考研英语模拟试卷34

考研英语模拟试卷34

一、完型填空（本题共20题，每题1.0分，共20分。）

ThemoleculesofcarbondioxideintheEarth'satmosphereafleettheheatbalanceofthe

Earthbyactingasaone-wayscreen.(1)thesemoleculesallowradiationatvisible

wavelengths,wheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcerned,topass(2),they

absorbsomeofthelonger-wave-length,infraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth's

surface,radiationthatwould(3)betransmittedbackintospace.FortheEarthto

maintainaconstantaveragetemperature,suchemissionsfromtheplanetmust(4)

incomingsolarradiation.Iftherewerenocarbondioxideintheatmosphere,heatwould

(5)fromtheEarthmuchmoreeasily.Today,(6),thepotentialproblemistoo

muchcarbondioxide.CouldIhcincreaseincarbondioxide(7)aglobalrisein

averagetemperature,andcouldsucharisehaveserious(8)forhumansociety?

Mathematicalmodelsthatallowustocalculatetheriseintemperatureasafunctionofthe

increase(9);thatthe(10)isprobablyyes.Onemathematicalmodel

(II)thatdoubling(heatmosphericcarbondioxidewouldraisetheglobalmean

surfacetemperatureby2.5℃.Thismodelassumesthattheatmosphere'srelativehumidity

remainsconstantandthetemperaturedecreaseswithaltitudeata(12)of6.>WCper

kilometer.Theassumptionofconstantrelativehumidityisimportant,becausewater

vaporin(heatmosphereisanother(13)absorberorradiationatinfrared

wavelengths.Becausewarmaircanholdmore(14)thancoolair,(herelative

humiditywillbeconstant(15)theamountofwatervaporintheatmosphere

increases(16)thetemperaturerises.(17),moreinfraredradiationwouldbe

absorbedandreradiated(18)totheEarth'ssurface.Theresultantwarmingatthe

surfacecouldbeexpectedtomeltsnowandice,(19)theEarth'sreflectivity.More

solarradiationwouldbeabsorbed,(20)toafurtherincreaseintemperature.

1、ThemoleculesofcarbondioxideintheEarth'satmosphereaffectthehealbalanceof

(heEarthbyactingasaone-wayscreen.(1)thesemoleculesallowradiationat

visiblewavelengths,wheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcerned,topass(2),

theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wave-length,infraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth's

surface,radiationthatwould(3)betransmittedbackintospace.FortheEarthto

maintainaconstantaveragetemperature,suchemissionsfromtheplanetmust(4)

incomingsolarradiation.Iftherewerenocarbondioxideintheatmosphere,heatwould

(5)fromtheEarthmuchmoreeasily.Today,(6),thepotentialproblemistoo

muchcarbondioxide.Couldtheincreaseincarbondioxide(7)aglobalrisein

averagetemperature,andcouldsucharisehaveserious(8)forhumansociety?

Mathematicalmodelsthatallowustocalculatetheriseintemperatureasafunctionofthe

increase(9);thatthe(10)isprobablyyes.Onemathematicalmodel

(11)thatdoubling(heatmosphericcarbondioxidewouldraisetheglobalmean

surfacetemperatureby2.5℃.Thismodelassumesthattheatmosphere'srelative

humidityremainsconstantandthetemperaturedecreaseswithaltitudeata(12)of

6.5℃perkilometer.Theassumptionofconsianirelativehumidityisimportantbecause

watervaporintheatmosphereisanother(13)absorberorradiationatinfrared

wavelengths.Becausewarmaircanholdmore(14)thancoolair,therelative

humiditywillbeconstant(15)theamountofwatervaporintheatmosphere

increases(16)thetemperaturerises.(17),moreinfraredradiationwouldbe

absorbedandreradiated(18)totheEarth'ssurface.Theresultantwarmingatthe

surfacecouldbeexpected(omeltsnowandice,(19)theEarth'sreflectivity.More

solarradiationwouldbeabsorbed,(20)toafurtherincreaseintemperature.

