,experienceandexpertiseastheyapplytoacurrentproblemoractivityCollectsdata,processesitintoinformationthenconvertsinformationintoknowledgeforaspecificpurpose.Chapter235InformationSystem–ClassificationByOrganizationalStructureDepartmentalISEnterprise-WideISInter-OrganizationalISAninformationsystem(IS)canspandepartments,businessunitsandcorporations.InformationsystemsareusuallyconnectedbymeansofelectronicnetworksChapter236InformationSystem-

ClassificationByFunction(Department)OperationsAccountingFinanceMarketingHumanresources

Aninformationsystem(IS)supporteachdepartmentinacorporation.TransactionProcessingSystems(TPS):AutomatesroutineandrepetitivetasksthatarecriticaltotheoperationoftheorganizationPoint-of-Sale(POS)Chapter237InformationSystem-ClassificationByFunction(Department)Aninformationsystem(IS)supporteachdepartmentinacorporation.Chapter238InformationSystem-ClassificationBySupportFunctionExecutiveSupportSystemManagementInformationSystemDecisionSupportSystemIntelligentSupportSystemsKnowledgeManagementSystemOfficeAutomationSystemTransactionProcessingSystem5-yearsalestrendProfitPlanning5-yearbudgetforecastingProductdevelopmentSalesManagementInventoryControlAnnualbudgetProductionSchedulingCostAnalysisPricingAnalysisSimulationPgmcodingSystemsupportWordProcessingDesktopPublishingOrderProcessingFulfillmentMaterialMovementA/R,A/P,GLPayrollPOSChapter239InformationSystem-ClassificationBySupportFunctionSupportingEnvironmentChapter240TransactionProcessingSystem(TPS)TPSautomatesroutineandrepetitivetasksthatarecriticaltotheoperationoftheorganization,suchaspreparingapayroll,billingcustomers,Point-of-SaleandWarehouseoperations.DatacollectedfromthisoperationsupportstheMISandDSSsystemsemployedbyMiddleManagementComputerizestheprimaryandmostofthesecondaryactivitiesontheValueChain.Primarypurposetoperformtransactionsandcollectdata.Chapter241ManagementInformationSystems(MIS)Thesesystemsaccess,organize,summarize,anddisplayedinformationforsupportingroutine

decisionmakinginthefunctionalareas.Gearedtowardmiddlemanagers,MISarecharacterizedmainlybytheirabilitytoproduceperiodicreportssuchasadailylistofemployeesandthehourstheywork,oramonthlyreportofexpensesascomparedtoabudgetTypicaluseswouldbeinReplenishment,PricingAnalysis(Markdowns)andSalesManagementDecisionssupportedaremorestructured.PrimarypurposetoprocessdataintoinformationChapter242DecisionSupportSystems(DSS)Thesesystemssupportcomplexnon-routinedecisions.PrimarypurposetoprocessdataintoinformationDSSsystemsaretypicallyemployedbytacticallevelmanagementwhosedecisionsandwhat-ifanalysisarelessstructured.Thisinformationsystemnotonlypresentstheresultsbutalsoexpandstheinformationwithalternatives.SomeDSSmethodologiesMathematicalModelingSimulationQueriesWhat-If(OLAP-Cubes)DataminingChapter243IntelligentSupportSystems(ISS)Essentially,artificialintelligence(AI)thesesystemsperformintelligentproblemsolving.OneapplicationofAIisexpertsystems.Expertsystems(ESs)providethestoredknowledgeofexpertstononexperts,sothelattercansolvedifficultortime-consumingproblems.TheseadvisorysystemsdifferfromTPS,whichcenteredondata,andfromMISandDSS,whichconcentratedonprocessinginformation.WithDSS,usersmaketheirdecisionsaccordingtotheinformationgeneratedfromthesystems.WithES,thesystemmakesrecommendeddecisionsfortheusersbasedonthebuilt-inexpertiseandknowledge.Chapter244ExecutiveSupportSystems(ESS)ESSsystemsorEnterpriseInformationSystems(EIS)originallywereimplementedtosupportSeniormanagement.Thesesystemshavebeenexpandedtosupportothermanagerswithintheenterprise.AttheseniormanagementleveltheysupportStrategicactivitieswhichdealwithsituationsthatsignificantlymaychangethemannerinwhichbusinessisdone.Chapter245OfficeAutomationSystems(OAS)Electroniccommunicationisonlyoneaspectofwhatisnowknownasanofficeautomationsystem(OAS).Otheraspectsincludewordprocessingsystems,documentmanagementsystemsanddesktoppublishingsystems.OASsystemsarepredominantlyusedbyclericalworkers

