考研英语模拟试卷239

考研英语模拟试卷239

一、完型填空（本题共20题，每题1.0分，共20分。）

ThemoleculesofcarbondioxideintheEarth'satmosphereafleettheheatbalanceofthe

Earthbyactingasaone-wayscreen.(1)thesemoleculesallowradiationatvisible

wavelengths,wheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcerned,topass(2),they

absorbsomeof由elonger-wavelength,infraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth's

surface,radiationthatwould(3)betransmittedbackintospace.FortheEarthto

maintainaconstantaveragetemperature,suchemissionsfromtheplanetmust(4)

incomingsolarradiation.Iftherewerenocarbondioxideintheatmosphere,heatwould

(5)fromtheEarthmuchmoreeasily.Today,(6),thepotentialproblemistoo

muchcarbondioxide.CouldIhcincreaseincarbondioxide(7)aglobalrisein

averagetemperature,andcouldsucharisehaveserious(8)forhumansociety?

Mathematicalmodelsthatallowustocalculatetheriseintemperatureasafunctionofthe

increase(9)thatthe(10)isprobablyyes.Onemathematicalmodel

(II)thatdoubling(heatmosphericcarbondioxidewouldraisetheglobalmean

surfacetemperatureby2.5℃.Thismodelassumesthattheatmosphere'srelativehumidity

remainsconstantandthetemperaturedecreaseswithaltitudeata(12)of6.>WCper

kilometer.Theassumptionofconstantrelativehumidityisimportant,becausewater

vaporin(heatmosphereisanother(13)absorberorradiationatinfrared

wavelengths.Becausewarmaircanholdmore(14)thancoolair,(herelative

humiditywillbeconstant(15)theamountofwatervaporintheatmosphere

increases(16)thetemperaturerises.(17),moreinfraredradiationwouldbe

absorbedandreradiated(18)totheEarth'ssurface.Theresultantwarmingatthe

surfacecouldbeexpectedtomeltsnowandice,(19)theEarth'sreflectivity.More

solarradiationwouldbeabsorbed,(20)toafurtherincreaseintemperature.

1、ThemoleculesofcarbondioxideintheEarth'satmosphereaffectthehealbalanceof

(heEarthbyactingasaone-wayscreen.(1)thesemoleculesallowradiationat

visiblewavelengths,wheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcerned,topass(2),

theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wavelength,infraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth's

surface,radiationthatwould(3)betransmittedbackintospace.FortheEarthto

maintainaconstantaveragetemperature,suchemissionsfromtheplanetmust(4)

incomingsolarradiation.Iftherewerenocarbondioxideintheatmosphere,heatwould

(5)fromtheEarthmuchmoreeasily.Today,(6),thepotentialproblemistoo

muchcarbondioxide.Couldtheincreaseincarbondioxide(7)aglobalrisein

averagetemperature,andcouldsucharisehaveserious(8)forhumansociety?

Mathematicalmodelsthatallowustocalculatetheriseintemperatureasafunctionofthe

increase(9)thatthe(10)isprobablyyes.Onemathematicalmodel

(11)thatdoubling(heatmosphericcarbondioxidewouldraisetheglobalmean

surfacetemperatureby2.5℃.Thismodelassumesthattheatmosphere'srelative

humidityremainsconstantandthetemperaturedecreaseswithaltitudeata(12)of

6.5℃perkilometer.Theassumptionofconsianirelativehumidityisimportantbecause

watervaporintheatmosphereisanother(13)absorberorradiationatinfrared

wavelengths.Becausewarmaircanholdmore(14)thancoolair,therelative

humiditywillbeconstant(15)theamountofwatervaporintheatmosphere

increases(16)thetemperaturerises.(17),moreinfraredradiationwouldbe

absorbedandreradiated(18)totheEarth'ssurface.Theresultantwarmingatthe

surfacecouldbeexpectedtomeltsnowandice,(19)theEarth'sreflectivity.More

solarradiationwouldbeabsorbed,(20)toafurtherincreaseintemperature.

A、Whereas

B、If

C、Although

D、Because

标准答案：C

知识点解析：暂无解析

2、

A^for

B、down

C、by

D、through

标准答案：D

知识点解析：暂无解析

3、

A、otherwise

B、nevertheless

C、indeed

D、somewhat

标准答案：A

知识点解析：暂无解析

4、

A、assign

B、equalize

C、diffuse

D、prepare

标准答案：B

知识点解析：暂无解析

5、

A、avoid

B、escape

C、influence

D^prevent

标准答案：B

知识点解析：暂无解析

6、

A、indeed

B、hcncc

C、anyway

D、however

标准答案：D

知识点解析；暂无解析

7、

A、cause

B、turn

C、make

D、leave

标准答案：A

知识点解析：暂无解析

8、

A、conquest

B、outcome

C、consequence

D、compromise

标准答案：C

知识点解析：暂无解析

9、

A^reflect

B、display

C、mark

D、indicate

标准答案：D

知识点解析：暂无解析

10、

A、response

B、answer

C、reaction

D、solution

标准答案：B

知识点解析：暂无解析

11、

A、discovers

B、predicts

C、proves

D、confirms

标准答案：B

知识点解析：暂无解析

12、

A、pace

B、speed

C^ratio

D、rate

标准答案：D

知识点解析：暂无解析

13、

A、competent

B、effective

C、efficient

D、sufficient

标准答案：C

知识点解析：暂无解析

14、

A、moisture

B、weight

C、dimension

D^compound

标准答案：A

知识点解析：暂无解析

15、

A^ifonly

asif

C、onlyif

D、evenif

标准答案：C

知识点解析：暂无解析

16、

A^since

B、unless

C、for

D、as

标准答案：D

知识点解析：暂无解析

17、

A、Likewise

B、Therefore

C、Instead

D、Moreover

标准答案：B

知识点解析：暂无解析

18、

A、back

B、off

C、on

D、in

标准答案：A

知识点解析：暂无解析

19、

A、contracting

B、condensing

C、reducing

D、intensifying

标准答案：C

知识点解析：暂无解析

20、

A^leading

B、coming

C、amounting

D、adding

标准答案:A

知识点解析：暂无解析

二、阅读（常规阅读理解）（本题共2。题，每题1.0

分，共20分。）

ThehistoryofresponsestotheworkoftheartistSandroBotticelli(1444〜1510)

suggeststhatwidespreadappreciationbycriticsisarelativelyrecentphenomenon.

Writingin1550,VasariexpressedanuneasewithBotticelli'swork,admittingthatthe

artistfittedawkwardlyintohisevolutionaryschemeofthehistoryofart.Overthenext

(wocenturies,academicarthistoriansdefamedBotticelliinfavorofhisfellows

Florentine,Michelangelo.Evenwhenanti-academicarthistoriansoftheearlynineteenth

centuryrejectedmanyofthestandardsofevaluationadoptedbytheirpredecessors,

Botticelli'sworkremainedoutsideofacceptedtaste,pleasingneitheramateurobservers

norconnoisseurs.(Manyofhisbestpaintings,however,remainedhiddenawayin

obscurechurchesandprivatehomes).TheprimaryreasonforBotticelli'sunpopularityis

notdifficulttounderstand:mostobservers,upuntilthemid-nineteenthcentury,didnot

considerhimtobenoteworthy,becausehiswork,forthemostpart,didnotseemtothese

observerstoexhibitthetraditionalcharacteristicsoffiftccnth-ccnturyFlorentineart.For

example,Botticellirarelyemployedthetechniqueofstrictperspectiveand,unlike

Michelangelo,neverusedchiaroscuro.AnotherreasonforBotticelli'sunpopularitymay

havebeenthathisattitudetowardthestyleofclassicalartwasverydifferentfromthatof

hiscontemporaries.Althoughhewasthoroughlyexposedtoclassicalart,heshowedlittle

interestinborrowingfromtheclassicalstyle.Indeed,itisparadoxicalthatapainterof

large-scaleclassicalsubjectsadoptedastylethatwasonlyslightlysimilarto(hatof

classicalart.Inanyease,whenviewersbegantoexaminemorecloselytherelationshipof

Botticelli'sworktothetraditionoffifteenth-centuryFlorentineart,hisreputationbegan

