考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷481

考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷481

一、阅读（补全短文）（本题共20题，每题7.0分，共

20分。）

[A]However,thecultureofAtlantisbegantodecay.Platorecountsthatthepeople

changedtheirlaw-respectingwayoflife.Theybegantodisregardtheirreligion,

graduallylivingwithlessrestraintandpiety.Theybegantovalueluxuries,wealth,and

idleness.Theninonedayandonenightthecontinentwascompletelydestroyed.Plato

concludesthatadecadentsocietydeservedsuchpunishment.Buttwoquestionsremain

unanswered.WherewasAtlantis,andwherediditgo?[B]Thisstoryintriguespeopleso

muchthatmanyhavebeensearchingfortheexplanationofthe"lostcontinent"for23

centuries.TherearethreeprobablelocationsforAtlantis:theAzores,intheAtlantic

Ocean:theBiminiIslands,intheCaribbeanSca:andSantorini,orKallistc,intheAegean

Sea.SeveralfactsmaketheAzoresapossiblelocation.IntheAzoresandnearIceland

therehavebeenmanyvolcanicislandsthathaverisenfromtheseaandthendisappeared

later.Also,PlatowassurethatAtlantiswasintheAtlantic,asthenameimplies.The

theorythatAtlantiswasintheAzoreshasonlyrecentlybeenrefuted.[C]TheGreek

philosopherPlato（approximately427to347B.C.）istheprimarysourceforthelegendof

Atlantis.Hisdescriptionofthe"lostcontinent"stillexcitesthemodernmind.Plato's

Atlantiswasakindofparadise—avastisland"largerthanLibyaandAsiaput

together1'—withmagnificentmountainranges,greenplainsthatwerefullofeveryvariety

ofanimal,andluxuriantgardenswherethefruitwas"fairandwondrousandininfinite

abundance."Theearthwasrichwithpreciousmetals,especiallytheoneprizedmost

highlybytheancients,orichalc,analloyofcopper,perhapsbrass.[D]Thesecond

crediblepossibilityforAtlantisisintheBahamas,intheBiminis.In1958somestrange

structureswerenoticedontheseabedunderthewater.Curiousgeometricstructures一

regularpolygons,circles,triangles,rectangles,andcompletelystraightlines-extend

overseveralmiles.Agiant"wall"severalhundredyardslongwasfoundsubmergedin

thewatersoffthesmallislandofNorthBimini.Thewallhastwobranches,runningat

rightangles,inperfectlystraightlines.Theconstruction,whichisprecisely

perpendicular,ismadeofmassivestoneblocksover16feetsquare.Partofthestructure

evenresemblesaharborwithadockforboats.ThegeologyoftheBahamasshows,

however,thatthesubmersionoftheplateauhadbeencausedbythemeltingofthepolar

glaciersthatraisedtheleveloftheworld'soceans.Thisdiminishesthepossibilitythat

AtlantiswasintheCaribbeanSea.Therewerenoviolenteruptions,merelytheslowly

risingoceanfromapproximately8,000to7,000B.C..[E]ThecapitalofAtlantiswas

beautifullyconstructedinwhite,black,andredstone.Thecitywascarefullyplannedin

fivezonesbuiltinperfectconcentriccircles.Eachcircularzonewasbuiltinsidealarger

one.Platosaysthatthecapital'scanalsanditsnearbyportwere"fullofvesselsand

merchantscoiningfromallparts,whokeptupdinandclatternightandday."Thecity

wasfulloflife,activityandculture.[F]Thclastreasonablepossibilitytodateisthat

AtlantiswaslocatedintheAegean,notfarfromCrete.However,misassumptioncannot

beprovedbeyonddoubt,andthedisappearanceofAtlantisremainsalastingmystery.

|G[Thirty-fivehundredyearsago,atremendousexplosionblewapartanislandand

completelydestroyedacivilizationcalledAtlantis.WherewasAtlantis?Whatkindof

peoplelivedthere?Whyandhowwasitdestroyed?Nooneknowstheanswerstothese

questions,buttherehavebeenhundredsofguessesandtheories.Order:

G*11.-2.-3.-4.J5.-F

1、

标准答案：C

知识点。析：文章第一段G项开宗明义提出主题：人们对3500年前一声巨大的爆

炸摧毁一个叫亚特兰蒂斯的岛屿充满猜想，故为“起”。C项段落讲到希腊哲学家柏

拉图对亚特兰蒂斯传说的描述(…magnificentmountainranges,greenplainsthatwere

fullofeveryvarietyofanimal,andluxuriantgardens...),起"承”的语篇功能,符合题

意。

2、

标准答案：E

知识点解析：E项具体介绍了亚特兰蒂斯首府的繁华境况(ThecapitalofAtlantiswas

beautifullyconstructedinwhite,black,andredstone.Thecitywas...),仍然对上一

段起“承”的语篇功能，为正确答案。由此可见，本文前三段逻辑层次很清晰：第一

段G项提出主题，又提出了三个问题，为下文做铺垫。第二段，C项和第三段E

项分别讲述柏拉图对亚特兰蒂斯的种种描述，符合逻辑.

3、

标准答案：A

知识点解析：第四段A项However,thecultureofAtlantisbegantodecay话锋一

转，讲述亚特兰蒂斯的文明是如何衰退的。从语篇结构上看，与上文构成转折关

系。本段结尾Platoconcludesthatadecadentsocietydeservedsuchpunishment.But

twoquestionsremainunanswered.WherewasAtlantis,andwherediditgo?提出两个

问题：亚特兰蒂斯曾在何处?它到哪里去了?这两个句题对下文做了铺垫。

4、

标准答案：B

知识点解析：B项指出上述两个问题激起/人们的好奇心(Thisstoryintriguespeople

somuchthat...),因此B项很好地承接了第四段的内容。随后木段介绍柏拉图和许

多其他人提出了他们对亚特兰蒂斯原始位置的大胆猜测(Alsu,PlaluWHSsure山al

AtlantiswasintheAtlantic...),上下文逻辑关系紧密，故B项符合题意。

5、

标准答案：D

知识点解析：第六段D项提出了关于亚特兰蒂斯原始位置的第二种可信的看法

(ThesecondcrediblepossibilityforAtlantisisintheBahamas,intheBiminis),与第七

段F项“迄今，最后一种符合逻辑的可能性是，亚特兰蒂斯曾位于爱琴海，离克利

特岛不远。''前后照应。可见，第五、六、七段以先后顺序回答了第四段末尾提出

的两个问题。从整篇文章看，逻辑层次清晰，连贯性很强。

[A]Mostofusknowwhatit'sliketostayinajobafterit'sstoppedbeingsatisfying,orto

takeonaprojectthat'stoobigandbereluctanttoadmitit.CEOshavebeenknownto

allocatemanpowerandmoneytoprojectslongafteritbecomesclearthattheyarefailing.

Thecoststoapersonwhodoesnotknowwhentoquitcanbeenormous.Ineconomies

it'sknownassunkcostfallacy.Whilewerecognizethefallacyalmostimmediatelyin

others,it'shardertoseeinourselves.Why?[B]Inoneoftheirstudies,theyput

participantsintoeitherapromotionorpreventionfocus.Next,eachparticipantwastold

toimaginethatheorshewasCEOofanaviationcompanythathadcommitted$10

milliontodevelopingaplanethatcan'tbedetectedbyradar.Withtheprojectnear

completionand$9millicnalreadyspent,arivalcompanyannouncestheavailabilityof

theirownradar-blankplane,whichisbothsuperiorinperformanceandlowerincost.The

questionputtoCEOswassimple:doyouinvesttheremaining$Imillionandfinishyour

company'splane,orcutyourlossesandmoveon?|C|Sunkcostsaretheinvestmentsthat

you'veputintosomethingthatyoucan'tgetbackout.Theyaretheyearsyouspent

trainingforaprofessionyouhate.Theyarethethousandsofdollarsyouspenton

redecoratingyourlivingroom,onlytofindthatyouhatelivinginit.Onceyou'verealized

thatyouprobablywon'tsucceed,orthatyouareunhappywiththeresults,itshouldn't

matterhowmuchtimeandeffortyou'vcalreadyputintosomething.[D]Rcccntresearch

byNorthwesternUniversitypsychologistsDanielMoldenandChinMingHui

demonstratesaneffectivewaytobesureyouaremakingthebestdecisionswhenthings

goawry:Focusonwhatyouhavetogainbymovingon,ratherthanwhatyouhaveto

lose.Whenpeoplethinkaboutgoalsintermsofpotentialgain,that'sa"promotion

focus",whichmakesthemmorecomfortablemakingmistakesandacceptinglosses.