whosupportmanagersatalllevels.Amongclericalworkers,thosewhouse,manipulate,ordisseminateinformationarereferredtoasdataworkers.Chapter246KnowledgeManagementSystems(KMS)Anadditionallevelofstaffsupportnowexistsbetweentopandmiddlemanagement.Theseareprofessionalpeople,suchasfinancialandmarketinganalyststhatactasadvisorsandassistantstobothtopandmiddlemanagement.Theyareresponsibleforfindingordevelopingnewknowledge(ExternalContent)fortheorganizationandintegratingitwithexistingknowledge(InternalContent).KMSthatsupporttheseknowledgeworkersrangefromInternetsearchenginesandexpertsystems,toWeb-basedcomputer-aideddesignandsophisticateddatamanagementsystemsChapter247PeopleinorganizationsChapter248ExpandourScopetoIncludeExternalEnvironmentsUpstreamsupplychainincludestheorganization’sfirst-tiersuppliersandtheirsuppliersInternalsupplychainincludesalltheprocessesusedbyanorganizationintransformingtheinputsofthesupplierstooutputsDownstreamsupplychainincludesalltheprocessesinvolvedindeliveringtheproductstofinalcustomersComponentsoftheSupplyChainAsupplychainisaconceptdescribingtheflowofmaterials,information,money,andservicesfromrawmaterialsuppliersthroughfactoriesandwarehousestotheendcustomers.Chapter249ExpandourScopetoIncludeExternalEnvironmentsContinuedComponentsoftheSupplyChainChapter250Inter-OrganizationalSystems(IOS)IOSaresystemsthatconnecttwoormoreorganizations.Thesesystemsarecommonamongbusinesspartnersandplayamajorroleine-commerce,aswellasinsupplychainmanagementsupport.ThefirsttypeofITsystemthatwasdevelopedinthe1980stoimprovecommunicationswithbusinesspartnerswaselectronicdatainterchange(EDI),whichinvolvedcomputer-to-computerdirectcommunicationofstandardbusinessdocuments(suchaspurchaseordersandorderconfirmations)betweenbusinesspartners.Thesesystemsbecamethebasisforelectronicmarkets,thatlaterdevelopedtoelectroniccommerce.Web-basedsystems(manyusingXML)deliverbusinessapplicationsviatheInternet.UsingbrowsersandtheInternet,peopleindifferentorganizationscommunicate,collaborate,accessvastamountsofinformation,andrunmostoftheorganization’stasksandprocesses.Chapter251Inter-OrganizationalSystems(IOS)TwoormoreorganizationsChapter252InformationSystemsFunctionInformationInfrastructureHardwareSoftwareNetworks&communicationfacilitiesDatabasesISpersonnel

Chapter253InformationArchitectureClassifiedbyHardwareMainframeEnvironment

PCEnvironmentPC-LANEnvironmentDistributedComputingEnvironmentClient/serverEnvironmentEnterprise-wideComputingEnvironmentLegacysystems

Acommonwaytoclassifyinformationarchitectureisbycomputingparadigms,whicharethecoreofthearchitecture.Chapter254TheWebBasedITArchitecturesTheInternetIntranetsExtranetsCorporatePortalsE-commerceSystemsWeb-basedsystemsrefertothoseapplicationsorservicesthatareresidentonaserverthatisaccessibleusingaWebbrowser.Theonlyclient-sidesoftwareneededtoaccessandexecutetheseapplicationsisaWebbrowserenvironment.ElectronicStorefrontsElectronicMarketsElectronicExchangesM-CommerceEnterpriseWebChapter255ExtranetsConnectseveralintranetsviatheInternet,byaddingasecuritymechanismandsomeadditionalfunctionalitiesTheyformalargervirtualnetworkthatallowsremoteusers(suchasbusinesspartnersormobileemployees)tosecurelyconnectovertheInternettotheenterprise’smainintranet.Extranetsarealsoemployedbytwoormoreenterprises(suppliers&buyers)toshareinformationinacontrolledfashion,andthereforetheyplayamajorroleinthedevelopmentofbusiness-to-businesselectroniccommerceandSupplyChainsystems.Chapter256ManagingInformationSystemsInformationSystems(IS)