togrow.AnalysesandassessmentsofBotticellimadebetween1850and1870bythe

artistsofthePre-Raphaelitemovement,aswellasbythewriterPater(althoughhe,

unfortunately,basedhisassessmentonanincorrectanalysisofBotticelli'spersonality),

inspiredanewappreciationofBotticellithroughouttheEnglish-speakingworld.Yet

Botticelli'swork,especiallytheSistinefrescoes,didnotgenerateworldwideattention

untilitwasfinallysubjectedtoacomprehensiveandscrupulousanalysisbyHomein

1908.Homerightlydemonstratedthatthefrescoessharedimportantfeatureswith

paintingsbyotherfifteenth-centuryFlorentines—featuressuchasskillfulrepresentation

ofanatomicalproportions,andofthehumanfigureinmotion.However,Homeargued

(hatBotticellididnottreatthesequalitiesasendsinthemselves—rather,thathe

emphasizedcleardepletionofastory,auniqueachievementandonethatmadethe

(raditionalFlorentinequalitieslesscentral.BecauseofHome'semphasiscrucialtoany

studyofart,thetwentiethcenturyhascometoappreciateBotticelli'sachievements.

21、Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A^TheRoleofStandardArtAnalysesandAppraisals.

B、SandroBotticelli:FromRejectiontoAppreciation.

C>CausesforBotticelli'sRejectioninEarlierTimes.

D、BotticelliandFlorentine:AComparativeStudy.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：暂无解析

22、Wccanlearnfromthetextthatartcriticshaveahistoryof

A^suppressingpainters'artinitiatives.

B、favoringaBotticelli'sbestpaintings.

C、rejectingtraditionalartcharacteristics.

D、undervaluingBotticelli^achievements.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：暂无解析

23、TheviewsofVasariandHomeonBotticelli'sproductsare

A^identical.

B、complementary.

C、opposite.

D、similar.

标准答案；C

知识点解析：暂无解析

24>Theword"connoisseurs,^(Paragraph1)mostprobablymeans

A、representativesinthePre-RaphaeliteMovement.

B、peoplewhoareinfavorofFlorentine.

C、criticswhoarelikelytomakeassessments.

D、conservativesclingingtoclassicalart.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：暂无解析

25、WhatdoestheauthorthinkofBotticelli'srepresentationskills?

A、Theyaretobefullyappreciated.

B、Theyevolvefromanuncertainsource.

C、Theyunderliehispersonality.

D^Theyconformtotheclassicalstyle.

标准答案:A

知识点解析：暂无解析

WhatwouldhappentotheU.S.economyifallitscommercialbankssuddenlyclosed

(heirdoors?ThroughoutmostofAmericanhistory,theanswerwouldhavebeena

disasterofepicproportions,akinioiheDepressionwroughtbythechain-reactionbank

failuresintheearly1930s.Butin1993thestartlingansweristhatashutdownbybanks

mightbefarfromcataclysmic.Considerthis:thoughtheeconomicrecoveryisnow27

monthsold,notasinglenetnewdollarhasbeenlenttobusinessbybanksinallthattime.

LastweektheFederalReservereportedthattheamountofloansthenation'slargest

bankshavemadetobusinessesfellanadditionalS2.4billionintheweekendingJune9,

to$274.8billion.Fearfulthatthescarcityofbankcreditmightsabotagethefragile

economy,theWhiteHouseandfederalagenciesarcworkingfeverishlytoencourage

hankstoopentheirlendingwindows.Inthepasttwoweeks,governmentregulatorshave

introducedstepstomakeiteasierforbankstolend.Isthegovernment'sconcernfully

justified?Whoreallyneedsbanksthesedays?Hardlyanyone,itturnsout.Whilebanks

oncedominatedbusinesslending,todaynearly80%ofallsuchloanscomefromnon­

banklenderslikelifeinsurers,brokeragefirmsandfinancecompanies.Banksusedtobe

(heonlysourceofmoneyintown.Nowbusinessesandindividualscanwritecheckson

theirinsurancecompanies,getaloanfromapensionfund,anddepositpaychecksina

money-marketaccountwithabrokeragefirm."Itispossibleforbankstodieandstill

haveavibranteconomy",saysEdwardFurash,aWashingtonbankconsultant.Theirony

isthattheacceleratingslideintoirrelevancecomesjustasthebanksrackeduprecord

profitsofS43billionoverthepast15months,creatingtheillusionthattheindustryis

stagingacomeback.Butthatincomewasnottheresultofsmartlendingdecisions.