Whenpeopleadopta"preventionfocus",theythinkaboutgoalsintermsofwhatthey

couldloseiftheydon'tsucceed,sotheybecomemoresensitivetosunkcosts.Thisisthe

focuspeopleusuallyadopt,ifunconsciously,whendecidingwhetherornottowalk

away.Itusuallytellsusnottowalkaway,evenwhenweshould.|E|Thereareseveral

powerful,largelyunconsciouspsychologicalforcesatwork.Wemaythrowgoodmoney

afterbadorwastetimeinadead-endrelationshipbecausewehaven'tcomeupwithan

alternative:orbecausewedon'twanttoadmittoourfriendsandfamily,ortoourselves,

thatwewerewrong.Butthemostlikelycauseisthisinnate,overwhelmingaversionto

sunkcosts.[F]Thetworesearchersfoundthatparticipantswithapreventionfocusstayed

thecourseandinvestedtheremaining$1millionroughly80percentofthetime.The

oddsofmakingthatmistakeweresignificantlyreducedbyadoptingapromotionfocus:

thosepeopleinvestedtheremaining$1millionlessthan60percentofthetime.When

weseeourgoalsintermsofwhatwecangain,ratherthanwhalwemightlose,weare

morelikelytoseeadoomedendeavorforwhatitis.[G]Asstudiesbybehavioral

economistslikeDanielKahnemenandDanArielyshow,peoplearegene-rallyloss-

averse.Puttinginalot,onlytoendupwithnothingtoshowforit,isjusttooawfulfor

mostofustoseriouslyconsider.Theproblemisoneoffocus.Weworryfartoomuch

aboutwhatwe'11loseifwejustmoveon,insteadoffocusingonthecostsofnotmoving

on:morewastedtimeandeffort,morcunhap-piness,andmoremissedopportunities.

Order:

6、

标准答案：E

知识点解析：试题中首段已给出，研读后我们得知首段末句提出问题：我们一眼便

能看出别人犯了‘'沉没成本谬误”，却很难发现自己身上这种毛病，这是为什么呢？

这就要求下文必须对首段中提出的这个问题进行解答。E项首先指出，(这是因为)

