采矿工程毕业设计（论文）-大淑村矿1.2Mta新井设计

摘要本设计包括三部分：一般部分，专题部分，翻译部分。一般部分为峰峰集团大淑村矿1.2Mt/a新井设计，共分十章：矿井概述及井田地质特征，井田境界和储量，矿井工作制度、设计生产能力及服务年限，井田开拓，准备方式—采区巷道布置，采煤方法，井下运输，矿井提升，矿井通风及矿井基本技术经济指标。大淑村矿区位于距离邯郸市区北约40千米，矿区对外交通便利。区内地势较为平坦，井田走向长度7.2千米，倾斜方向长3.8千米。面积为14.5平方千米。井田可采煤层为2#。厚度分别为8.5米，煤层倾角平均为11度。井田可采储量为8862.0971万吨，新井设计生产能力为120万吨/年，服务年限为52年。大淑村煤矿矿井工作制度为“三八”制，一个工作面保产。开拓方式为立井单水平开拓，水平标高为-305。矿井主井采用箕斗提煤，副井采用罐笼作为辅助提升。工作面采用走向长壁采煤法，采用集中布置，工作面长180米，采煤工艺为轻放。运输大巷采用胶带运煤，大巷辅助运输采用电机车运输材料和矸石。矿井采用中央并列式通风，主扇工作方式为抽出式。专题部分主要介绍的是松软顶板巷道支护技术翻译部分对中国城乡家庭能源消费结构变化的描述和介绍。关键词：井田；煤矿；开拓；采煤AbstractThisdesigncontainsthreeparts:thegeneralpart,thespecialpartandthetranslatedpart.ThegeneralpartisanewdesignofShuErminebelongstoFengFengminingbureauwhoseproductioncapacityis1200ktperyear.Ithastenchaptersasfollows:theoutlineofmineandminefieldgeology,boundaryandreserves,workingsystemandproductivecapacityandservicelife,developmentmethodofthemine,themainroadways,coalminingmethodandlayoutorroadwaysinworkingarea,transportationofunderground,minelifting,mineventilationandsafety,maintechnique—economicinduces.TheShuErminefiledliesinthenorthofHanDanabout40kilometers.Thetransportationisconvenientandthegeologicalconditionissimply.Itcovers14.5squarekilometers.Theboundaryoftheminefieldrun7.2kilometersonthestrikeandthepitchlengthis3.8kilometers.Thetwolayersofseamsare2#and4#coal.Thethicknessof2#coalis8.5meters;Theaverageangleofthecoalseamsis11degrees.Theaccessiblereservesoftheminefieldare88.6209Mt.Thedesignproductioncapacityis1200ktperyear.Theservicelifeis52years.Theworkingsystemis“3--8”.oneproductiveplacesmeettherequirement.Themodeofdevelopmentaboutthemineisshaftdevelopment.Theminehasonelevels,thelevellocatesinthelevelof–450meters..Themainshaftusesskiphoistingandtheauxiliaryshaftadoptscagehoisting.Theworkingfaceadoptslongwallretreatingtothestrike;itslengthis180meters.TransportationRoadwaybeltusedtotransportcoal,Roadwayauxiliarytransportusedmotorvehicletransportmaterialsandwaste.Theventilationstyleiscentralparalleltransverseventilation,andthemainfan’sworkingstyleisexhaustingventilation.ThespecialpartexploresanddiscussthedepthofminingandThetunnelprotect.Translatethepart:ChangingofenergyconsumptionpatternsfromruralhouseholdstourbanhouseholdsinChina.目录一般部分1矿区概述及井田地质特征 页英文原文ChangingofenergyconsumptionpatternsfromruralhouseholdstourbanhouseholdsinChinaAbstract:Wechosefivestudysites,fromatraditionalvillage,theLaoxianchengVillage,inremotemountainousareastotowns,theHouzhenziXiangTownship,theMazhaoTownandtheZhouzhiCountyTown,aswellasinamoderncity,Xi’anintheShaanxiProvinceofChina,tostudyDifferencesinenergyconsumptionbetweenruralandurbanhouseholdsandtoassessitsconservationimplications.Thisstudyconfirmedthepredictionofthe‘ladderoffuelpreferences’theory.Energiesusedinurbanhouseholdsaremoreconvenient,cleaner,andmoreefficientthanthoseusedinruralareas,wherebiomassandcoalarecommonfuel.Theamountofenergyusedforentertainmentandelectricappliancesisgreaterinurbanareas,whereasthequantityusedforcookingislargerinruraldistricts.PeopleinLaoxianchengVillagecompletelydependedonfuelwoodforcookingandheating.IntheHouzhenziXiangTownship,16.7%householdusecoalball,and23.3%useLPG.Electricityandfuelwoodwereusedineachhousehold.IntheMazhaoTown,96.7%householdsusedcropresidue,90%usedcoal,about30%useLPG,andeveryhouseholdusedelectricity.IntheZhouzhiCountyTown,oftheentiresampledhousehold,92.7%usedcoal,92.7%ofhouseholdusedLPGand37.5%householdusedgasoline.IntheXi’ancity,oftheentiresampledhousehold,32.8%householdusednaturalgas,67.2%usedLPG;about34.9%householdusedgasoline,48.6%householdusedelectricityand51.4%usednaturalgasforheatinginwinter.Inthefivestudyareas,theratioofeachenergysourceconsumedperhouseholdwasalsodifferent.IntheHouzhenziXiangTownship,coaltook6.2%,LPG1.4%,electricity1.4%andfuelwood91%.IntheMazhaoTowncropresiduetook31.4%,coal62.2%,LPG2.2%,andelectricity4.2%.IntheZhouzhiCountyTown,theimportanceofenergyrankedasfollows:coal75.8%,LPG12.8%,electricity5%,andgasoline6.4%.IntheXi’ancity,LPGtook17.6%,naturalgas27.3%,gasoline16.9%,andelectricity38.2%.Comparingtotalannualconsumptionhouseholdsinvillagesusedmoreenergycomparedtothehouseholdsincities.Themeanoftotalannualenergyconsumptionwas79.57,63.07,37.75,42.53,and29.73GJintheLaoxianchengVillage,HouzhenziXiangTownship,MazhaoTown,ZhouzhiCountyTown,andXi’anCity,respectively.Weshouldimprovetheefficiencyoffuelburningandintroducecleanerenergyresources,suchasbiogasandhydropowerinvillages.Forthehouseholdsinruralareas,itisnecessarytosubstitutecoalwithothercleanerenergyresourcesanditismoreimportantandurgentforurbanhouseholdstosaveenergy,consideringlargepopulationincities.1.IntroductionEnergyconsumptionhaslongbeenseenasacriticalindicatorofsocio-economicactivity,nationaleconomicgrowthandhumanimpactontheenvironment[1].Withincreasingworldpopulationandrisinglivingstandards,thedemandforenergyintheworldiscontinuallygrowing.Energyconsumedbyhouseholdsrepresentsaconsiderablepercentageoftheenergyconsumedintheworld[2].Patternsofdomesticenergyusearecloselylinkedtoagro-climatic[3],socio-economicconditions[3–8],suchastheleveloftheuser’slivingstandards[8–11],familysize,education,farmareaperruralhouseholdandforestareaperhousehold[12].Itisalsoinfluencedbygovernmentpolicy,whichaffectsthenequityinfuelandequipmentavailabilityamongdifferentincomegroups[13].Urbanizationisasocialprocessofglobalproportions[14],whichisdefinedintermsofconcentratedhumanpresenceinresidentialandindustrialsettingsandtheirassociatedeffects[15].Transformationsofeconomicstructure,locationandlifestyleshaveresultedinrapidurbanizationandgrowingdemandformodernfuels[7,16].Insomedevelopingcountries,therapidpaceofurbanizationgeneratesfundamentalchangesinenergyuse[17,18].Sincetheworldenergycrisisin1970s,researchesonenergyconsumptionintherural,domesticsectorsofdevelopingcountrieshavegainedmuchattention,suchasthoseinIndiaandSouthAfrica,becausetheenergyconsumptionsintheruralanddomesticsectorsdirectlyaffectsustainableandbalancedeconomicdevelopment[19].HouseholdenergyconsumptioninruralareasalsocomposesanimportantpartofChina’snationalenergyconsumption[20].Researchesshowtheconsumptionsofelectricityandliquidizedpetroleumgas(LPG)areincreasingwhilethatofstrawandcoalaredeclininginChina,thougheffectiveheatusehasincreasedslightly[12,20,21].Researchesonenergyconsumptioninthedomesticsectorarefocusedoneitherruralorbanareas,littleisknownaboutthechangesinenergyconsumptionpatternsfromillagestocities.InChina,thepaceofurbanizationisaccelerating.ThepopulationI1ownshasmorethandoubledsincetheeconomicreform.Thus,itisnecessarytostudouseholdenergyconsumptionpatternsinbothcountrysideandcityandshedlightsoheenergyconsumptionchangesduringurbanization.Ouraimsaretoprovidequantitativnformationaboutdomesticenergyuse,fromvillagestolargecities,andtoassessmajoharacteristicsofhouseholdenergyconsumption.2.StudyareaandmethodTheadministrativehierarchicalsystemofChinaiscomposed(inadescendingorder)ofthecentralgovernment,provinces,cities,counties,towns,Xiangs(ortownships),andvillages.Thusthesize(intermsofpopulationandarea)anddegreeofurbanizationdecreaseinthesamecongruentorder.WecarriedoutthisstudyintheShaanxiProvince,centralChina,wherewesampledfivesites:theLaoxianchengVillage,theHouzhenziXiangTownship,theMazhaoTown,theZhouzhiCountyTown,andtheXi’anCity(thecapitaloftheShaanxiProvince)(Fig.1).LaoxianchengVillageisasmallvillagelocatedinthecenteroftheQinlingMountainswithanaveragealtitudeof1700m.‘‘Laoxiancheng’’means‘‘oldcountrytown’’inChinese.ItwastheoldcountrytownoftheFopingCountry.Duetogangsterrebellions,thecountrygovernmentmovedandpeoplefledfromthearea;theoldcountrytownwasabandoned[22].Now,only153peopleof35householdslivethereanditisavillageundertheadministrationofHouzhenziXiang,ZhouzhiCountry.LaoxianchengVillagewasisolatedfromtheoutsideworlduntilacountrysideroadfromHouzhenziXiangTownshipwasconstructedin1996.However,thelifestyleintheLaoxianchengVillagehaschangedlittlesincethen.Localpeoplestilldependonwoodasfuelandvirtuallynocommercialenergyresourceisused.ClimateinLaoxianchengareabelongstothesemi-temperatehumidzone;summersareshortandcoolwhereaswintersarelongandcold.HouzhenziXiangTownshipisasmalltownintheZhouzhiCountyTown,averageltitudeof1250m,located22kmawayfromtheLaoxianchengVillage.Thereare62householdswith312peoplelivinginthiscountrysidetownshipanditisaccessiblebybus.ItsclimateissimilartothatofLaoxianchengVillagewithaverageannualtemperaturesof8.41C.Theaveragedailytemperatureis20.41CinJulyand4.21CinJanuary.LaoxianchengVillageandHouzhenziXiangTownshiparelocatedinthemountainsandsurroundedbytheforestsofnearbynaturereserves.Fig.1.ThelocationoftheLaoxianchengVillage,theHouzhenziXiangTownship,theMazhaoTown,theZhouzhiCountyTownandtheXi’anCityinChina.NotetheshadedareaindicatestherangeofQinlingMountain.MazhaoTownisalargetownintheZhouzhiCountrywithanaveragealtitudeofabout600m.NationalHighwayNo.108transectsthetown.Itisabout80kmawayfromtheHouzhenziXiangTownshipandonly10kmawayfromtheZhouzhiCountyTown.Thereare20,000peoplelivinginthetownandmostofthemarefarmers.AverageannualtemperatureinMazhaois13.21C.ZhouzhiCountyTownisundertheadministrationofXi’anCity.ZhouzhiCountyTownlies78kmeastofXi’ancityandhasanaveragealtitudeof434m.Itsaverageannual2temperatureis13.21C.TheurbanareaofZhouzhiCountyTownis6kmandaccommodates60,000people,mostoftheresidentshavefull