考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷498

考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷498

一、阅读（常规阅读理解）（本题共20题，每题7.0

分，共20分。）

"Ihavegreatconfidencethatbytheendofthedecadewe'llknowinvastdetailhow

cancercellsarise,"saysmicrobiologistRobertWeinberg,anexpertoncancer."But,'he

cautions,"somepeoplemayhavetheideathatonceoneunderstandsthecauses,thecure

willrapidlyfollow.ConsiderPasteur.Hediscoveredthecausesofmanykindsof

infections,butitwasfiftyorsixtyyearsbeforecureswereavailable."Thisyear,50

percentofthe910000peoplewhosufferfromcancerwillsurviveatleastfiveyears.In

theyear2000,theNationalCancerInstituteestimates,thatfigurewillbe75percent.For

someskincancers,thefive-yearsurvivalrateisashighas90percent.Butothersurvival

statisticsarcstilldiscouraging—13percentforlungcancer,and2percentforcancerof

thepancreas.Withasmanyas120varietiesinexistence,discoveringhowcancerworks

isnoteasy.Theresearchersmadegreatprogressintheearly1970s,whentheydiscovered

thatoncogenes,whicharecancer-causinggenes,areinactiveinnormalcells.Anything

fromcosmicraystoradiationtodietmayactivateadormantoncogene,buthowremains

unknown.Ifseveraloncogenesaredrivenintoaction,thecell,unabletoturnthemoff,

becomescancerous.Theexactmechanismsinvolvedarestillmysterious,butthe

likelihoodthatmanycancersarcinitiatedatthelevelofgenessuggeststhatwcwillnever

preventallcancers."Changesareanormalpartoftheevolutionaryprocess,"says

oncologistWilliamHayward.Environmentalfactorscanneverbetotallyeliminated;as

Haywardpointsout,"Wecan'tprepareamedicineagainstcosmicrays.1'Theprospects

forcure,thoughstilldistant,arebrighter."First,weneedtounderstandhowthenormal

cellcontrolsitself.Second,wehavetodeterminewhethertherearealimitednumberof

genesincellswhicharealwaysresponsibleforatleastpartofthetrouble.Ifwecan

understandhowcancerworks,wecancounteractitsaction."

1、Whatcanweinferfromthefirstparagraph?

A、RobertWeinbergholdsthatcancercanbecuredbytheendofthedecade.

B>Itwasfiftyorsixtyyearsbeforeweknowhowtocurethecancer.

C^Wehavealreadyunderstoodhowcancercellsarise.

D、Westillhavealongwaytogotofindcancercures.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：选项D对应第一段最后一句，从这一句话可以看出，即使我们已经

发现了某种病的病理原因，我们仍然要花五六十年的时间才能找到治疗方案。因此

可以推测出，我们要找到治疗癌症的办法还有很长的路要走。选项A对应这一段

的第一句，但是第一句只说到这个io年结束:的时候，我们就搞清楚了癌细胞病变

的很多细节，但是并没有提到癌症可以被治愈，而且这也和最后一句是冲突的，因

此选项A错误。选项B是对本段最后一句曲解，最后一句话是Pasteur发现的一个

现象：即使发现了很多感染的病因，要找到治疗方案仍然需要花费五六十年的时

间，这里并不是说癌症在五六十年的时间中就能被治愈。选项C也与第一句冲

突，故错误。

2、AccordingtotheNationalCancerInstituteestimates,weknowthat.

A、75percentofcancerpatientswillsurvive

B、only50percentofpeoplewhosufferfromcancerwillsurvive

C、90percentofskincancerswillbecured

D、somecancerpatients'five-yearsurvivalratehasbeenincreasedbutnotall

标准答案：D

知识点解析：选项D可以定位到第二段的第二句。前一句说91万人中，50%的癌

病患者可以活五年，这一个数据到了2000年增加到了75%,并且皮肤癌的五年存

活率高达90%。但是肺癌和胰腺癌的存活率还很低。因此可以得出：有些癌症病

人的五年存活率提高了，但不是所有癌症的存活率都提高了。本段当中的三个数据

(75%,50%,90%)说的都是癌症的五年存活率，因此选项A、B和C都是偷换概

念。

3、Oncogenesbecomecancerouswhenthey.