有几种强大的心理因素在起作用，然后进行具体分析：在项目失败后我们仍往里面

砸钱，感情破灭后仍然浪费时间，这是因为我们尚未找到可以替代的东西；也可能

是因为我们不愿承认自己做错了。最后又指出.造成这一结果的最主要原因可能是

我们对于沉没成本与生俱来的极大反感。可以看出，E项与首段末句构成了因果逻

辑关系，衔接顺畅°其中，E项中because…；orbecause...themostlikelycause

is...,是对首段末句why的针对性回答。

7、

标准答案：C

知识点解析：第一段A项通过实例说明了“沉没成本谬误”的概念(Ineconomicsit飞

knownassunkcostfallacy)o第二段E项末句指出，导致这种错误的主要原因是人们

对“沉没成本(Sunkcosts『的反感。那究竟什么是“沉没成本”呢?C项以排比句式

Sunkcostsare...Theyare...Theyare…对“沉没成本”这一概念进行解释说明，由比可

见C项与上文衔接紧密，为正确答案。

8、

标准答案：D

知识点解析：D项开始介绍规避错误的建议(…aneffectivewaytobesureyouare

makingthebestdecisionswhenthingsgoawry：Focuson...),并出现了G项中才提

到的focus这一关键信息，因此不可能出现在G项之前。另外，B项、F项中都出

现了promotionfocus和preventionfocus这两个概念，而这两个概念是在D项中才

被引出的。因此D项应该排在B项、F项之前。

9、

标准答案：B

知识点解析：纵观B项、F项，可以得知都与实验相关，并且都出现了一系列数

字。B项指出，研究者将实验对象分配进“趋利型关注”和“避害型关注”两个小组，

然后让他们在明知项目会失败的情况下，决定是否继续投入剩余的100万美元以完

成项目。可以看出.该段主要介绍了实验的具体实施方式。很显然，实验内容部分

应该排在前面，即B项排在F项之前。

10、

标准答案：F

知识点解析：从上题得知B项介绍了实验内容，研读F项后即可得知该段主要介

绍实验结果(Thetworesearchersfoundthat...)：选择继续投入剩余100万美元的“避

害型关注”组成员要远多于“趋利型关注”组成员。实验结果部分应该排在后面，即

F项应该排在B项之后。

[A]nIjustdon'tknowhowtomotivatethemtodoabetterjob.We'reinabudgetcrunch

andIhaveabsolutelynofinancialrewardsatmydisposal.Infact,we'l1probablyhaveto

laysomepeopleoffinthenearfuture.It'shardformetomakethejobinterestingand

challengingbecauseitisn't——it'sboring,routinepaperwork,andthereisn'tmuchyou

candoaboutil.”[BrFinally,Ican'tsaytothemthattheirpromotionswillhingeonthe

excellenceoftheirpaperwork.Firstofall,theyknowit'snottrue.Iftheirperformanceis

adequate,mostaremorelikelytogelpromotedjustbystayingontheforceacertain

numberofyearsthanforsomespecificoutstandingact.Second,theyweretrainedtodo

thejobtheydooutinthestreets,nottofilloutforms.Allthroughtheircareeritisthe

arrestsandinterventionsthatgetnoticed."[C]"Fvegotarealproblemwithmyofficers.

Theyconicontheforceasyoung,inexperiencedmen,andwcsendthemoutonthe

street,eitherincarsoronawalk.Theyseemtolikethecontacttheyhavewiththepublic,

theactioninvolvedincrimeprevention,andtheapprehensionofcriminals.Theyalsolike

helpingpeopleoutatfires,accidents,andotheremergencies."[D]"Somepeoplehave

suggestedanumberofthingslikeusingconvictionrecordsasaperformancecriterion.

However,weknowthat'snotfair-toomanyotherthingsareinvolved.Badpaperwork

increasesthechancethatyouloseincourt,butgoodpaperworkdoesn'tnecessarilymean

you'11win.Wetriedsettingupteamcompetitionsbasedontheexcellenceofthereports,

buttheguyscaughtontothatprettyquickly.Noonewasgettinganytypeofrewardfor

winningthecompetition,andtheyfiguredwhyshouldtheylaborwhentherewasno

payoff."[E]"Theproblemoccurswhentheygetbacktothestation.Theyhatetodothe

paperwork,andbecausetheydislikeit,thejobisfrequentlyputoffordoneinadequately.

Thislackofattentionhurtsuslateronwhenwegettocourt.Weneedclear,factual

reports.Theymustbehighlydetailedandunambiguous.Assoonasonepartofareportis

showntobeinadequateorincorrect,therestofthereportissuspect.Poorreporting

probablycausesustolosemorecasesthananyotherfactor."[F]"SoIjustdon'tknow

whattodo.I'vebeengropinginthedarkinanumberofyears.AndIhopethatthis

seminarwillshedsomelightonthisproblemofmineandhelpmeoutinmyfuture

work."[G]Alargemetropolitancitygovernmentwasputtingonanumberofseminarsfor

administrators,managersandexecutivesofvariousdepartmentsthroughoutthecity.At

oneofthesesessionsthetopictobediscussedwasmotivation-howwecangetpublic

servantsmotivatedtodoagoodjob.Thedifficultyofapolicecaptainbecamethecentral

focusofthediscussion.Order:

11、

标准答案：c

知识点》析：本文第一段G项在文章中的位置已经给出。第一段讲到，一个大都

市的市政府召集各部门管理人员来研讨如何激励公务员做好工作。讨论过程中，

位警察局长遇到的难题成了讨论的中心问题(Thedifficultyofapolicecaptainbecame

thecentralfocusofthediscussion)oC项一开头就点出了话题“我在与下向警员的关

系上遇到一个难题(I'vegotarealproblemwithmyofficers)”。与上文最后一句相呼

应，接着警长开始评论他的下属。

12、

标准答案：E

知识点角》析：C项内容是警长先从正面来评论他的下属警员。但C项一开头警长说

是遇到一个难题。由此可见，下一段他要讲难题的具体内容。E项正好与此相衔

接，即下属警官中存在的问题：问题发生在他们回到警察局来的时候，他们讨厌写

公文(Theproblemoccurswhentheygetbacktothestation.Theyhatetodothe

paperwork...),故此处应选E项。

13、

标准答案：A

知识点解析：E项告诉我们，警长说，警官们不爱写公文，由此带来了一系列的麻

烦事。本段的最后一句总结了不认真写公文报告的危害性(Poorreportingprobably

causesustolosemorecasesthananyotherfactor)oA项中警长接着讲他不知道如何

去解决这个问题，如何去激励他们做好工作(Ijustdon'tknowhowtomotivatethem

todoabetterjob...),可见A项与上文在逻辑上保持了连贯性。

14、

标准答案：B

知识点解析：A项中警长谈到，公文报告工作做得不好的警官有可能被裁减

(...We'llprobablyhavetolaysomepeopleoffinthenearfuture)o在B项中，警长说

到，他也不能用职务晋升来激励下属警官做好公文报告工作，并说明了原因

(Finally,Ican'tsaytothemthattheirpromotionswillhingeontheexcellenceoftheir

paperwork.Firstofall...Second...),很好地承接了上文。

15、

标准答案：D

知识点解析：从上一段内容看，警长真是毫无办法。那么其他人是如何看待这个问

题的呢?D项接着说，有人建议通过胜诉记录来进行评价(Somepeoplehave

suggestedanumberofthingslikeusingconvictionrecordsasaperformancecriterion),

他们也进行过小组之间的比赛，但收效甚微(Wetriedsettingupteamcompetitions

basedontheexcellenceofthereports,buttheguyscaughtontothatprettyquickly)o

最后一段F项紧扣上文，因为警长希望，”在这次研讨会上针对这个问题能得到一

些启发并帮助他做好以后的工作”(AndIhopethatthisseminarwillshedsomelighton

thisproblemofmineandhelpmeoutinmyfuturework)。可见，D项起着承上启下的

作用，为正确答案。

[A]A11inall,thenumberssuggestthatagingissimplydifferentintheactive.[BJAsit

turnedout,thecyclistsdidnotshowtheirage.Onalmostallmeasures,theirphysical

functioningremainedfairlystableacrossthedecadesandwasmuchclosertothatof

youngadultsthanofpeopletheirage.Asagroup,eventheoldestcyclistshadyounger

people'slevelsofbalance,reflexes,metabolichealthandmemoryability.|C|Activeolder

peopleresemblemuchyoungerpeoplephysiologically,accordingtoanewstudyofthe

effectsofexerciseonaging.Thefindingssuggestthatmanyofourexpectationsaboutthe

inevitabilityofphysicaldeclinewithadvancingyearsmaybeincorrectandthathowwe

ageis,toalargedegree,uptous.Agingremainsasurprisinglymysteriousprocess.A

wealthofpastscientificresearchhasshownthatmanybodilyandcellularprocesses

changeinundesirablewaysaswegrowolder.Butsciencehasnotbeenabletoestablish

definitivelywhethersuchchangesresultprimarilyfromthepassageoftimeorresultat

leastinpartfromlifestyle.|D|Thisconundrumisparticularlytrueintermsofinactivity.

Olderpeopletendtobequitesedentarynowadays,andbeingsedentaryaffectshealth,

makingitdifficulttoseparatetheeffectsofnotmovingfromthoseofgettingolder.Inthe

newstudy,whichwaspublishedthisweekinTheJournalofPhysiology,scientistsat

King'sCollegeLondonandtheUniversityofBirminghaminEnglanddecidedtousea

differentapproach.Theyremovedinactivityasafactorintheirstudyofagingbylooking

atthehealthofolderpeoplewhomovequiteabit.[EJThcscientiststhenraneach

volunteerthroughalargearrayofphysicalandcognitivetests.Thescientistsdetermined

eachcyclist'sendurancecapacity,muscularmassandstrength,pedalingpower,metabolic

health,balance,memoryfunction,bonedensityandreflexes.Theresearcherscompared

theresultsofcyclistsinthestudyagainsteachotherandalsoagainststandard

benchmarksofsupposedlynormalaging.Ifaparticulartest'snumbersweresimilar

amongthecyclistsofallages,theresearchersconsidered,thenthatmeasurewouldseem

tobemoredependentonactivitythanonage.[F]Toaccomplishthatgoal,thescientists

recruited85menand41womenagedbetween55and79whobicycleregularly.The

volunteerswereallseriousrecreationalridersbutnotcompetitiveathletes.Themenhad

tobeabletorideatleast62milesinsixandahalfhoursandthewomen37milesinfive

andahalfhours,benchmarkstypicalofahighdegree