-timejobs.Xi’anCityislocatednorthoftheQinlingMountains,averagealtitude400m,averageannualtemperature151C.Xi’anwasthenationalcapitalof12dynastiesfromWesternZhou(1046–771B.C.)toTang(618–907A.D.)inhistory.Thecitycoversanareaof2203kmandhostsapopulationof5.1million.2.2.MethodWesurveyedthefamilysizesandeconomicstatuses,aswellasthetypesandquantitiesofenergytheyconsumedfromJuly2003toOctober2004(Table1).TheefficienciesofthedevicesusedineachhouseholdaregiveninTable2.Wecollectedthedatausingthreemethods:pre-designedquestionnaire,participantobservationandparticipatoryruralappraisal(PRA,[26]).ParticipantobservationwasconductedintheLaoxianchengVillagewherewestayedwithlocalfamiliestorecordthedailyfuelwoodconsumptionfor7dayseachseason.PRAwasconductedintheHouzhenziXiangTownshipandtheMazhaoTown;pre-designedquestionnaireswereusedtosurveytheZhouzhiCountyTownandXi’anCity.Weconfrontedsomedifficultiesinthestudy.First,someresidentsdonothaverecords.Insuchcases,familymembersestimatedthedata.Second,inZhouzhiCountyTownandinXi’anCity,electricityisalsousedforcooking,suchaselectriccooker;however,itwasdifficulttodividetheusageofelectricityandthepartsusedforcookingwereverysmallaccordingtothewordsofthesampledhouseholdinXi’ancity;weonlyrecordedthetotalelectricityconsumption.Third,mostdistrictheatingsystemsdonothavemeterstorecordheatflowineachhome.Insuchcaseswereferredtothe‘‘EnergyConservationDesignStandardforHeatingNewResidentialBuildings’’[27]toestimatetheamountofnaturalgasusedinheatinginXi’anCity.SPSS13.0wasusedtoanalyzethedata.One-wayAVONAwasusedtotestthedifferenceoftotalenergyconsumptioninthefivestudysites.Kruskal–WallisHandMann–WhitneyUwereusedtotestthedifferencesofhouseholdcharactersandenergyconsumptionbecausewecouldnottransferdataintonormallydistributeddata.Spearman’scorrelationwasusedtotestthecorrelationbetweeneconomicstatus,householdsizeandconsumptionofbiomassandcommercialenergy.3.ResultEnergysourcesusedbyeachhouseholdweredifferentinthefivestudyareas(Table3).TheenergyconsumptionperhouseholdinthefivestudysitesisshowninTable4.Thetotalenergyconsumptionperhouseholdperyearwasdividedintothreegroups:LaoxianchengVillageandHouzhenziXiangTownship,MazhaoTownandZhouzhiCountyTown,theXi’anCity(Fig.2,Table5).3.ConclusionsFromvillagetocityincentralChina,thepatternsofenergyconsumptionvarysubstantially.TheenergychoicesshiftfromfreebiomasstocleanercommercialsourceslikeLPG,electricityandnaturalgas.Aslifestylesbecomemoreurbanized,theproportionofenergyusedforcookingalsodecreases,exceptamongthefewhouseholdsrequiringheatinthewinter,asseenintheMazhaoTownandtheZhouzhiTown.Likewise,theproportionofenergyusedforrecreationandelectricityendusesalsoincreases.Forhomesinvillages,forexample,itwasnecessarytodecreasethetotalenergyconsumptiontoimproveend-useenergyefficiency.Householdsintownshipsinagriculturalareashoudusecropresidueorlivestockdungtoproducebiomassgasforcooking,therebyreducingtheuseofcoal.Householdsincountytownsshouldusenaturalgasandothercleanerenergyresourcestoreplacecoalstep-by-step.Forhouseholdinthecity,incontrast,savingenergybecomesimportantduetoitsdensepopulation.