InsteadofearningmoneybynnancingAmerica'srecovery,thebanksmainlyinvested

(heirfunds-onwhichtheywerepayingabargain-basement2%orso-inrisk-free

Treasurybondsthatyielded7%.Thatleftbankofficerswithlittletodoexceptputtheir

feetontheirdesksandwatchtheinterestrollin.Thoseprofitsmayhavecomeataprice.

Notonlydidbankerslosemanyloyalcustomersbywithholdingcredit,theyalso

inadvertentlyopenedthedoortoaherdofnon-bankcompetitors,whostampededintothe

lendingmarket,"Thebankingindustrydidn'tseethisthreat",saysFurash."Theyare

beingfat,dumbandhappy.Theydidn'trealizethatbankingisessentialtoamodern

economy,butbanksarenot".

26、Intheeyesofthewriter,bankfailuresintheearly1930s

A、broughtaboutaneconomiccrisis.

B、destroyed(hewholeU.Seconomy.

C、contributedtoeconomicrecovery.

D、exertednoinfluenceoneconomy.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：暂无解析

27、Whatistheattitudeofthegovernmenttowardsthecurrentsituationinwhich

commercialbanksarecaught?

A、Indignant.

B、Ironical.

C、Apprehensive.

D、Skeptical.

标准林宏.r

知识,解析：暂无解析

28、Theroleofcommercialbanksarebeingdramaticallymarginalizedbecause

A^thegovernmentnolongergavesupporttobankingindustries.

B、bankofficersweremisledbeunwiseloaningstrategies.

C>insurancecompanieshavetakenoverpartofthebusiness.

D、outsidecompetitorsinvadedthebusinessaggressively.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：暂无解析

29>Accordingtothetext,whatsurprisesthewriteristhatcommercialbanksfailto

A、seeitsroleinamoderneconomy.

B、perceivethedangerinvolved.

C、appreciatetheirhardearnedprofits.

D、realizethevalueofcustomers.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：暂无解析

30、Whichofthefollowingmaybethebesttitleforthistext9

A^BanksontheCliff.

B、BanksinRuins.

C^BanksinConflict.

D、BanksatEase.

标准答案；A

知识点解析：暂无解析

Ifgoodintentionsandgoodideaswereallittooktosavethedeterioratingatmosphere,

theplanet'sfragilelayerofairwouldbeasgoodasfixed.Thetwogreatdangers

threateningtheblanketofgasesthatnurturesandprotectslifeonearth—globalwarming

andthethinningozonelayer—havebeenidentified.Betteryet,scientistsand

policymakershavecomeupwitheffectivethoughexpensivecountermeasures.Butthat

doesn'tmeantheseproblemsareanywhereclosetobeingsolved.Thestratosphericozone

layer,forexample,isstillgettingthinner,despitethe1987internationalagreement

knownastheMontrealProtocol,whichcallsforaphaseoutofchlorofluorocarbons

(CFCs)andotherozone-depletingchemicalsbytheyear2006.CFCs-firstfingeredas

dangerousinthe1970sbySherwoodRowlandandMarioMolina,twoofthisyear's

Nobel—prizewinningchemists—havebeenwidelyusedforrefrigerationandother

purposes.Ifuncontrolled,theCFCassaultontheozonelayercouldincreasetheamount

ofhazardoussolarultravioletlightthatreachestheearth'ssurface,whichwould,among

otherthings,damagecropsardcausecancerinhumans.Thankstoasenseofurgency

triggeredbythe1985detectionofwhathasturnedouttobeanannual"hole"inthe

especiallyvulnerableozoneoverAntarctica,theMontrealaccordshavespurredindustry

toreplaceCFCswithsafersubstances.YettheCFCsalreadyintheairarestilldoingtheir

dirtywork.TheAntarcticozoneholeismoreseverethisyearthaneverbefore,andozone

levelsovertemperateregionsaredippingaswell.IftheCFCphaseoutproceedson

schedule,theatmosphereshouldstartrepairingitselfbytheyear2000.sayscientists.

