英语写作基础教程Chapter-4

Chapter4

DevelopingParagraphsFeaturesofaParagraphAnalysisofSample1acentralideasupportingevidencecloseconnectionFeaturesofaParagraphTask1:ReadSample2onpage94andidentifythethreefundamentalfeatures:thecentralidea,thesupportingevidence,andhowconnectionbetweensentencesisachieved.ReadSample3andfindthecentralidea.Aneffectiveparagraphmusthaveacentralidea,whichmaybeexpressedeitherexplicityinatopicsentenceorimplicitly.FeaturesofaParagraphTopicsentenceWenowhave,asaresultofmodernmeansofcommunication,hundredsofthousandsofwordsflungatusdaily.Weareconstantlybeingtalkedat,byteachers,preachers,salesmen,publicofficials,andmotionpicturesoundtracks.Thecriesofadvertiserspursueusintoourveryhomes,thankstotheradio—andinsomehousestheradioisneverturnedofffrommorningtonight.Dailythenewsboybringsus,inlargecities,fromthirtytofiftyenormouspagesofprint,andalmostthreetimesthatamountonSunday.Wegooutandgetmorewordsatbookstoresandlibraries.Wordsfillourlives.FeaturesofaParagraphHasnewinformationIsspecificIsgeneralenoughtoinviteexplorationofthetopicIsstrongIsnotanannouncementTopicsentenceAgoodtopicsentence:a.Wewenttotheshowlastnight.b.Wehadaterribletimeattheshowlastnight.2)a.Norrisisthebrighteststudentinourbiologyclass.b.Norrisisenrolledinabiologyclass.3)a.Thelongestthreeweeksofmylifewerewhenourauntvisitedlastsummer.b.Ourauntvisitedusforthreeweekslastsummer.4)a.IhadmyfirstdatewithClarencelastspring.b.MyfirstdatewithClarencelastspringwasadisaster.FeaturesofaParagraphTopicsentenceWriteyourowntopicsentenceforeachofthefollowingtopics.Makesureeachsentenceexpressesaparticularpointaboutthetopic.○

Topic:NightClasses

Topicsentence:Iprefertakingnightclassestodayclassestofitmyworkschedules.(1)Topic:Black-andWhiteMovies

Topicsentence:_____________(2)Topic:CapitalPunishment

Topicsentence:______________(3)Topic:RapMusic

Topicsentence:_____________(4)Topic:HorrorMovies

Topicsentence:______________ExerciseSupplyatopicsentenceforthefollowingparagraphs:…Adogwillfollowhismasteranywhere,butacatkeepstothehouseitisusedto:andevenwhenthehousechangeshands,thecatwillremainthere,solongasitiskindlytreatedbythenewowners.Acatdoesnotseemtobecapableofthepersonaldevotionoftenshownbyadog.Itthinksmostofitsowncomfort,anditsloveisonlycupboardlove.…Red,forexample,isthecoloroffire,heat,bloodandlife.Peoplesayredisanexcitingandactivecolor.Theyassociateredwithastrongfeelinglikeanger.Redisalsousedforsignsofdanger,suchasstopsignsandfireengines.Orangeisthebright,warmcolorofleavesinautumn.Peoplesayorangeisalivelycolor.Theyassociateorangewithhappiness.Greenisthecoolcolorofgrassinspring.Peoplesayitisarefreshingcolor.FeaturesofaParagraphTransitionI’vehadarealproblemwithmycarleakingoilonthedrivewaylately.There’sapoolofoiltwothirdsofthewayuponbothsidesofthedriveway.There’sapoolofoilinsidethegaragewhereIparkthecar.Icleantheoilup.Thenextdayit’sbackagain.Itookthecartoagaragetohavetheoilchangedandtheleaktopped.TheproblemwasmoredifficultthanI’dexpected.Therearmainbearingsealwasleaking,buttoreplaceit,theenginewouldhavetobepulled.Icouldn’taffordthat,soIhadtowaitandsaveupsomemoney.Iputthreeoilpansonthespotswherethecarleaksoilwhenit’sparked.Ican’tthinkofanyothersolutionfornow.I’vehadarealproblemwithmycarleakingoilonthedrivewaylately.First,there’sapoolofoiltwothirdsofthewayuponbothsidesofthedriveway.There’sanotherpoolofoilinsidethegaragewhereIparkthecar.AfterIcleantheoilup.Thenextdayit’sbackagain.Finally,Itookthecartoagaragetohavetheoilchangedandtheleaktopped.However,theproblemwasmoredifficultthanI’dexpected.Therearmainbearingsealwasleaking,buttoreplaceit,theenginewouldhavetobepulled.Icouldn’taffordthat,soIhadtowaitandsaveupsomemoney.Inthemeantime,Iputthreeoilpansonthespotswherethecarleaksoilwhenit’sparked.Ican’tthinkofanyothersolutionfornow.ExerciseA.inaddition B.forexample C.infact D.also E.furthermore