A、areinactive

B、areactivated

C、arebecomingcancer-causinggenes

D、madegreatprogress

标准答案：B

知识点解析：选项B对应第三段最后一句话，根据这句话，可以看出，癌细胞要

进行癌变，条件是致癌基因要被激活(drivenintoaction),也就是说B选项是同义改

写。选项A与B相反，因此是错误的。选项C对应本段第二句中的非限定性定语

从句。根据这句话可知，Oncogene本来就是致癌基因，因此致癌基因发生癌变并

不是因为他们变成了致癌基因，这是对文意的曲解.选项D对应本段第二句话开

头，这里的说明对象是研究者，而不是致癌基因，因此选项D属于偷换概念。

4、AccordingtoParagraph4,allthefollowingaretrueEXCEPT.

A、cancerswillneverbecompletelycuredforgood

B、theexactreasonforcancerstillremainsunknown

C、environmentalfactorscanneverbepreparedagainst

D、normalchangesdonoharmtoourhealth

标准答案：D

知识点解析：选项D对应第四段的第二句，这句话意为“变化在进化的过程中是非

常普遍的因此D选项说“正常的变化对我们的健康无害”是无中生有。选项A对

应本段的第一句后半段。选项B对应本段第一句的前半•段，其中的mysterious意为

“神秘的；无知的”。选项C对应本段最后一句话，文中提到，“环境方面的因素永

远无法被完全消除“，也就是说“我们永远没有办法淮备应对环境因素导致的癌

症”，选项C是一个同义替换，故正确。

5、Whatdoestheunderlinedword"counteract"mean?

A^Offset.

B、Understand.

C、Control.

D、Determine.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题目定位到最后一段的最后一句。根据本段的内容可以知道，治癌

药物虽然离我们还比较遥远，但是前景是很光明的，特别是我们知道了更多癌症的

工作机理之后，我们就可以想办法抵消癌症作用。因此选项A是同义改写，而其

他三个选项都不是最佳选项。

AtnoononMay4ththecarbon-dioxideconcentrationintheatmospherearoundthe

MaunaLoaObservatoryinHawaiihit400partspermillion（ppm）.Theaverageforthe

daywas399.73andresearchersattheobservatoryexpectthisfigure,too,toexceed400

inthenextfewdays.ThelasttimesuchvaluesprevailedonEarthwasinthePliocene

epoch（上新世）4myearsago,whenjunglescoverednorthernCanada.Therehave

alreadybeenafewreadingsabove400ppmelsewhere-thosetakenovertheArctic

OceaninMay2012,forexample—buttheywereexceptional.MaunaLoaisthe

benchmark（标准）forCO2measurementbecauseHawaiiissofarfromlarge

concentrationsofhumanity.TheArctic,bycontrast,getsalotofpollutedairfrom

EuropeandNorthAmerica.TheconcentrationofCO2peaksinMay,fallsuntilOctober

asplantgrowthinthenorthernhemisphere'ssummerabsorbsthegas,andthengoesup

againduringwinterandspring.Thisyeartheaveragereadingforthewholemonthwill

probablyalsoreach400ppm,accordingtoPieterTans,whoisinchargeofmonitoringat

MaunaLoa,andtheseasonallyadjustedannualfigurewillreach400ppminthespringof

2014or2015.MaunaLoa'sreadingsareoneoftheworld'slongest-runningmeasurement

series.Thefirst,madeinMarch1958,was315ppm.Thatmeanstheyhaverisenbya

quarterin55years.Intheearly1960stheyweregoingupby0.7ppmayear.Therateof

increaseisnow2.1ppm—threetimesasfast—reflecting（herelentlessriseingreen­

house-gasemissions.Asaruleofthumb,CO2concentrationswillhavetoberestrictedto

about450ppmifglobalwarmingistobekeptbelow2degrees.BecauseCO2staysinthe

atmospherefordecades,artificialemissionsofthegaswouldhavetobecutimmediately,

andthenfalltozeroby2075,inordertoachieve450ppm.Thereseemsnochanceof

that.Emissionsarestillgoingup.Atcurrentrates,theMaunaLoareadingwillriseabove

450ppmin2037.

6、Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat.