A、Whereas

B、If

C、Although

D、Because

标准答案：C

知识点解析：暂无解析

2、

A^for

B、down

C、by

D、through

标准答案：D

知识点解析：暂无解析

3、

A、otherwise

B、nevertheless

C、indeed

D、somewhat

标准答案：A

知识点解析：暂无解析

4、

A、assign

B、equalize

C、diffuse

D、prepare

标准答案：B

知识点解析：暂无解析

5、

A、avoid

B、escape

C、influence

D^prevent

标准答案：B

知识点解析：暂无解析

6、

A、indeed

B、hcncc

C、anyway

D、however

标准答案：D

知识点解析；暂无解析

7、

A、cause

B、turn

C、make

D、leave

标准答案：A

知识点解析：暂无解析

8、

A、conquest

B、outcome

C、consequence

D、compromise.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：暂无解析

9、

A^reflect

B、display

C、mark

D、indicate

标准答案：D

知识点解析：暂无解析

10、

A、response

B、answer

C、reaction

D、solution

标准答案：B

A^since

B、unless

C、for

D、as

标准答案：D

知识点解析：暂无解析

17、

A、Likewise

B、Therefore

C、Instead

D、Moreover

标准答案：B

知识点解析：暂无解析

18、

A、back

B、off

C、on

D、in

标准答案：A

知识点解析：暂无解析

19、

A、contracting

B、condensing

C、reducing

D、intensifying

标准答案：C

知识点解析：暂无解析

20、

A^leading

B、coming

C、amounting

D、adding

标准答案:A

知识点解析：暂无解析

二、阅读（常规阅读理解）（本题共2。题，每题1.0

分，共20分。）

ThehistoryofresponsestotheworkoftheartistSandroBotticelli(1444〜1510)

suggeststhatwidespreadappreciationbycriticsisarelativelyrecentphenomenon.

Writingin1550,VasariexpressedanuneasewithBotticelli'swork,admittingthatthe

artistfittedawkwardlyintohisevolutionaryschemeofthehistoryofart.Overthenext

(wocenturies,academicarthistoriansdefamedBotticelliinfavorofhisfellows

Florentine,Michelangelo.Evenwhenanti-academicarthistoriansoftheearlynineteenth

centuryrejectedmanyofthestandardsofevaluationadoptedbytheirpredecessors,

Botticelli'sworkremainedoutsideofacceptedtaste,pleasingneitheramateurobservers

norconnoisseurs.(Manyofhisbestpaintings,however,remainedhiddenawayin

obscurechurchesandprivatehomes.)TheprimaryreasonforBotticelli'sunpopularityis

notdifficulttounderstand:mostobservers,upuntilthemid-nineteenthcentury,didnot

considerhimtobenoteworthy,becausehiswork,forthemostpart,didnotseemtothese

observerstoexhibitthetraditionalcharacteristicsoffiftccnth-ccnturyFlorentineart.For

example,Botticellirarelyemployedthetechniqueofstrictperspectiveand,unlike

Michelangelo,neverusedchiaroscuro.AnotherreasonforBotticelli'sunpopularitymay

havebeenthathisattitudetowardthestyleofclassicalartwasverydifferentfromthatof

hiscontemporaries.Althoughhewasthoroughlyexposedtoclassicalart,heshowedlittle

interestinborrowingfromtheclassicalstyle.Indeed,itisparadoxicalthatapainterof

large-scaleclassicalsubjectsadoptedastylethatwasonlyslightlysimilarto(hatof

classicalart.Inanycase,whenviewersbegantoexaminemorecloselytherelationshipof

Botticelli'sworktothetraditionoffifteenth-centuryFlorentineart,his'reputationbegan

togrow.AnalysesandassessmentsofBotticellimadebetween1850and1870bythe

artistsofthePreRaphaelitemovement,aswellasbythewriterPater(althoughhe,

unfortunately,basedhisassessmentonanincorrectanalysisofBotticelli'spersonality),

inspiredanewappreciationofBotticellithroughouttheEnglish-speakingworld.Yet

Botticelli'swork,especiallytheSistinefrescoes,didnotgenerateworldwideattention

untilitwasfinallysubjectedtoacomprehensiveandscrupulousanalysisbyHomein

1908.Homerightlydemonstratedthatthefrescoessharedimportantfeatureswith

paintingsbyotherfifteenth-centuryFlorentinesfeaturessuchasskillfulrepresentationof

anatomicalproportions,andofthehumanfigureinmotion.However,Homearguedthat

Botticellididnottreatthesequalitiesasendsin(hemselves—rather,thatheemphasized

cleardepletionofastory,auniqueachievementandonethatmadethetraditional

Florentinequalitieslesscentral.BecauseofHome'semphasiscrucialtoanystudyofart,

thetwentiethcenturyhascometoappreciateBotticelli'sachievements.

