考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷268

考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷268

一、阅读（常规阅读理解）（本题共20题，每题7.0

分，共20分。）

JohnStuartMillarguedinthe19thcenturythatanindividualshouldbefreetodoashe

pleased,solongashedidnotharmanyoneelse.Thebanonsmokinginpubs,barsand

companycars一ineffect,inallenclosedpublicspaces一thatcameintoeffectinEngland

in2007wasinformedbysuchthinking.Broughtintoprotectthehealthofnon-smokers

whoworkedinorfrequentedsuchplaces,itseemstohaveworked.Researchpublished

onJune9ththisyearshowsthat,sincetheban,fewerpeoplehavebeenadmittedto

hospitalwithsymptomsofaheartattack.Second-handsmokefromaburningcigaretteis

farmorenoxiousthanthenicotine-infusedfumesinhaledbythesmoker.Intheminutes

afteraneighborhaslitacigarette,apassivesmoker'schancesofsufferinganimmediate

heartattackriserapidlyastoxinsinthefugmakehisbloodstickier.Hislong-termrisk

alsorises,asnarrowingarteriesthreatenhimwithheartdiseaseandhischancesof

developinglungcancerandnumerousothernastiesalsoincrease.AnnaGilmoreofthe

UniversityofBathandhercolleagueslookedathowmanypeoplewereadmittedto

hospitalwithaheartattackinEnglandbetween2002and2008.About110,000people

arestruckdowneachyear;almostafifthofthemdiebeforetheyreachhospital,anda

furthertenthwithinamonthofgoingintoone.MsGilmoreandherteamfoundthat,in

the12monthsafterthesmokingbancameintoforce,some1,200fewerpeoplewere

admittedtohospitalwithheartattacksthaneventheprevailingdownwardtrendhad

suggestedwaslikely.Thatdropof2.4%saved£8.4minemergencyhospitalcare.When

thebantookeffect,Englandwasthelargestjurisdictiontoforbidsmokinginenclosed

publicspaces.Studyingalargepopulationtendstogiveamoreaccurateresultthan

studiesofsmallerplacessuchasScotland,partsofItalyandNewYorkstate,wheremore

impressivereductionshavebeenclaimed.WhenthetownofHelena,inMontana,banned

smokingforsixmonths,torexample,hospitaladmissionsforheartattacksalmosthalved

fromseventolessthanfouramonth.MsGilmorereckonsherfigure,whichcoversfar

morepeople,ismorerobust.Becauseheartdiseaseisthemostcommoncauseofdeathin

wealthycountries,evenarelativelysmallreductioninheartattacksisgoodnewsfora

greatmanypeople.InBritain,thefreedomtosmokeremains,butnotattheexpenseof

others.

1、WhichofthefollowingbehaviorswouldJohnStuartMillmostprobablyapprove?

A、Indulgingincandyandicc-crcam.

B、Snoringduringaconference.

C、Keepingastraychildtoone'sown.

D、Enjoyingoneselfdrunkdriving.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：细节理解题。根据人名JohnSluarlMill定位到第一段第一句。由该句

可知，穆勒认为“在不伤害别人的前提下，人应该可以随心所欲”，故A项正确。

2、AccordingtoParagraph1,thebanonsmokinginEngland

A、isapplicabletoallpublicplaces.

B、wasproposedbyJohnStuartMill.

C、aimstoprotectthesmokers'health.

D、hasachievedsomegoodresults.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：细节理解题。根据题干直接定位到笫一段。由该段最后两句可知，实

践证明此法令有效(seemstohaveworked),因心脏病人院的人数有所减少，故D项

正确。

3、Second-handsmokefromaburningcigarette

A^consistsofnicotine-infusedfumes.

B、won'tbeinhaledbypassivesmokers.

C、increasesitsinhaler'sdiseaserisk.

D、producestoxinsintheinhaler'sblood.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：事实细节题。根据题干Second-handsmokefromaburningcigarette定

位到第二段。由该段第二、三句可知，吸入二手烟的人更易得心脏病，长期发病的

风险也会增加，故C项正确。

4、It'sindicatedinParagraph3thatthesmokingban

A、wasbroughtintoforcein2008.

B、reduces1200heartattacksperyear.

C、dropsheartattacksby2.4%in2008.

D、fulfillsitspurposebeyondexpectation.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：推理判断题。根据题干直接定位到第三段。根据吉莫尔的统计，在禁

烟令生效后的12个月内，因心脏病突发人院的人数比预期的减少了约1200人，由

此推断法令的效果不错，超出了他们的预料，故D项正确。

5、AnnaGilmoreregardtheirresearchasmoreconvincinginthatit

A、isauthorizedbythelargestjurisdiction.