Teachersofforeignlanguagesshouldbeextremelywell-qualifiedinordertocarryouttheirdutiesproperly.___(1)__,ateachershouldpossessaminimumofagraduatedegreefromacertifiededucationschoolorinstituteifheistoteachhighschoolorbelow.Besidestheacademicdegree,teachersshouldnotconsiderteachingonlyasanoccupationforearningmoney;theyshould__(2)__beinterestedinteaching.___(3)___,itwasnecessarythatteachersbeknowledgeableintheirmajorfields.Theyshouldbeskillfulaswell._(4)__,thelanguageteachermustknowthetargetlanguagewellenoughtobeimitatedbyhisstudents.Proficiencyinthetargetlanguageincludesfoursskills:understanding,speaking,reading,andwriting.Ateachershouldknowthelinguisticfactsofthelanguageofthestudentsinordertounderstandtheproblemstheywillhaveinlearningthetargetlanguage.__(5)__,theteachermustbefamiliarwithaudio-lingualtechniques.Knowingallthiswillhelpthestudentstolearncorrectlyandquickly.StepsinWritingaParagraphStep1：thinkofthetopicorthemeormainidea,andexpressitinacompletesentence(topicsentence).Step2:thinkofthedetailsorexamplesorfactsthatmaybeusedtosupportorexplainthemainidea.Step3:workoutanoutlinetoarrangethedetailsorexamplesorfactsinlogicalorder.Withtheoutline,theparagraphisalmosthalf-done.WaysofDevelopingaParagraphDevelopmentbyTime

DevelopmentbyProcessDevelopmentbySpaceDevelopmentbyExampleDevelopmentbyComparisonandConrastDevelopmentbyCauseandEffectDevelopmentbyClassificationWaysofDevelopingaParagraph1.DevelopmentbyTime

todescribethingsinorderoftimechronologicalsequencingWordsandphrasesusedinDescribingChronologicalRelations1.DevelopmentbyTimeFrankwasdefinitelynotexpectinganyvisitorstohisroomthatafternoonandindeedhehadjustbeguntosnoozeinthemildafternoonsunshine__(1)__someonetappedlightlyonthedoor.___(2)_Frankcouldrespondtotheknock,thehandleturnedandtwochildrensidledin._(3)__thefirst,aslightlygipsy-lookingchildwanderedovertothewindow,theotherleanedoverFrank’sdeskandplacedalargeboxonthetop.Therewasashortsilence,and_(4)__bothchildrenedgedtowardsthedoor.Theysaidnothing,notaword,andFranktoofailedtofindhisvoice;theyhadgone___(5)__hecouldprotest.Helookeduneasilyatthebox.when,as,before,thenWaysofDevelopingaParagraph2.DevelopmentbyProcess

step-by-stepdescriptiontherightsequence,presenttenseWordsandphrasesusedinwritingprocessdescriptions2.DevelopmentbyProcessAssignment