21、Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A^TheRoleofStandardArtAnalysesandAppraisals.

B、SandroBotticelli:FromRejectiontoAppreciation.

C>CausesforBotticelli'sRejectioninEarlierTimes.

D、BotticelliandFlorentine:AComparativeStudy.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：暂无解析

22、Wccanlearnfromthetextthatartcriticshaveahistoryof.

A^suppressingpainters'artinitiatives.

B、favoringaBotticelli'sbestpaintings.

C、rejectingtraditionalartcharacteristics.

D、undervaluingBotticelli^achievements.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：暂无解析

23、TheviewsofVasariandHomeonBotticelli'sproductsare.

A^identical.

B、complementary.

C、opposite.

D、similar.

标准答案；C

知识点解析：暂无解析

24、Theword"connoisseurs'1(Paragraph1)mostprobablymeans.

A、representativesinthePre-RaphaeliteMovement.

B、peoplewhoareinfavorofFlorentine.

C、criticswhoarelikelytomakeassessments.

D、conservativesclingingtoclassicalart.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：暂无解析

25、WhatdocstheauthorthinkofBotticelli'srepresentationskills?

A、Theyaretobefullyappreciated.

B、Theyevolvefromanuncertainsource.

C、Theyunderliehispersonality.

D^Theyconformtotheclassicalstyle.

标准答案:A

知识点解析：暂无解析

Whatwouldhappen(o(heU.S.economyifallitscommercialbankssuddenlyclosed

(heirdoors?ThroughoutmostofAmericanhistory,theanswerwouldhavebeena

disasterofepicproportions,akinioiheDepressionwroughtbythechain-reactionbank

failuresintheearly1930s.Butin1993thestartlingansweristhatashutdownbybanks

mightbefarfromcataclysmic.Considerthis:thoughtheeconomicrecoveryisnow27

monthsold,notasinglenetnewdollarhasbeenlenttobusinessbybanksinallthattime.

LastweektheFederalReservereportedthattheamountofloansthenation'slargest

bankshavemadetobusinessesfellanadditionalS2.4billionintheweekendingJune9,

to$274.8billion.Fearfulthatthescarcityofbankcreditmightsabotagethefragile

economy,theWhiteHouseandfederalagenciesarcworkingfeverishlytoencourage

hankstoopentheirlendingwindows.Inthepasttwoweeks,governmentregulatorshave

introducedstepstomakeiteasierforbankstolend.Isthegovernment'sconcernfully

justified?Whoreallyneedsbanksthesedays?Hardlyanyone,it(urnsout.Whilebanks

oncedominatedbusinesslending,todaynearly80%ofallsuchloanscomefromnonbank

lenderslikelifeinsurers,brokeragefirmsandfinancecompanies.Banksused(obethe

onlysourceofmoneyintown.Nowbusinessesandindividualscanwritechecksontheir

insurancecompanies,getaloanfromapensionfund,anddepositpaychecksinamoney-

marketaccountwithabrokeragefirm."Itispossibleforbankstodieandstillhavea

vibranteconomy",saysEdwardFurash,aWashingtonbankconsultant.Theironyisthat

theacceleratingslideintoirrelevancecomesjustasthebanksrackeduprecordprofitsof

$43billionoverthepast15months,creatingtheillusionthatihcindustryisstaginga

comeback.Butthatincomewasnottheresultofsmartlendingdecisions.Insteadof

earningmoneybyfinancingAmerica'srecovery,thebanksmainlyinvestedtheirfunds—

onwhichtheywerepayingabargain-basement2%orso-inrisk-freeTreasurybonds

(hatyielded7%.Thatleftbankofficerswithlittletodoexceptpultheirfeeton(heir

desksandwatchtheinterestrollin.Thoseprofitsmayhavecomeataprice.Notonlydid

bankerslosemanyloyalcustomersbywithholdingcredit,theyalsoinadvertentlyopened

(hedoor(oaherdofnonbankcompetitors,whostampededintothelendingmarket."The

bankingindustrydidn'tseethisthreat",saysFurash."Theyarebeingfat,dumband

happy.Theydidn'trealizethatbankingisessentialtoamoderneconomy,butbanksare

not1,.