B、hasabroadercoverageofstudysubjects.

C、isbelievedbymanytobemoreaccurate.

D、isconductedinmorespecificplaces.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：因果细节题。根据题干定位到第四段。由该段第2句可知，基于较多

人口的研究能得出更加准确的结果；该段末句进一步指出，吉莫尔认为她们的研究

覆盖更大的区域、更多的人口，因此更具说服力，故选B项。

Isathleteprowessattainedorinnate?Thosewhohavesufferedthescoldingofa

tyrannicalgamesmasteratschoolmightbeforgivenfordoubtingtheideathatanyone

andeveryoneiscapableofgreatsportingachievement,ifonlytheywouldputenough

effortintoit.Practicemaymakeperfect,butnotallarebuiltinwaysthatmakeitworth

botheringinthefirstplace.ThelatestevidenceofthistruthhasbeengatheredbySabrina

LeeofSimonFraserUniversityinVancouverandStephenPiazzaatPennsylvaniaSlate

University.Theyhavelookedattheanatomyofsprintersandfoundthattheirfeetare

builtdifferentlyfromthoseofcouchpotatoes.Theylookedatsevenuniversitysplinters

whospecializeinthe100-metredashandfive200-metrespecialists,andcomparedthem

with12non-athlcticuniversitystudentsofthesameheight.Inparticular,theylookedat

thesizesofbonesofthetoesandheel.Theyalsousedultrasonicscanningtomeasurethe

slidingmotionoftheAchillestendons(thetendoninsidethebackofyourlegjustabove

yourheel)oftheirvolunteersastheirfeetmovedupanddown.Thisallowedthemto

studythelengthofthelevercreatedbythetendonasitpullsonthebackoftheheelto

makethefootbendandpushofftheground.DrLeeandDrPiazzafoundthatthetoesof

theirsprintersaveraged8.2cminlength,whilethoseofnon-sprintersaveraged7.3cm.

ThelengthoftheleverofbonethattheAchillestendonpullsonalsodiffered,beinga

quartershorterinsprinters.Thesefindingssuggestsprintersgetbettercontactwiththe

groundbyhavinglongertoes.Thatmakessense,asitcreatesafirmerplatformtopush

against.Inasprintrace,accelerationofftheblockiseverything.Thereasonforthe

differenceintheAchillestendons,though,islessimmediatelyobvious.Atfirstsight,

sprintersmightbeexpectedtohavemoreAchillesleveragethanaverage,notless.First

sight,however,iswrong.Whenmuscleshavetocontractalongway,theyusuallydoso

quicklyandwithlittleforce.Whencontractingshortdistances,though,theymovemore

slowlyandgeneratemoreforce.HavingashortAchillesleverallowsthemusclesthat

pullonthetendontogenerateasmuchas40%moreforcethanthesamemusclesina

non-sprinterwouldbeabletomanage.Itispossible-just—thattheseanatomical

differencesaretheresultoflongandrigoroustraining.,Butitisunlikely.Farmore

probableisthattheoldsayingofcoaches,thatgreatsprintersarebornnotmade,istrue.

Everyoneelse,gamesmastersincluded,shouldjustgetusedtotheidea.

6、AccordingtoParagraph1,theideathatpracticemakesperfect

A^issuspectedbyalltheathletes.

B、owessuccesstoeffortsratherthangifts.

C、explainsthebrilliantskillsofmostathletes.

D^isn'tacceptedbytyrannicalgamesmasters.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：细节理解题。根据题干直接定位到第一段。该段提到，有些人对只要

努力就能在体育上有所建树的想法持怀疑态度，后面乂用practicemakesperfect总

结这句话，由此可知二者表达的是同一个意思，故B项正确。

7、DrLeeandDrPiazzafoundthatthefeetofthesprintersaredifferentfromthoseof

A、unskilledcoaches.

B、clumsyathletes.

C、exerciselessnon-athletes.

D、specialistsfromotherfields.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：事实细节题。根据题干中的Lee,Piazza和feetofthesprinters,

different定位到第二段最后一句。由该句可知，研究人员发现运动员的脚和couch

polaloes的脚结构不同，couchpotalo意为沉迷于看电视的人，此类人运动量少，故

C项正确。

8、Longertoesofasprinterarehelpfulinthattheyenablehimto

A、touchthegroundmoresafely.

contractmusclesmorequickly.

C、haveabetterstartingspeed.