160111,121，131No.902235

160112,160122,No.902237WaysofDevelopingParagraphs3.DevelopmentbySpace(1)Thestandingpoint(2)Theemphasis(3)Thepresenttense(4)Thespatialorder3.DevelopmentbySpaceInthemiddleoftherectangular-shapedcourtyardstoodthreemagnoliatrees,allinfullbloom.Alittlegirlwashoppingamongthem,nowgazingatabud,nowcollectingfallenpetals.Underoneofthetreesstoodherparents,who,whilekeepinganeyeonher,wereexaminingthemilk-whiteblossomswithgreatinterestandadmiration.Infrontofanothertreeayoungcouple,freshandbrightastheflowers,wasposingforapicture.Atoneendofthecouryardagroupofyoungstershadgatheredbehindanartistpaintingaflourishinglimb,whichlookedsocharmingandrealthataboystoopedtosniffatahalf-openflower.Attheoppositeendafewelderlymenandwomenstoodadmiringtheleaflessfloweringtreesandthepeoplelookingatthem.WaysofDevelopingParagraphs4.DevelopmentbyExample

illustrationsmaybeasingleexampleora seriesofexamplesWhetheryoudoordonotopenagiftinthepresenceofthegiver;whetheryoushouldorshouldnotturntheplateovertolookatthemaker’ssymbolontheback;whetheryouputyourcoatonbeforeorafteryouleavethehost’shouse;whetheryoueatasquietlyorasnoisilyaspossible;whetheryoucarryonaconversationduringameal;whetheryouwalkinfrontoforbehindaseatedperson;whetheritisafriendlyoranoffensivegesturetoputyourhandonthearmofthepersonwithwhomyouaretalking—theseandathousandotherquestionsaremattersofculturaldefinition.Noneofthemisinherentlyrightorwrong,andnoneisgoodorbadmannersexceptasasocietydefinesitso.Examplesareususllyarrangedinclimacticorder:theleastimportantcomesfirst,followedbyothersinorderofincreasingimportance.Exercise