haveenormousstrategicvaluesowhentheyarenotworkingevenforashorttime,anorganizationcannotfunction.Furthermore,theLifeCycleCosts(acquisition,operation,security,andmaintenance)ofthesesystemsisconsiderable.Therefore,itisessentialtomanagethemproperly.Theplanning,organizing,implementing,operating,andcontrollingoftheinfrastructuresandtheorganization’sportfolioofapplicationsmustbedonewithgreatskill.Theresponsibilityforthemanagementofinformationresourcesisdividedbetweentwoorganizationalentities:Theinformationsystemsdepartment(ISD),whichisacorporateentitytheendusers,whoarescatteredthroughouttheorganization.

Chapter257MANAGERIALISSUESThetransitiontoe-business.Convertinganorganizationtoanetworked-computing-basede-businessmaybeacomplicatedprocess.Thee-businessrequiresaclient/serverarchitecture,anintranet,anInternetconnection,ande-commercepolicyandstrategy,allinthefaceofmanyunknownsandrisks.However,inmanyorganizationsthispotentiallypainfulconversionmaybetheonlywaytosucceedoreventosurvive.Whentodoit,howtodoit,whattheroleoftheenablinginformationtechnologieswillbe,andwhattheimpactswillbeofsuchaconversionaremajorissuesfororganizationstoconsider.Fromlegacysystemstoclient/servertointranets,corporateportals,andWeb-basedsystems.ArelatedmajorissueiswhetherandwhenandhowtomovefromthelegacysystemstoaWeb-basedclient/serverenterprise-widearchitecture.WhilethegeneraltrendistowardWeb-basedclient/server,therehavebeenseveralunsuccessfultransformations,andmanyunresolvedissuesregardingtheimplementationofthesesystems.Theintroductionofintranetsseemstobemucheasierthanthatofotherclient/serverapplications.Yet,movingtoanynewarchitecturerequiresnewinfrastructureandadecisionaboutwhattodowiththelegacysystems,whichmayhaveaconsiderableimpactonpeople,qualityofwork,andbudget.Amajoraspectistheintroductionofwirelessinfrastructure.Howtodealwiththeoutsourcingandutilitycomputingtrends.

Asopportunitiesforoutsourcing(e.g.,ASPs)arebecomingcheaper,available,andviable,theconceptbecomesmoreattractive.Inthenot-so-distantfuture,wewillseeoutsourcingintheformofutilitycomputing.Howmuchtooutsourceisamajormanagerialissue.Chapter258MANAGERIALISSUES

ContinuedHowmuchinfrastructure?Justifyinginformationsystemapplicationsisnot

aneasyjobduetotheintangiblebenefitsandtherapidchangesintechnologiesthatoftenmakesystemsobsolete.Justifyinginfrastructureisevenmoredifficultsincemanyusersandapplicationssharetheinfrastructurethatwillbeusedforseveralyearsinthefuture.Thismakesitalmostimpossibletoquantifythebenefits.Basicarchitectureisanecessity,buttherearesomeoptions.TherolesoftheISDandendusers.TheroleoftheISDcanbeextremelyimportant,yettopmanagementfrequentlymistreatsit.ByconstrainingtheISDtotechnicalduties,topmanagementmayjeopardizeanorganization’sentirefuture.However,itisnoteconomicallyfeasiblefortheISDtodevelopandmanageallITapplicationsinanorganization.EndusersplayanimportantroleinITdevelopmentandmanagement.Theendusersknowbestwhattheirinformationneedsareandtowhatdegreetheyarefulfilled.Properlymanagedend-usercomputingisessentialforthebettermentofallorganizations.Ethicalissues.SystemsdevelopedbytheISDandmaintainedbyendusersmayintroducesomeethicalissues.TheISD’smajorobjectiveshouldbetobuildefficientandeffectivesystems.But,suchsystemsmayinvadetheprivacyoftheusersorcreateadvantagesforcertainindividualsattheexpenseofothers.Chapter359Chapter3Collaboration,Discovery,andCommunication