Nonetheless,observesBritishAntarcticSurveymeteorologistJonathanShanklin:"Itwill

hethemiddleofthenextcenturybeforethingsarebacktowheretheywereinthe

1970s".DevelopingcountriesweregivenmoretimetocomplywiththeMontreal

Protocolandwerepromisedthattheywouldreceive$250millionfromrichernationsto

payfortheCFCphaseout.Atthemoment,though,only60%ofthosefundshasbeen

forthcoming.SaysNelsonSabogaloftheU.N.EnvironmentProgram:"Ifdeveloped

countriesdon'tcomeupwiththemoney,theozonelayerwillnotrecuperate.Thisisa

crucialtime".Ilisalsoacriticaltimeforwardingoffpotentiallycatastrophicclimate

change.Wastegasessuchascarbondioxide,methaneandthesameCFCsthatwreckthe

ozonelayeralltendtotrapsunlightandwarmtheearth.Thepredictedresults:an

eventualmeltingofpolaricecaps,risesinsealevelsandshiftsinclimatepatterns.

31Theauthorassertsthatremedyingtheearthatmospherewilldependuponother

measuresthan

A^quickresponses.

B、energyefficiency.

C^greatinitiatives.

D、scientificanalysis.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：暂无解析

32、Intheeyesofthewriter,theworseningatmosphereissomething

A、theworldmustsafeguardpromptly.

B、thatcallsfbrcostlymeasures.

C、richcountriesareresponsiblefor.

D、thatisclosetobeingsaved.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：暂无解析

33、Theword"recuperate"(Para.5)mostprobablymeans

A、getover.

B、pullthrough.

C、turnup.

D、comearound.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：暂无解析

34、Accordingtothetext,whatencouragesthewriteristhat

A、richcountriesfailtocomsupwithmoney.

B、chemicalsarebroughtundercontrol.

C、industrieshaveturnedtosafersubstances.

D、threateningdangershavebeennoticed.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：暂无解析

35、Towardsthesolutiontotheworseningproblemthewriterseemstobe

A^assured.

B、slack.

C、detached.

D^active.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：暂无解析

TheRepublicanParlyhaslostitsmind.Towinelections,apartyneedsvoles,obviously,

andconstituencies.First,however,itneedsideas.In1994一95,theRepublicanPartyhad

afterlongstruggleadvancedacoherent,compellingsetofpoliticalideasexpressedina

specificlegislativeagenda.Thepoliticalstoryof1996isthatthissameparty,withinthe

spaceofsixweeks,thenbecametotally,shockinglyintellectuallyderanged.Then,

astonishingly,ontheverymomentoftheirphilosophicalvictory,justastheRepublicans

preparedtocarrytheseideasintobattleinNovember,camecannonfirefromtherear.Pat

Buchananfirstcameouttodeclareageneralinsurrection.Theenemy,accordingto

Buchanan,isnotthewelfarestate.Itisthatconservativeicon,capitalism,withitsruthless

captainsofindustry,greedyfinanciersandpoliticalelites(Republicansincluded,of

course).Allthreegroupscollaboratetoletforeigners—immigrants,traders,parasitic

fbreign-aidloafers-destroythegoodlifeoftheordinaryAmericanworker.

Buchananismwouldsupportandwieldabigandmightygovernmentapparatustoprotect

thelittleguyfrombuffeting,agovernmentthatbuildstradewallsandimmigrant

repellingfences,thatimposespunitivetaxesonimports,andthatpolicesthehiringand

firingpracticesofbusinesswiththearroganceofthemostzealousforcer.Republicans

havefocusedtoomuchonthemeretacticaldangersposedbythisassault.Yes,itgives

ammunitiontotheDemocrats.Yes,itputstheeventualnomineethroughabruising

campaignanddelivershimtarnishedanddrainedintotheringagainstBillClinton.But

therealdangerisphilosophical,nottactical.Itisaxioms,notjustpolicies,thatareunder

fire.TheRepublicanideaofsmallergovernmentisbeinggroundtodust—by

Republicans.Inthemiddleofanelectionyear,whentheyshouldhehoningtheirthemes

againstDemocraticliberalism,Buchanan'sriseisforcingapointlessrearguardbattle

againstaphilosophicalcorpse,theobsoletepaleoconservatism—amixofnativism,

protectionismandisolationism—ofthe1930s.Asthecandidates'debateinArizonalast

weekshowed,theentireprimarycampaignwillbefoughtonBuchanan'sgrounds,

fendingoffhisSmoot-Hawley-Francopopulism.Andthenwhat?After(heconvention,

whatdoesthenomineedo?Trytoresurrecttheanti-welfareslatethemesofthe

historicallysuccessful'94congressionalcampaign?Politicalpartiescansurvivebruising