Inawell-writtenparagraphofdetailandexample,allthefactssupportthetopicsentence.Pickouttheirrelevantmaterialinthefollowing:Thetopicsentence:Iamfascinatedbymygrandmother.supportingevidence:Mygrandmotherisabout90thisyear.Shewasbornintoawell-to-dourbanfamily.Sheseemsnevertorequiretheservicesofadoctor.Shehasanabidinginterestincollectingpostcards.Shedoesnothavemuchsenseofhumor.Shebelievesineverything:festivals,news,TVads,success,andallthegods.Shelikestoeatfruit.Shehatesdogs.Shelikesthecolorofastrawberry.Shetakesawalkinthegardeneveryday.2.Thetopicsentence:MalechauvinismisevidentinTVcommercial advertisements.Supportingevidence:CommercialsarenewinChinacomparedtothoseindevelopedcountries.Televisionsets,likeair-conditioners,areseenasluxurygoodsinChina.TherearetwofemaleimagesinChineseTVcommercials:traditionalwomenbusywithhouseholdchoresand“modernwomen”whobelievethatpleasureisthemostimportantthinginlife.InTVads,“modernwomen”usuallyinviretheirboyfriendstobuythempresents.Chinesemenhavegotnicknames,like“qiguanyan”or“mofanzhangfu”.Chinesecommercialsareprovidingastageforwomen.“Modernwomen”appearwiseincommercialsbecausetheyknowhowtodependonmenbutevadeconventionalduties.WaysofDevelopingParagraphs5.DevelopmentbyComparisonandContrastComparisonsimilaritiesContrastdifferencesblockpresentationalternatingpresentationsubject-by-subjectpatternpoint-by-pointpatternWaysofDevelopingParagraphs5.DevelopmentbyComparisonandContrastblockcontrastalternatingcontrastSample1Sample2blockcomparisonSample35.DevelopmentbyComparisonandContrastThesamequalitiesthatmakepeoplegoodhouseguestsmakethemgoodhospitalpatients.Goodhouseguestscanexpectareasonableamountofserviceandeffortontheirbehalf,andhospitalpatientscanalso.Guestshavetoadjusttowhatisforthemachange,andcertainlyhospitalpatientsmustdothesame.Nooneappreciatesacomplaining,unpleasant,unappreciativehouseguest,andthehospitalstaffisnoexception.Houseguestswhoexpectvastchangestobemadefortheirbenefitarenotpopularforlong.Certainlynursesandotherpersonnelwiththeirroutinesfeelthesamewayaboutpatientsintheircare.Justashouseguestsmustmakeadjustmentstoenjoytheirvisits,sopatientsmustmakeadjustmentstomaketheirstaysreasonablypleasantandsatisfyingunderthecircumstances.ExerciseReadthefollowingsentencesandindicateiftheyaresentencesofCOMPARISONorCONTRAST.Thoughbothareformsofhumor,comedyisdifferentfromsatire.In2050theworldwillsurelybedifferentformwhatitistoday.Fashionsinfurniturechangejustasclothingfashionsdo.Buyingacarrequiresasmuchskillassellingone.BadmintonisasimportantasportinIndonesiaasfootballisintheUnitedStates.Thereismorehardworkinwritingthaninphysicallabor.Balletisamoreexhaustingartthangymnastics.“Friendship”,like“love”,isoftendiscussedbutseldomunderstood.Exercise2.Writestatementsofcontrasttofitthefollowingpatterns(youmayneedawordoraphrasetocompletethesentence).TVandnewspapersare____inmanywayseventhoughtheiraimsmaybethesame.Soundtravels____throughairthanwater.Before1880manypeoplediedofsmallpox;____,thepercentageofdeathsfromsmallpoxissmalltoday.Somechildrengrow___thanotherchildrenbecauseofnutritionaldifferences.____tolivingonthefarm,livinginthecityisanintensestruggletosurviveinaconcretewasteland.PercapitaearningsinJapan_____thoseinSouthKorea.Exercise3.Writestatementsofcomparisontofitthefollowingpatterns(youmayneedawordoraphrasetocompletethesentence).Thedevelopmentoftransportationandthedevelopmentofcommunications____inmanyways.AnshanintheNortheastofChinaandPanzhihuaintheSouthwestare____steelcenters.Despitecenturiesofchange,humanbeingsandtheirprimitiveancestorshavemanytraits____.___badminton____tabletennisrequiresalargeplayingarea.AlthoughthelastdaysoftheRomanEmpiremayatfirstappearverydifferentfromthoseoftheUnitedStatestoday,thereareominous____.AssignmentWriteaparagraphonthetopicAdvantagesanddisadvantagesofmultiple-thoicequestionsinexams.No.915378WaysofDevelopingParagraphs6.DevelopmentbyCauseandEffectTostateacauseandthenmentionorpredicttheeffects.Moreandmorefertilelandistakenupbynewbuildings.thereductionofthegrainoutputincreasingenvironmentalproblemscongestiontoomanypeasantslosttheirjobseffects6.DevelopmentbyCauseandEffectInthepastfewyears,highereducationhasbecomelessimportanttoyoungpeoplethanitwaspreviously.thepressureoffiercecompetitionbetteropportunitiesinthejobmarketmuchoftheknowledgetaughtinuniversitiesandcollegesbeingout-datedTostateaneffectanddevotetherestoftheparagraphtoexaminingthecauses.causesExerciseStudythefollowinginformation,andwriteCifitisastatementofCAUSEorEifitisastatementofEFFECT.Topic:MusicintheUnitedStatesPopularmusicshowedadefinitechangeinthe1950s—amovementawayfromthebigbandsound.Teenagersbecamemoreaffluentandthushadthemoneytobuyrecords.Theblackpopulationfinallyhadthemoneyinthe1950stosupportthesingersandmusicianstheyhadpreferredforyears.Alargeproportionoftheadultwhitepopulationthathadbeenpoorduringthedepressionbegantorebelagainstthesoundsofthebigbandmusicians.Thenewaffluenceofgroupsofpeoplewhohadpreviouslyhadlittelemoneytospendonentertainmentpavedthewayfortheemergenceofgospel,blues,androckmusic.ExerciseStudythefollowinginformation,andwriteCifitisastatementofCAUSEorEifitisastatementofEFFECT.2.Topic:TornadosTornadosareformedwhenwarm,moistairspreadsnorthward,meetingwithcoldairflowingfromthenorthandwestaboveit.Themeetingofcoldandwarmairstartsthecharacteristiccircularmotion.Thecircularmotionquicklybuildsupandbecomesforcefulenoughtotearbuildingsapartanduproottrees.Notonlyaretornadosabletomovehugeobjectsbuttheyalsoo