Chapter360LearningObjectivesUnderstandtheconceptsoftheInternetandtheWeb,theirimportance,andtheircapabilities.Understandtheroleofintranets,extranets,andcorporateportalsfororganizations.IdentifythevariouswaysinwhichcommunicationisexecutedovertheInternet.DemonstratehowpeoplecollaborateovertheInternet,intranets,andextranetsusingvarioussupportingtools,includingvoicetechnologyandteleconferencing.Describegroupwarecapabilities.Describeandanalyzetheroleofe-learninganddistancelearning.Analyzetelecommuting(teleworking)asatechno-socialphenomenon.Considerethicalandintegrationissuesrelatedtotheuseofnetworkcomputing.Chapter361NetworkComputing

Thevastwebofelectronicnetworks,referredtoastheinformationsuperhighwayorInternetlinksthecomputingresourcesofbusinesses,government,andeducationalinstitutionsusingacommoncomputercommunicationprotocol,TCP/IP.TheWorldWideWeb---theWeb--isthemostwidelyusedapplicationontheInternet.IntranetsExtranetsCollaborationCommunicationDiscoveryChapter362Evolution-NetworkComputingInternetChapter363InternetApplicationCategories

Discovery:

Discoveryinvolvesbrowsingandinformationretrieval.

Communication:

TheInternetprovidesfastandinexpensivecommunicationchannelsthatrangefrommessagespostedononlinebulletinboardstocomplexinformationexchangesamongmanyorganizations.Collaboration:

Duetoimprovedcommunication,electroniccollaborationbetweenindividualsand/orgroupsrangingfromscreensharingandteleconferencingtogroupsupportsystems.TheNetisalsousedfor:EducationEntertainment:Peoplecanaccessthecontentofnewspapers,magazines,andbooks.Correspondwithfriendsandfamily,playgames,listentomusic,viewmoviesandotherculturalevents.Work:Theycandownloaddocuments,doresearch.Chapter364TheNetworkComputingInfrastructureIntranet:anetworkdesignedtoservetheinternalinformationalneedsofacompany,usingInternetconceptsandtools.BrowsingandSearchcapabilities.Supportcommunicationandcollaboration.Extranet:Anextranetisaninfrastructurethatallowssecurecommunications(connectstheintranetsofdifferentorganizations)amongbusinesspartnersovertheInternet.Enablesbusiness-to-business(B2B)transactionsProvidesaninterfacetoexchangeofbusinessformsInadditiontotheInternetandtheWebtherearetwoothermajorinfrastructuresofnetworkcomputing:theintranetandtheextranetChapter365TheNetworkComputingInfrastructureAnetworkisdesignedtoservetheinformationalneedsofacompany,usingInternetconceptsandtools.Chapter366Discovery-InternetApplicationCategories

InternetSoftwareAgents

Internet-BasedWebMining

OtherDiscoveryAids

ToolbarsMaterialinForeignLanguagesInformationandCorporatePortalsThroughthediscoverycapabilityuserscanaccessinformationlocatedindatabasesallovertheworld.Itfacilitateseducation,governmentservices,entertainment,andcommerce.Discoveryisdonebybrowsingandsearching

staticordynamicdatasourcesontheWeb.Chapter367Discovery-InternetSoftwareAgents

Searchengines,directories,softwareandintelligentagentsWeb-Browsing-AssistingAgentsFrequentlyAskedQuestions(FAQ)AgentsSearchEnginesandIntelligentIndexingAgentsSoftwareagentsarecomputerprogramsthatcarryoutasetofroutinecomputertasksonbehalfoftheuserandinsodoingemploysomesortofknowledgeoftheuser’sgoalsChapter368Discovery-Internet-BasedWebMining

PredictiveToolsClassification(PredefinedGroups)RegressionTimeseriesDescriptiveToolsClustering(NoPredefinedGroups)SummarizationAssociationSequencingDataminingreferstosophisticatedanalysistechniquesforsiftingthrough