D、generatemoreforceinthefeet.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：因果细节题。根据题干中的Longertoesofasprinter定位到第四段。

该段前半部分讲短跑运动员的脚趾长度为8.2厘米，而非短跑运动员的脚趾长度

为7.3厘米。由后半段可知运动员较长的脚趾可便他们与地面的接触面产生更大

的起跑助力，从而起跑时加速更好，故C项正确。

9、Wecanlearnfromthistextthattheadvantagesofasprintercomefrom

A、hislongertoesandshorterleverofbone.

B、hisspecialfeetasaresultofyearsofpractice.

C、hisstrongermusclesandbelterendurance.

D、hisprofessionaltrainingandinborngifts.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：细节理解题。文章第四段和第五段分别分析运动员脚趾和跟腱的优

势，故选A。

10、Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthetext?

A、Perfectionwillcomethroughpractice.

B、Athletesaremadebyinspirationandhardtraining.

C、Hardworkcanmakeupforalackofintelligence.

D、Excellentathletesarebornratherthanmade.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：主旨大意题。本题考查对文章主旨的理解。根据最后一段可知，成为

运动员更大的可能是那个传统的说法“伟大的短跑选手是天生的，而不是训练出来

的“，故D项正确。

Itmaynotbeobvious,buthearingtwolanguagesregularlyduringpregnancyputsinfants

ontheroadtobilingualismbybirth.AccordingtonewfindingsinPsychologicalScience,

ajournaloftheAssociationforPsychologicalScience,infantsborntobilingualmothers

exhibitdifferentlanguagepreferencesthaninfantsbomtomothersspeakingonlyone

language.PsychologicalscientistsKristaByers-HeinleinandJanetF.Werkerfromthe

UniversityofBritishColumbiaalongwithTraceyBurnsoftheOrganizationfor

EconomicCo-operationandDevelopmentinFrancewantedtoinvestigatelanguage

preferenceanddiscriminationinnewborns.Twogroupsofnewbornsweretestedinthese

experiments:Englishmonolinguals(whosemothersspokeonlyEnglishduring

pregnancy)andTagalog-Englishbilinguals(whosemothersspokebothTagalog,a

languagespokeninthePhilippines,andEnglishregularlyduringpregnancy).The

researchersemployedamethodknownas"high-amplitudesucking-preference

procedure"tostudytheinfants*languagepreferences.Thismethodcapitalizesonthe

newborns'suckingreflex-increasedsuckingindicatesinterestinastimulus.Inthefirst

experiment,infantsheard10minutesofspeech,witheveryminutealternatingbetween

EnglishandTagalog.ResultsshowedthatEnglishmonolingualinfantsweremore

interestedinEnglishthanTagalog—theyexhibitedincreasedsuckingbehaviorwhenthey

heardEnglishthanwhentheyheardTagalogbeingspoken.However,bilingualinfants

hadanequalpreferencefbrbothEnglishandTagalog.Theseresultssuggestthatprenatal

bilingualexposuremayaffectinfants'languagepreferences,preparingbilingualinfantsto

listentoandlearnaboutbothoftheirnativelanguages.Tolearntwolanguages,bilingual

newbornsmustalsobeabletokeeptheirlanguagesapart.Totestifbilingualinfantsare

abletodiscriminatebetweentheirtwolanguages,infantslistenedtosentencesbeing

spokeninoneofthelanguagesuntiltheylostinterest.Then,theyeitherheardsentences

intheotherlanguageorheardsentencesinthesamelanguage,butspokenbyadifferent

person.Infantsexhibitedincreasedsuckingwhentheyheardtheotherlanguagebeing

spoken.Theirsuckingdidnotincreaseiftheyheardadditionalsentencesinthesame

language.Theseresultssuggestthatbilingualinfants,alongwithmonolingualinfants,are

abletodiscriminatebetweenthetwolanguages,providingamechanismfromthefirst

momentsoflifethathelpsensurebilingualinfantsdonotconfusetheirtwolanguages.

Theresearchersobservethat,"Monolingualnewborns*preferencefortheirsinglenative

languagedirectslisteningattentiontothatlanguage"andthat,"Bilingualnewborns'

interestinbothlanguageshelpsensureattentionto,andhencefurtherlearningabout,

eachoftheirlanguages."Discriminationofthetwolanguageshelpspreventconfusion.

Theresultsofthesestudiesdemonstratethattherootsofbilingualismrundeeperthan

previouslyimagined,extendingeventotheprenatalperiod.

11、ThepurposeoftheexperimentsinParagraph2istofindout

A、infants*suckingreactionstolanguagestimulus.

B、languagelikingsanddiscerningabilityofinfants.

C、children'sabilitytoalternatebetweentwolanguages.

D^infants*suckingpreferencebetweendifferentlanguages.