A^MaunaLoaObservatoryislocatedinnorthernCanada

B、about4millionyearsago,junglescoverednorthernpartoftheEarth

C、thecarbon-dioxideconcentrationisexpectedtoexceed400ppminthenextfewdays

D^itisthefirsttimeinhumanhistorythatcarbon-dioxideconcentrationreaches400

ppm

标准答案：C

知识点解析：根据选项A中的“MaunaLoa”定位到首句：...theMaunaLoa

ObservatoryinHawaii…说明MaunaLoa是在夏威夷而不是加拿大。根据选项B定

位到尾句：...4myearsago,whenjunglescoverednorthernCanada.故B项错误。C项

对应原文：...researchersattheobservatoryexpectthisfigure,too,toexceed400inthe

nextfewdays.而“thisfigure”指代的就是“carbon-dioxideconcentration”,故正确。D

项对应原文：ThelasttimesuchvaluesprevailedonEarthwasinthePlioceneepoch4m

yearsago…说明达到400Ppm这个数福不是历史上第一次。综上所述，该题答案

为选项C。

7、MaunaLoaisthestandardforCO2measurementforthereasonthat.

A、Hawaiihassmallconcentrationsofhuman

B、itsairhasbeenpollutedbyEuropeandNorthAmerica

C^Hawaiihasfarlargerconcentrationsofhumanitythanotherplaces

D^TheArcticgetsalotofpollutedairfromEuropeandNorthAmerica

标准答案：A

知识点解析：根据题干中的“CO2measurement”定位到第二段第二行：MaunaLoais

thebench-markforCO2measurementbecauseHawaiiissofarfromlargeconcentrations

ofhumanity.题干问的是原因，“fbrthereasonthat,,=ubccause,\故答案在because之

后，而“Hawaiiissofarfromlargeconcentrationsofhumanity,-"Hawaiihassmall

concentrationsofhuman',,故A项为答案。

8、Thethirdparagraphtellsusthat.

A、theconcentrationofCO2risesduringsummer

B、theconcentrationofCO2goesdownduringwinter

C、thefigureinthespringof2015willnotreach400ppm

D、PieterTansisthemaninchargeofsupervisionatMaunaLoa

标准答案：D

知识点解析：首先A和B是正话反说，其实表达的是同一个意思，可以排除。这

两项所对应的原文为：TheconcentrationofCO2peaksinMay,fallsuntilOctoberas

plantgrowthinthenorthernhemisphere'ssummerabsorbsthegas,andthengoesup

againduringwinterandspring.说明CO2,浓度是5月到10月下降，即夏天下降，

而冬天到春天期间上涨，A和B两项和原文意思完全相反。选项C对应原

文：...figurewillreach400ppminthespringof2014or2015.故选项C错误。选项D

对应原文：PieterTans,whoisinchargeofmonitoringatMaunaLoa...其中

“monitoring"="supervision”。故答案为选项D。

9、Theriseofgreenhousegasemissionsleadsto.

A、thedecreaseofppmstatistics

B、thefasterincreasingrateofppm

C^theslowerincreasingrateofppm

D、thehighestreadingsinrecordedhistory

标准答案：B

知识点解析：原文第四段最后一句为：Therateofincreaseisnow2.1ppm—three

timesasfast—reflectingtherelentlessriseingreen-house-gasemissions.意为：增长率

如今是2.1ppm——是之前的3倍——反映了温室气体排放量不断增长。也就是说

温室气体排放导致了ppm增长率变快，即选项B是正确的。

10^Whichistrueaccordingtothelastparagraph?

A、C02remainsintheatmosphereforseveraldozenyears.

B、Atcurrentrates,MaunaLoareadingwillriseabove450ppmby2075.

C、Thechanceofcuttingemissionsandachieving450ppmby2075isgood.

D、Human'sgasemissionshavebeencutatonceinordertoachieve450ppm.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：A项对应原文：BecauseC（J2staysintheatmospheretordecades...其中