primarybattles.Theycannotsurviveideologicalmeltdown.DoleandBuchanansaythey

arefightingfortheheartandsouloftheRepublicanParty.Heartandsoul,however,will

getyounowherewhenyou'velostyourway-andyourmind.

36、Thewriterbelievesthat【heRepublicParty,infaceofthechallengefromits

opponents,should

A、maintainitspoliticalideaswisely.

B、protectapowerfulgovernment.

C^focusnarrowlyonstrategies.

D、bringdownrebellionsatfirst.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：暂无解析

37、Theword"deranged"(Para.I)denotes

A^zeal.

B、hypocrisy.

C、craze.

D、bewildering.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：暂无解析

38^Buchananarguesthatthegovernmenthastoholdinhighregard

A、thesurvivalofsuccessivebattles.

B、theuniformityofitspoliticalideas.

C、thebenefitsofforeignersatlarge.

D^theinterestsofaverageAmericans.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：暂无解析

39、WhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribetheeventualnomineeoftheRepublic

Partyoftheelection?

A^fromascratch.

B、ontheropes.

C、outofpatience.

D、underattack.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：暂无解析

40Thepassageshowsthatthewriteristhepresentsituation.

A、surprisedat

B、annoyedat

C、puzzledhy

D、confusedby

标准答案：A

知识点解析：暂无解析

三、阅读(补全短文)(本题共5题，每题1.0分，共

5分。)

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choose

themostsuitableonefromthelist(AxB、C^D、E^F、G.......)tofitintoeachofthe

numberedblank.Thereareseveralextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.(10

points)Nonverbalcommunicationishugelyimportant:inanyinteractionwithothers;its

importanceismultipliedacrosscultures.Thisisbecausewetendtolookfbrnonverbal

cueswhenverbalmessagesareunclearorambiguous,astheyaremorelikely(obeacross

cultures.(41).Low-contextculturesliketheUnitedSlatesandCanadatend(o

giverelativelylessemphasistononverbalcommunication.Thisdoesnotmeanthat

nonverbalcommunicationdoesnothappen,orthatitisunimportant,butthatpeoplein

thesesettingstendtoplacelessimportanceonitthanontheliteralmeaningsofwords

themselves.Inhigh-contextsettingssuchasJapanorColombia,understandingthe

nonverbalcomponentsofconiniunicationisrelativelymoreimportanttoreceivingthe

intendedmeaningofthecommunicationasawhole.(42).Forinstance,itmaybe

moresociallyacceptableinsomesettingsintheUnitedStatesfbrwomentoshowfear,

butnotanger,andformentodisplayanger,butnotfear.Atthesametime,interpretation

offacialexpressionsacrossculturesisdifficult.InChinaandJapan,forexample,afacial

expressionthatwouldberecognizedaroundtheworldasconveyinghappinessmay

actuallyexpressangerormasksadness,bothofwhichareunacceptabletoshowovertly.

(43).ForaWesternerwhounderstandssmilestomeanfriendlinessandhappiness,

(hissmilemayseemoutofplaceandevencold,under(hecircumstances.Even(hough

somefacialexpressionsmaybesimilaracrosscultures,theirinterpretationsremain

culturespecific.Itisimportant(ounderstandsomethingaboutculturalstarting-pointsand

valuesinordertointerpretemotionsexpressedincross-cultunilinteractions.(44).