26、Intheeyesofthewriter,bankfailuresintheearly1930s.

A、broughtaboutaneconomiccrisis.

B、destroyed(hewholeU.Seconomy.

C、contributedtoeconomicrecovery.

D、exertednoinfluenceoneconomy.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：暂无解析

27、Whatistheattitudeofthegovernmenttowardsthecurrentsituationinwhich

commercialbanksarecaught?

A、Indignant.

B、Ironical.

C、Apprehensive.

D、Skeptical.

标准生宝.r

知识蓑解析：暂无解析

28、Theroleofcommercialbanksarebeingdramaticallymarginalizedbecause.

A^thegovernmentnolongergavesupporttobankingindustries.

B、bankofficersweremisledbyunwiseloaningstrategies.

C>insurancecompanieshavetakenoverpartofthebusiness.

D、outsidecompetitorsinvadedthebusinessaggressively.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：暂无解析

29>Accordingtothetext,whatsurprisesthewriteristhatcommercialbanksfailto

A、seeitsroleinamoderneconomy.

B、perceivethedangerinvolved.

C、appreciatetheirhard-earnedprofits.

D^realizethevalueofcustomers.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：暂无解析

3。、Whichofthefollowingmaybethebesttitleforthistext?

A、BanksontheCliff.

B、BanksinRuins.

C、BanksinConflict.

D^BanksatEase.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：暂无解析

Ifgoodintentionsandgoodideaswereallittooktosavethedeterioratingatmosphere,

theplanet'sfragilelayerofairwouldbeasgoodasfixed.Thetwogreatdangers

threateningtheblanketofgasesthatnurturesandprotectslifeonearth—globalwarming

andthethinningozonelayer-havebeenidentified.Betteryet,scientistsand

policymakershavecomeupwitheffectivethoughexpensivecountermeasures.Butthat

doesn'tmeantheseproblemsareanywhereclosetobeingsolved.Thestratosphericozone

layer,forexample,isstillgettingthinner,despitethe1987internationalagreement

knownastheMontrctdProtocol,whichcallsforaphase-outofchlorofluorocarbons

(CFCs)andotherozone-depletingchemicalsbytheyear2006.CFCs—firstfingeredas

dangerousinthe1970sbySherwoodRowlandandMarioMolina,twoofthisyear's

Nobel—prizewinningchemists-havebeenwidelyusedforrefrigerationandother

purposes.Ifuncontrolled,theCFCassaultontheozonelayercouldincreasetheamount

ofhazardoussolarultravioletlightthatreachestheearth'ssurface,whichwould,among

otherthings,damagecropsar.dcausecancerinhumans.Thankstoasenseofurgency

triggeredbythe1085detectionofwhathasturnedouttobeanannual"hole"inthe

especiallyvulnerableozoneoverAntarctica,theMontrealaccordshavespurredindustry

toreplaceCFCswithsafersubstances.Ye(theCFCsalreadyintheairarestilldoingtheir

dirlywork.TheAntarcticozoneholeismoreseverethisyear(haneverbefore,andozone

levelsovertemperateregionsaredippingaswell.IftheCFCphase-outproceedson

schedule,theatmosphereshouldstartrepairingitselfbytheyear2000,sayscientists.