标准答案：B」-

知识点解析：事实细节题。根据题干直接定位到第二段。由该段第一句可知，研究

人员试图研究新生儿对语言的偏好和区分，故B项正确。

12、Inthe"high-amplitudcsucking-prcfcrcnccprocedure",strongerlanguagepreference

isshownby

A、moresuckingbehaviors.

B、greaterspeechattentiveness.

C、moreexposuretothatlanguage.

D、longersuckinglime.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：事实细节题。根据题干中的high-ampliludesucking-preference

procedure定位到第二段后半部分。由该段倒数第二句可知，吸吮行为增多就代表

对该语言感兴趣，故A项正确。

13、AccordingtoParagraph3,languagelearningofaninfant

A、beginsbeforeitcomesintotheworld.

B、isdecidedbyitsmother'slanguagepreference.

C、isinfluencedbyitslingualenvironmentbeforebirth.

D、dependsonitslanguagepreferencebeforebirth.

标准答案：C」」

知识点解析：事实细节题。根据题干直接定位到第三段。该段指出胎儿在孕期所接

触的语言环境会影响婴儿的语言偏好，从而为之后婴儿的语言学习做准备，所以C

项正确。

14、Whichofthefollowingistrueofbilingualnewborns?

A、Theyhaveapreferencebetweenthetwolanguages.

B、Theyonlynoticeanewlanguage.

C、Theyhavemoreadvantagethanmonolingualnewborns.

D、Theycandistinguishbetweenthetwolanguages.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：是非细节题。由第四段可知，双语婴儿与单语婴儿一样能区分两种语

言，故选D项。

15、Bilingualnewborns,interestinbothlanguagesishelpfulbecauseitenablesthemto

A、focusonandbetterstudybothlanguages.

B、keepthetwolanguagesapart.

C、obtainlongerlisteningattention.

D、findouttherootsofbilingualism.

标准答案：A」

知识点解析：因果细节题。根据题干定位到最后一段。由该段可知对两种语言的偏

好使新生儿更好地注意听进而学习那两种语言，故A项正确。

Ifyou'relikemostpeople,you'rewaytoosmartforadvertising.Youfliprightpast

newspaperadsandneverclickonadsonline.That,atleast,iswhatwetellourselves.But

whatwetellourselvesisnonsense.Advertisingworks,whichiswhy,eveninhard

economictimes,MadisonAvenueisa$34billion-a-yearbusiness.AndifMartin

Lindstrom,authorofthebestsellerBuyologyandamarketingconsultant,iscorrect,

tryingtotunethisstuffoutisabouttogetawholelotharder.Lindstromisapractitioner

ofneuro-marketingresearch,inwhichconsumersareexposedtoadswhilehookedupto

machinesthatmonitorbrainactivity,pupildilation,sweatresponsesandflickersinfacial

muscles,allofwhicharemarkersofemotion.Accordingtohisstudies,83%ofallforms

ofadvertisingprincipallyengageonlyoneofoursenses:sight.Hearing,however,canbe

justaspowerful,thoughadvertisershavetakenonlylimitedadvantageofit.Historically,

adshavereliedonjinglesandsloganstocatchourear,largelyignoringeverydaysounds.

Weavethisstuffintoanadcampaign,andwcmaybepowerlesstoresistit.Tofigureout

whatmostappealstoourear,Lindstromwireduphisvolunteers,thenplayedthem

recordingsofdozensoffamiliarsounds,fromMcDonald'subiquitous"I'mLovin'It"

jingletobirdschirpingandcigarettesbeinglit.Thesoundthatblewthedoorsoffallthe

rest—bothintermsofinterestandpositivefeelings—wasababygiggling.Theother

high-rankingsounds,suchasthehumofavibratingcellphone,anATMdispensingcash,

andetc,werelessprimalbutstillpowerful.Inallofthesecases,itdidn'ttakeaMadMan

toinventthesounds,infusethemwithmeaningandthenplaythemoverandoveruntil

thesubjectsinternalizedthem.Rather,thesoundsalreadyhadmeaningandthustriggered

acascadeofreactions:hunger,thirst,happyanticipation."Culturalmessagesthatgetinto

yournervoussystemareverycommonandmakeyoubehavecertainways,"says

neuroscientistReadMontagueofBaylorCollegeofMedicine.Advertiserswhofailto

understandthatpayaprice.LindstromadmitstobeingmystifiedbyTVadsthatgive

viewersclose-upfood-pornshotsofmeatonagrillbutaccompanythatwithgeneric

janglyguitarmusic.Oneofhisearlierbrainstudiesshowedthatnumerousregions,jump

intoactionwhensuchdiscordanceoccurs,tryingtomakesenseofit.TVadvertisers

aren'ttheonlyones