InacomparisonofNorthAmericanandFrenchchildrenonubeach,aresearchernoticed

thattheFrenchchildrentendedtostayinarelativelysmallspaceneartheirparents,while

USchildrenrangedupanddownalargeareaofthebeach.(45).Theseexamples

ofdifferencesrelatedtononverbalcomniunicationareonlythetipoftheiceberg.Careful

observation,ongoingstudyfromavarietyofsources,andcultivatingrelationshipsacross

cultureswillallhelpdeveloptheculturalfluencytoworkeffectivelywithnonverbal

communicationdifferences.A.Thesedifferencesofinterpretationmayleadtoconflict.

SupposeaJapanesepersonisexplainingherabsencefromnegotiationsduetoadeathin

herfamily.Shemaydosowithasmile,basedonherculturalbeliefthatitisnot

appropriatetoinflictthepainofgriefonothers.B.Anothervariableacrosscultureshas

(odowithwaysofrelatingtospace.Crossingcultures,weencounterverydifferentideas

aboutpolitespaceforconversationsandnegotialions.NorthAmericanstendloprefera

largeamountofspace,perhapsbecausetheyaresurroundedbyitin(heirhomesand

countryside.Europeans(endtostandmorecloselywitheachotherwhentalking,andare

accustomedtosmallerpersonalspaces.C.Americansareseriousaboutstandinginlines,

inaccordancewiththeirbeliefsindemocracyandtheprincipleof"firstcome,first

served".TheFrench,ontheotherhand,haveapracticeoflinejumping,thatirritates

manyBritishandUSAmericans.D.Sincenonverbalbehaviorarisesfromourcultural

commonsense,weusedifferentsystemsofunderstandinggestures,posture,silence,

spatialrelations,emotionalexpression,touch,physicalappearance,andothernonverbal

cues.Culturesalsoattributedifferentdegreesofimportancetoverbalandnonverbal

behavior.E.Thedifferencewithspacepreferencesisnotthattheyexist,butthe

judgmentsthatgetattachedtothem.Ifsomeoneisaccustomedtostandingorsittingvery

closewhentheyaretalkingwithanother,theymaysectheothersattempttocreatemore

spaceasevidenceofcoldness,oralackofinterest.F.ItissaidthataGermanexecutive

workingintheUnitedStatesbecamesoupsetwithvisitorstohisofficemovingtheguest

chairtosuitthemselvesthathehaditboltedtothefloor.G.Someelementsofnonverbal

communicationareconsistentacrosscultures.Forexample,researchhasshown(hatthe

emotionsofenjoyment,anger,fear,sadness,disgust,andsurpriseareexpressedinsimilar

waysbypeoplearoundtheworld.Differencessurfacewithrespecttowhichemotionsare

acceptabletodisplayinvariousculturalsettings,andbywhom.

41Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,

choosethemostsuitableonefromthelist(AsB、C^D、E、F、G.......)tofitinto

eachofthenumberedblank.Therearcseveralextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyof

thegaps.(10points)Nonverbalcommunicationishugelyimportant:inanyinteraction

withothers;itsimponanceismultipliedacrosscultures.Thisisbecausewetend(olook

fornonverbalcueswhenverbalmessagesareunclearorambiguous,astheyaremore

likelytobeacrosscultures.(41).Low-contcxtculturesliketheUnitedStatesand

Canadatendtogiverelativelylessemphasistononverbalconununication.Thisdocsnot

meanthatnonverbalcommunicationdoesnothappen,orthatitisunimportant,butthat

peopleinthesesettingstendtoplacelessimportanceonitthanontheliteralmeaningsof

words(hemselves.Inhigh-contextsettingssuchasJapanorColombia,understandingthe

nonverbalcomponentsofcommunicationisrelativelymoreimportanttoreceivingthe

intendedmeaningofthecommunicationasawhole.(42).Forinstance,itmaybe

moresociallyacceptableinsomesettingsintheUnitedStatesforwomentoshowfear,

butnotanger,andformentodisplayanger,butnotfear.Atthesametime,interpretation

offacialexpressionsacrossculturesisdifficult.InChinaandJapan,forexample,afacial

expressionthatwouldberecognizedaroundtheworldasconveyinghappinessmay

actuallyexpressangerormasksadness,bothofwhichareunacceptabletoshowovertly.

(43).ForaWesternerwhounderstandssmilestomeanfriendlinessandhappiness,

thissmilemayseemoutofplaceandevencold,underthecircumstances.Eventhough

some