Nonetheless,observesBritishAntarcticSurveymeteorologistJonathanShanklin:"Itwill

bethemiddleofthenextcenturybeforethingsarebacktowheretheywereinthe

1970s".DevelopingcountriesweregivenmoretimetocomplywiththeMontreal

Protocolandwerepromisedthattheywouldreceive$250millionfromrichernationsto

payfortheCFCphasc-out.Atthemoment,though,only60%ofthosefundshasbeen

forthcoming.SaysNelsonSabogaloftheU.N.EnvironmentProgram:"Ifdeveloped

countriesdon'tcomeupwiththemoney,theozonelayerwillnotrecuperate.Thisisa

crucialtime".Itisalsoacriticaltimeforwardingoffpotentiallycatastrophicclimate

change.Wastegasessuchascarbondioxide,methaneandthesameCFCsthatwreck(he

ozonelayerall(endtotrapsunlightandwarm(heearth.Thepredictedresults:an

eventualmeltingofpolaricecaps,risesinsealevelsandshiftsinclimatepatterns.

31Theauthorassertsthatremedyingtheearthatmospherewilldependuponother

measuresthan.

A^quickresponses.

B、energyefficiency.

C^greatinitiatives.

D、scientificanalysis.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：暂无解析

32、Intheeyesofthewriter,theworseningatmosphereissomething.

A、theworldmustsafeguardpromptly.

B、thatcallsfbrcostlymeasures.

C、richcountriesareresponsiblefor.

D、thatisclosetobeingsaved.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：暂无解析

33、Theword"recuperate"(Para.5)mostprobablymeans.

A、getover.

B、pullthrough.

C、turnup.

D、comearound.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：暂无解析

34、Accordingtothetext,whatencouragesthewriteristhat.

A、richcountriesfailtocomsupwithmoney.

B、chemicalsarebroughtundercontrol.

C、industrieshaveturnedtosafersubstances.

D、threateningdangershavebeennoticed.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：暂无解析

35、Towardsthesolutiontotheworseningproblemthewriterseemstobe.

A^assured.

B、slack.

C、detached.

D^active.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：暂无解析

TheRepublicanParlyhaslostitsmind.Towinelections,apartyneedsvoles,obviously,

andconstituencies.First,however,itneedsideas.In1994一95,theRepublicanPartyhad

afterlongstruggleadvancedacoherent,compellingsetofpoliticalideasexpressedina

specificlegislativeagenda.Thepoliticalstoryof1996isthatthissameparty,withinthe

spaceofsixweeks,thenbecametotally,shockinglyintellectuallyderanged.Then,

astonishingly,ontheverymomentoftheirphilosophicalvictory,justastheRepublicans

preparedtocarrytheseideasintobattleinNovember,camecannonfirefromtherear.Pat

Buchananfirstcameouttodeclareageneralinsurrection.Theenemy,accordingto

Buchanan,isnotthewelfarestate.Itisthatconservativeicon,capitalism,withitsruthless

captainsofindustry,greedyfinanciersandpoliticalelites(Republicansincluded,of

course).Allthreegroupscollaboratetoletforeigners—immigrants,traders,parasitic

fbreign-aidloafers-destroythegoodlifeoftheordinaryAmericanworker.

Buchananismwouldsupportandwieldabigandmightygovernmentapparatustoprotect

thelittleguyfrombuffeting,agovernmentthatbuildstradewallsandimmigrant

repellingfences,thatimposespunitivetaxesonimports,andthatpolicesthehiringand

firingpracticesofbusinesswiththearroganceofthemostzealousforcer.Republicans

havefocusedtoomuchonthemeretacticaldangersposedbythisassault.Yes,itgives

ammunitiontotheDemocrats.Yes,itputstheeventualnomineethroughabruising

campaignanddelivershimtarnishedanddrainedintotheringagainstBillClinton.But

therealdangerisphilosophical,nottactical.Itisaxioms,notjustpolicies,thatareunder

fire.TheRepublicanideaofsmallergovernmentisbeinggroundtodust—by

Republicans.Inthemiddleofanelectionyear,whentheyshouldhehoningtheirthemes

againstDemocraticliberalism,Buchanan'sriseisforcingapointlessrearguardbattle

againstaphilosophicalcorpse,theobsoletepaleoconservatism—amixofnativism,

protectionismandisolationism—ofthe1930s.Asthecandidates'debateinArizonalast

weekshowed,theentireprimarycampaignwillbefoughtonBuchanan'sgrounds,

fendingoffhisSmoot-Hawley-Francopopulism.Andthenwhat?After(heconvention,

whatdoesthenomineedo?Trytoresurrecttheanti-welfareslatethemesofthe

historicallysuccessful'94congressionalcampaign?Politicalpartiescansurvivebruising

primarybattles.Theycannotsurviveideologicalmeltdown.DoleandBuchanansaythey

arefightingfortheheartandsouloftheRepublicanParty.Heartandsoul,however,will

getyounowherewhenyou'velostyourway-andyourmind.