“stays”="remains“："decades"="severaldozenyears”：故选项A正确。B项对应原

文:Atcurrentrates,theMaunaLoareadingwillriseabove450ppmin2037.原文提到

的是2037年，而非2075年,故选项B错误。C项对应原文：...artificialemissions

ofthegaswouldhavetobecutimmediately,andthenfalltozeroby2075,inorderto

achieve450ppm.Thereseemsnochanceofthat.原文说的是“nochance”，该选项说的

是“thechance…isgood"，故错误。D项也对应以上原文。原文说的是“havetobe

cut”，而不是“havebeencut”，故选项D错误。答案为选项A。

Europeanregulatorshavecontributedtotheirbanks'decline,intwoways.First,theyare

specifyinghowmuchbankscanpayinbonusesrelativetobasepay.Second,theyare

tryingtoforcebankstoholdmorecapitalandtomakeiteasiertoallowthemtofailby,

forinstance,separatingtheirretaildepositsfromtheirwholesalebusinesses.Thefirst

approachisfoolish.ItwilldriveupthefixedcostsofEurope'sbanksandreducetheir

flexibilitytocutexpensesindownturns（低迷时期）.Theywillthereforestruggleto

competeinAmericaorfast-growingAsianmarketswithforeignrivalsthathavethe

freedomtopaythegoingrate.Thesecondapproachissensible.SwitzerlandandBritain

aremakingprogressinendingtheimplicittaxpayersubsidythatsupportsbanksthatare

toobigtofail.ThecollapseofIreland'seconomyiswarningenoughofwhathappens

whengovernmentsfeelcompelledtohelpoutbanksthatweakentheireconomies.Some

Europeanbankersarguethatthecontinentneedsinvestment-bankingchampions.Yetitis

notobviousthatEuropeanfirmsortaxpayersgainfromhavingnationalbanksthatare

goodatpackagingandsellingAmericansubprimeloans（次级贷款）.Indeed,itis

AmericantaxpayersandinvestorswhoshouldworryaboutthedominanceofafewWall

Streetfirms.Theybearthemainriskoffuturebail-outs（紧急援助）.Theywouldbenefit

fromgreatercompetitionininvestmentbanking.IPOfeesarcmuchhigherinAmerica

thanelsewhere,mainlybecausethemarketisdominatedbyafewbiginvestmentbanks.

WallStreet'snewtitanssaytheyarealreadypenalisedbynewinternationalrulesthat

insisttheyhavesomewhatbiggercapitalbuffers（缓冲jthansmallerbanksbecausethey

poseagreaterrisktoeconomiesiftheyfail.Yetthehugeeconomiesofscaleandimplicit

subsidiesfrombeingloobigtofailmorethanoffset（抵销）thecostofthebuffers.

Increasingthecapitalsurchargesforbigbankswoulddomoreforthestabilityofthe

financialsystemthanthethicketofDodd-Frankruleseverwill.Fiveyearsonfromthe

frighteningsummerof2008,America'sbigbanksareback,andthatisagoodthing.But

therearestillthingsthatcouldmakeWallStreetsafer.

11、Thefirstapproachisfoolishbecause.

A^itwilldoharmtoEurope'seconomy

B、itwillincreasethecostsofbanksinEurope

C、itwillcutdownthepayofEuropeanbankers

D、Europe'sbankshavetocompeteinglobalmarkets

标准答案：B

知识点解析：根据题干中的“Thefirstapproachisfoolish”定位到第二段首句。第二

句即是答案:ItwilldriveupthefixedcostsofEurope,sbanks...选项B与该句最接

近，故选项B为答案。而选项A和C均属于无中生有。选项D对应原文：They

willthereforestruggletocompeteinAmericaorfast-growingAsianmarkets...可见他

们是与美国和亚洲市场竞争，而不是选项D说的“globalmarkets”，故选项D是错

误的。

12、SwitzerlandandBritainaremakingprogressin.

A、introducingmoreforeigncapital

B、helpingthebanksthathavegonebankrupt

C、competingwithAmericanandAsianbanks

D、squeezingallowancethatbackslargebanks

标准答案：D

知识点解析：根据题干中的大写词“SwitzerlandandBritain”定位到第二段第四行：

SwitzerlandandBritainaremakingprogressinendingtheimplicittaxpayersubsidythat

supportsbanksthatarctoobigtofail.答案来源于原文“makingprogressin”之后的内

容，即“endingtheimplicittaxpayersubsidythatsupportsbanksthataretoobigtofail”

一句。四个选项中，与该句表述接近的是选项D。其中，“squeezingallowance”：

“ending…subsidy“；“backslargebanks,,=usupportsbanksthataletoobigtofaifo故该

题答案为选项Do

13^WhoshouldworryaboutthedominanceofafewWallStreetcorporations?

A、Europeanbankers.

B、Smallcompanies.

C、Americaninvestors.

D^Europeantaxpayers.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：根据题干中的“dominanceofafewWallStreetcorporations”定位到第三

段中间部分：Indeed,itisAmericantaxpayersandinvestorswhoshouldworryaboutthe

dominanceofafewWallStreetfirms.而中间有个itissb.who的强调句式，答案即在

中间，是“Americantaxpayersandinvestors”。而选项中唯有选项C是合适的，虽然

不完整，但是在四个选项中是最佳答案。

14、Comparedwithsmallbanks,largeroneshavebiggercapitalbuffersbecause.