中文译文中国城乡家庭能源消费结构的变化摘要：我们选择五个地区进行调查，一个古老的老县城村，还有偏远的山区城镇——侯镇子乡、马赵镇和周至县,连同一个现代的城市——中国的陕西西安。研究评估农村和城镇家庭之间不同的能源消费结构。这一项研究确认了“梯形燃料偏耗”理论预测。生物能源和煤都是普通的燃料，它们方便、干净。在城镇家庭的使用率超过农村区域，作为娱乐和电器能源消耗在城镇中比较突出,但作为烹饪的消耗在农村更大些。在老县城村的人们完全依赖木炭烹饪和暖气。在侯镇子乡有16.7%家庭使用煤球和23.3%的家庭使用液化气。电力和木炭被用于每个家庭。在马赵镇中，96.7%家庭使用农作物残渣,90%用煤，大约30%使用液化气和电力。在周至镇每个抽查的家庭中，92.7%的家庭使用煤和液化气和37.5%家庭使用汽油。在西安，每个的抽查家庭中，32.8%的家庭使用天然气，67.2%的家庭用液化气；大约34.9%的家庭使用汽油,48.6%的家庭用电力和51.4%的家庭用天然气在冬天加热取暖。在这五个研究区域中,每个家庭能源消耗结构也是不同的。在侯镇子乡,煤占了6.2%，液化气占1.4%，电力1.4%和木炭91%。在马赵镇中,农作物残渣占31.4%，煤62.2%，液化气2.2%和电力4.2%.在周至县城中,能源排列如下:煤75.8%,液化气2.8%,电力5%,和汽油6.4%。在西安市,液化气占了17.6%，天然气27.3%，汽油16.9%和电力38.2%.比较年消费量,农村家庭的能量消比城市家庭更多。在老县城村,侯镇子乡,马赵镇,周至城镇和西安市，每年能源消耗合计为79.57,63.07,37.75,42.53,和29.73GJ。在农村，我们应该改进燃料燃效率和引入洁净能源,譬如沼气和水力发电。在农村家庭中,它是必定替代煤炭与其它干净的能源，而就多数的大城市，它更加重要的是为城市家庭节省能量。1介绍能源消耗长期被看作为社会经济、国民经济增长和环境对人类影响的重要指标。对于不断增长的世界人口和上升的生活水平,能源需求在世界也在持续地增长。农村家庭能源消耗的百分比在全球的数量可观。国内能量利用的模式与气候、社会经济状况紧密连接,譬如普通用户的生活水平,家庭大小,教育,每户农村家庭的耕种面积和森林使用面积。它也是影响政府对不同收入的家庭之间，对燃料和设备可普及性的不公平政策。都市化是规定把人集中在住宅区里，并设有工商业称为全球均衡的一个社会过程,经济结构的改革,导致了人们的生活区域和生活方式迅速都市化和对燃料不断增长的需求。在一些发展中国家，都市化的迅速发展的最基本变化就是在能源使用方面。1970年，自从世界能源危机以后,,一些发展中国家的国内部门对农村中的能源消费研究更加观注，如印度、南非，农村和国内部门能源消费直接影响经济发展的持续和匀衡。在中国，农村的家庭能源消费也是组成国家能源消费的重要部份。当麦杆和煤正在衰退时，研究表明电力和液化气的消费却在逐渐增长，虽然有效的热能使用已慢慢地增加。不管国内部门把能源消费的研究重心放在农村或是城市，有一点是大家都必须知道的，就是能源消费的变化的模式是从农村到城市的。在中国，都市化的速度不断加速。从经济改革以后，城镇人口翻了两倍。因此，必须学习农村和城市家庭能源消费的模式，而且弄明白能源消费在都市化期间变化。|我们的目标在都市化期间提供能源消费变化的数量和提供关于国内的从农村到大的城市的能源使用和估定典型家庭能源消费的资讯。2调查区域和方法2．1调查区域中国的管理阶层系统依次为中央政府、省、市，县，镇，乡(或镇区)和村庄，(根据人口和区域)和都市化的程度，在相同的适合顺序中减少。