36、Thewriterbelievesthat【heRepublicParty,infaceofthechallengefromits

opponents,should.

A、maintainitspoliticalideaswisely.

B、protectapowerfulgovernment.

C^focusnarrowlyonstrategies.

D、bringdownrebellionsatfirst.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：暂无解析

37、Theword"deranged"(Para.I)denotes.

A^zeal.

B、hypocrisy.

C、craze.

D、bewildering.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：暂无解析

38、Buchananarguesthatthegovernmenthastoholdinhighregard

A、thesurvivalofsuccessivebattles.

B、theuniformityofitspoliticalideas.

C、thebenefitsofforeignersatlarge.

D^theinterestsofaverageAmericans.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：暂无解析

39、WhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribetheeventualnomineeoftheRepublic

Partyoftheelection?

A^fromascratch.

B、ontheropes.

C^outofpatience.

D、underattack.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：暂无解析

40Thepassageshowsthatthewriteristhepresentsituation.

A、surprisedat

B、annoyedat

C、puzzledhy

D、confusedby

标准答案：A

知识点解析：暂无解析

三、阅读（补全短文）（本题共5题，每题1.0分，共

5分。）

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.Choosethemostsuitableone

fromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoices,

whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.Nonverbalcommunicationishugelyimportant:inany

interactionwithothers,itsimportanceismultipliedacrosscultures.Thisisbecausewe

tendtolookfornonverbalcueswhenverbalmessagesareunclearorambiguous,asthey

aremorelikelytobeacrosscultures.(41).Low-contextculturesliketheUnited

StatesandCanadatendtogiverelativelylessemphasistononverbalcommunication.

Thisdocsnotmeanthatnonverbalcommunicationdocsnothappen,orthatitis

unimportant,butthatpeopleinthesesettingstendtoplacelessimportanceonitthanon

(heliteralmeaningsofwordsthemselves.Inhigh-contextsettingssuchasJapanor

Colombia,understandingthenonverbalcomponentsofcommunicationisrelativelymore

importanttoreceivingtheintendedmeaningofthecommunicationasawhole.

(42).Forinstance,i(maybemoresociallyacceptableinsomesettingsin(he

UnitedStatesforwomentoshowfear,butnotanger,andformentodisplayanger,but

notfear.Atthesametime,interpretationoffacialexpressionsacrossculturesisdifficult.