A^theywillthreatentheeconomiesiftheygobankrupt

B、thegovernmentpaysmoreattentiontolargerbanks

C、largerbankshavemorefundthansmallerones

D^theycandomorefbrthecountry'seconomy

标准答案：A

知识点解析：根据题干中的“smallbanks"，“capitalbuffers”等词定位到第四段首

句：...theyhavesomewhatbiggercapitalbuffersthansmallerbanksbecausetheyposea

greaterrisktoeconomiesiftheyfail.答案就在because后面，即“theyposeagreater

risktoeconomiesifthey由1”与选项A表述相符。其中“poseagreaterriskto

economies,>-'threatentheeconomies,,j4<fail=gobankrupt'\综上所述,选项A为正

确答案。

15^Inthefollowingparagraph,theauthormay.

A^recalltheeconomicdepressionintheyear2008

B、discussthefactorsthatmakeeconomyturnaround

C、introduceAmerica'sbigbanksthatcomebacktolife

D、suggestthethingstodotopreventaneconomiccrisis

标准答案：B

知识点解析：该题问作者在接下来的一段中可能会讨论什么，所以我们定位到全文

最后一句来解题:ButtherealestillthingsthatcouldmakeWallStreetsafer.由此我们

可以推断：作者接下来可能会讨论LL华尔街更安全的因素。四个选项中，A和C

这两项可以先排除。选项B,discussthefactorsthatmakeeconomyturnaround（讨论

可以让经济好转的因素）与之前我们推断的“让华尔街更安全的因素”比较接近，故

该项为答案。而选项D的“preventaneconomiccrisis（预防经济危机）”无论从原文还

是常理都难以找到依据，故该题答案为选项B。

Aself-describedsocialistandformershopsteward,SirAlexwasanoddfitwiththe

centristMr.Blair.YethewasmuchlessimpressedbyBlair'ssuccessor,Gordon

Brown—thoughhewasalsoborninGlasgowandisalifelongfootballfan.NorcouldSir

AlexquarrelwithNewLabour'sembraceofthemarket.Englishfootballhasbecomethe

world'sbestbecauseitpaysthemost:theaverageweeklywagemthepremiershiprose

by1,500%between1992and2010.SirAlexwaswellrewarded,too;henamedhis

mansionFairfields,aftertheship-makingfactorywherehisfatheroncelaboured.Sir

Alex'ssuccesswasbasedonhisenthusiasticembraceofglobalisation,somethingtoo

manypeopleinLabourarestilluncomfortablewith.Heinheritedateamthatcontained

twoDanes,fourIrishmenand18Britons.Heleavesasquadwithplayersfromadozen

countries,includingSerbia,EcuadorandJapan.Inpublic-policyterms,Unitedrunsboth

asuperbdomesticeducationsystemandaliberalimmigrationpolicy.Thisisalesson

Labour'scurrentleader,EdMiliband,badlyneedstolearn—havingexpressedregret,ina

vaguebuttoe-curling（令人厌恶的）way,thathisNewLabourforebearsletsomany

foreignersin.Oddly,perhapsthepoliticianSirAlexmostresembleswasnotofLaboural

all;butratheritsToryfemale,MargaretThatcher.Heclaimedtodislikeher.Yettheyare

similar.Bothwonglobalsuccessesthroughacombinationofsimpletruthsandconstant

drive.Bothsharedaspirationandopportunity.BothmadeBritaingreat.SirAlexwould

nowdowelltoavoidLadyThatcher'sbiggestmistake:bylingeringatthesceneofhis

triumph.HeplanstostayonatUnitedasadirectorandperhapsinstructortohis

successor,DavidMoyes,anotherablemanagerandworking-classScot.Butsuch

arrangementrarelyworks.Itwouldbebetter,aftersuchagloriouscareer,ifheconceded

thatFergietimeisnowover.

16、Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirstparagraph?

A^Mr.BlairisaconservativewhosupportsAlex'scareer.

B、GordonBrownisateammemberofSirAlex.

C^SirAlexhasenjoyedsubstantialreward.

D^SirAlexhasquarreledwithNewLabour.

标准答案：C

知识点解析:选项A对应原文：SirAlexwasanoddfitwithihecentristMr.Blair.原

文提到Mr.Blair是中立派，而非保守党派。故该项错误。选项B对应原文：He

wasmu