我们在陕西省中实行这一项研究，我们抽取了五个区域作为样本：老县城村、侯镇子乡、马赵镇周至县城镇,和西安城市。老县城村是位于以平均高为1700m的秦岭大山深处的一个小村庄。"老县城村"是中国古时的一个城镇。由于匪徒叛乱,使人们不得不从古城镇搬迁。现在,仅有35个家庭的153个人居住在村里，并且是由侯镇子乡和周至县管理。老县城村一直与外部世界隔绝，直到1996年侯镇子乡修建公路。从那以后老县城村村民的生活方式改变了许多。但部分地方村民仍然依靠木头作为燃料，几乎没有使用商业能源。老县城地区的气候属于半温和潮湿区域，夏天短且凉快，但是冬天比较长而且寒冷。侯镇子乡是周至县一个的小乡镇,平均高度1250m，从老县城村到侯镇子乡有22km。有60户家庭的有312人居住在这个郊区乡镇,可以很容易搭上公共汽车，其气候年均气温8.4°C与老县城村相似，在7月,每日平均气温为20.4°C，1月份为－4.2°C。老县城村地处山区,四周是森林自然保护区.。马赵镇是周至城一个大城镇，其平均高度大约600m，横切108国道。大约80公里外的候镇子乡和只有10公里的周至城，有20,000人并且大多数是农夫居住在镇。马赵镇年平均温度在13.2°C。周至城是在西安市的管辖之下。周至城位于西安市东边78公里，平均高度434m，它的平均年温度是13.2°C。周至城有6km2，可以容纳60,000人。大多居民有工作。西安市位于秦岭山的北部，平均高度400m，平均年温度在15°C。在历史上，西安曾作为从西周(1046-771B.C。)到唐朝(618-907A.D。)12个朝代的首都。城市面积203km2和人口510万人口。2.2.方法我们研究了家庭大小和经济地位，和他们从2003年7月到2004年10月能量消耗的类型和数量。在表2中列出各个家庭的设备使用效率。我们收集了三个数据运用的方法:设计前的查询表,调查员和参加农村评估(PRA,)。调查员是我们和地方家庭呆在一起记录的老县城村庄每季7天的日木炭消耗量。PRA在侯镇子乡小镇和马赵镇实施;查询表被使用于研究周至城和西安市。在研究中我们也遇到了一些困难。首先,一些居民没有纪录。在这种情况下,家庭成员估计了数据。其次,在周至城和在西安市,电能被用于为烹调，譬如电饭锅；但是，在西安市被抽样的家庭中使用为烹调的电能非常小而且很难划分电的用量；我们只记录了总的用电量。第三,多数地区家庭的加热系统没有记录热量。我们在在西安市使用这些数据提出了“新居民住房热化能源节约设计标准”，估计会有相当数量自然气体被用于加热。五个研究区域的每户家庭大小、收入和能源使用量表1位置家庭大小年家庭收入（元）能源数量老县城乡4.13±.30a7130±994.66a木炭23候镇子乡4.33±.24a5493.33±535.88a木炭、煤，液化气，电30马赵镇4.37±.23a8666.67±1666.67a庄稼秸杆、煤炭、液化气、电30周至城3.66±.12b14919.55±1242.03a煤炭、液化气、汽油、电96西安市2.73±.04c53629.55±2716.83a液化气、汽油、电494

每户家庭的能源设备使用效率表2能源设备效率来源传统火炉传统火炉10-20[23]煤球传统火炉26.74[23]煤气烹饪器材55[24]电器用具器具>70[25]3结果3.1.能源消耗的模式各个家庭在研究区域的能源使用是不同的如(表3)。每家庭能源消耗研究点在表4。共计每个家庭每年能源消耗