InChinaandJapan,forexample,afacialexpressionthatwouldberecognizedaroundthe

worldasconveyinghappinessmayactuallyexpressangerormasksadness,bothofwhich

areunacceptabletoshowovertly.(43).ForaWesternerwhounderstandssmiles

tomeanfriendlinessandhappiness,thissmilemayseemoutofplaceandevencold,

underthecircumstances.Eventhoughsomefacialexpressionsmaybesimilaracross

cultures,(heirinterpretationsremainculturespecific.Itisimportanttounderstand

somethingaboutculturalsiarling-pointsandvaluesinordertointerpretemotions

expressedincross-culturalinteractions.(44).InacomparisonofNorthAmerican

andFrenchchildrenonabeach,aresearchernoticedthattheFrenchchildrentendedto

stayinarelativelysmallspaceneartheirparents,whileUSchildrenrangedupanddown

alargeareaofthebeach.(45).Theseexamplesofdifferencesrelatedtononverbal

communicationareonlythetipoftheiceberg.Carefulobservation,ongoingstudyfroma

varietyofsources,andcultivatingrelationshipsacrosscultureswillallhelpdevelopthe

culturalfluencytoworkeffectivelywithnonverbalcommunicationdifferences.A.These

differencesofinterpretationmayleadtoconflict.SupposeaJapanesepersonis

explainingherabsencefromnegotiationsduetoadeathinherfamily.Shemaydoso

withasmile,basedonherculturalbeliefthatitisnotappropriatetoinflictthepainof

griefonothers.B.Anothervariableacrosscultureshastodowithwaysofrelatingto

space.Crossingcultures,weencounterverydifferentideasaboutpolitespacefor

conversationsandnegotiations.NorthAmericanstendlopreferalargeamountofspace,

perhapsbecause(heyaresurroundedbyitin(heirhomesandcountryside.Europeans

tendtostandmorecloselywitheachotherwhentalking,andareaccustomedtosmaller

personalspaces.C.Americansareseriousaboutstandinginlines,inaccordancewith

theirbeliefsindemocracyandtheprincipleof"firstcome,firstserved".TheFrench,on

theotherhand,haveapracticeoflinejumping,thatirritatesmanyBritishandUS

Americans.D.Sincenonverbalbehaviorarisesfromourculturalcommonsense,weuse

differentsystemsofunderstandinggestures,posture,silence,spatialrelations,emotional

expression,touch,physicalappearance,andothernonverbalcues.Culturesalsoattribute

differentdegreesofimportancetoverbalandnonverbalbehavior.E.Thedifficultywith

spacepreferencesisnotthattheyexist,butthejudgmentsthatgetattachedtothem.If

someoneisaccustomedtostandingorsittingveryclosewhentheyaretalkingwith

another,theymayseetheother'sattempttocreatemorespaceasevidenceofcoldness,or

alackofinterest.F.ItissaidthataGermanexecutiveworkingintheUnitedStates

becamesoupsetwithvisitorstohisofficemovingtheguestchairtosuitthemselvesthat

hehaditboltedtothefloor.G.Someelementsofnonverbalcommunicationare

consistentacrosscultures.Forexample,researchhasshownthat(heemotionsof

enjoyment,anger,fear,sadness,disgust,andsurpriseareexpressedinsimilarwaysby

peoplearoundtheworld.Differencessurfacewithrespecttowhichemotionsare

acceptabletodisplayinvariousculturalsettings,andbywhom.

41、Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.Choosethemostsuitable

onefrom(helistA—GtofitintoeachofthenumberedblankTherearetwoextra

choices,whichdonotfitinanyof(hegaps.Nonverbalcommunicationishugely

important:inanyinteractionwithothers,itsimportanceismultipliedacrosscultures.

Thisisbecausewetendtolookfornonverbalcueswhenverbalmessagesareunclearor

ambiguous,astheyaremorelikelytobeacrosscultures.(41).Low-context

culturesliketheUnitedStatesandCanadatendtogiverelativelylessemphasisto

nonverbalcommunication.Thisdocsnotmeanthatnonverbalcommunicationdocsnot

happen,orthatitisunimportant,butthatpeopleinthesesettingstendtoplaceless

importanceonitthanontheliteralmeaningsofwordsthemselves.Inhigh-context

settingssuchasJapanorColombia,understandingthenonverbalcomponentsof

communicationisrelativelymoreimportanttoreceivingtheintendedmeaningofthe

communicationasawhole.(42).Forinstance,itmaybemoresociallyacceptable

insomesettingsintheUnitedStatesforwomentoshowfear,butnotanger,andformen

todisplayanger,butnotfear.Atthesametime,interpretationoffacialexpressionsacross

culturesisdifficult.InChinaandJapan,forexample,afacialexpressionthatwouldbe

recognizedaroundtheworldasconveyinghappinessmayactuallyexpressangerormask

sadness,bothofwhichareunacceptabletoshowovertly.(43).ForaWesterner

whounderstandssmilestomeanfriendlinessandhappiness,thissmilemayseemoutof

placeandevencold,underthecircumstances.Eventhoughsomefacialexpressionsmay

besimilaracrosscultures,theirinterpretationsremainculturespecific.Itisimportantto

understandsomethingaboutculturalstarting-pointsandvaluesinordertointerpret

emotionsexpressedincross-culturalinteractions.(44).InacomparisonofNorth

AmericanandFrenchchildrenonabeach,aresearchernoticedthattheFrenchchildren

te