国际贸易实务双语教程

Chapter01RegulatingInternationalTradeBASICPROCESSOFINTERNATIONALTRADEBASICPROCESSOFEXPORTTRADEPreparationforexport

NegotiationandconclusionofcontractPerformanceofexportcontractBASICPROCESSOFIMPORTTRADEPreparationforimportNegotiationandconclusionofcontractPerformanceofimportcontractOVERVIEWOFCONTRACTSFORINTERNATIONALSALEOFGOODSFEATURESOFCONTRACTSFORINTERNATIONALSALEOFGOODSTransactionsareinternationalTargetedmatteroftransactionisgoodsNatureoftransactionisbuyingandsellingRULESTOBEFOLLOWEDININTERNATIONALSALEOFGOODSEquallegalstatusVoluntarinessFairnessandequityGoodfaithLegalityandrespectforsocialmoralcodesFORMSOFCONTRACTSFORINTERNATIONALSALEOFGOODS

Theformofcontractisthewayinwhichtwopartiestoacontractreachanagreementontheestablishment,alterationandterminationofcivilrightsandobligations.Itisalsotheexplicitexpressionoftheparties’intrinsicintentions.AccordingtotherelevantprovisionsofCISGandtheContractLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,thepartiesconcludecontractsinwritten,verbaloranyotherform.Alltheaboveformsofcontracthavethesamelegaleffectandarelegalformsofcontract.Thepartiescanusuallychooseaccordingtotheirneeds.CONTENTOFCONTRACTSFORINTERNATIONALSALEOFGOODS

Thecontentofacontract,alsoknownascontractterms,istheimportantbasisfordeterminingtheright-obligationrelationshipbetweenthepartiestothecontract.Itisalsotheobjectivebasisfordeterminingtheeffectivenessofthecontract.Thecontentofacontractshallbeagreedbybothparties,whichgenerallyincludes：

designations

or

names

and

addresses

of

the

parties,thetargetedmatter,quantity,quality,priceorremuneration,time,placeandmodeoffulfilment,liabilityforbreachofcontract,anddisputesettlement.LAWSANDRUGULATIONSGOVERNINGINTERNATIONALTRADE（1）INTERNATIONALCONVENTIONSConventionsoninternationalsaleofgoodsConventionsoninternationalcargotransportationConventionsoninternationalpaymentConventionsoninternationaltraderegulationConventionsontradedisputesettlementConventionsonintellectualpropertyLAWSANDRUGULATIONSGOVERNINGINTERNATIONALTRADE（2）DOMESTICLAWSOninternationalsaleofgoods:ContractLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaOninternationaltransportationandinsurance:MaritimeCodeofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaOninternationalpayment:LawonNegotiableInstrumentsofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaOnforeigntraderegulation:ForeignTradeLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,CustomsLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,LawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaonImportandExportCommodityInspectionOninternationalcommercialarbitration:ArbitrationLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaLAWSANDRUGULATIONSGOVERNINGINTERNATIONALTRADE（3）INTERNATIONALTRADECUSTOMSOninternationaltradetermsOninternationalpaymentsettlementOntransportationandinsuranceOninternationalarbitrationOninternationalguaranteeENDChapter02INTERNATIONALTRADETERMSOVERVIEWOFTRADETERMSDefinitionAfterlong-termpracticeofinternationaltrade,severaltradetermshaveformedgradually,whichusetheabbreviationsoracronymstoindicatetheplaceofdelivery,toassignresponsibilitiesanddividecostsbetweenthetwoparties,andtoclarifythetransferofrisks,suchasFOB,CIF,etc.Itisveryimportantforbothpartiestoclearlyunderstandthespecificmeaningofallterms.OVERVIEWOFTRADETERMSFunctionsTosimplifyproceduresandreducenegotiationtimeTomakeiteasierforthetwopartiestocomparepricesandstrengthencostmanagement

Itisconduciveforsolvingtradedisputesproperly

Internationalcustomsgoverningtradeterms

WarsawOxfordRulesof1932RevisedAmericanForeignTradeDefinitions1990

InternationalRulesfortheInterpretationofTradeTerms

InternationalRulesfortheInterpretationofTradeTermsInternationalRulesfortheInterpretationofTradeTerms,abbreviatedasIncoterms,isformulatedbytheInternationalChamberofCommerceinordertounifytheinterpretationofvarioustradeterms.Itisalsothemostpopularinternationalpracticeoftradetermsininternationaltrade.ThefinalversionofIncoterms®2020wasreleasedonSeptember10,2019andtookeffectonJanuary1,2020.Classificationof11TermsofIncoterms®2020RulesforanymodeormodesoftransportincludingmultimodaltransportEXW(ExWorks)FCA(FreeCarrier)CPT(CarriagePaidTo)CIP(CarriageandInsurancePaidTo)DAP(DeliveredAtPlace)DPU(DeliveredAtPlaceUnloaded)DDP(DeliveredDutyPaid)RulesforseaandinlandwaterwaytransportFAS(FreeAlongsideShip)FOB(FreeOnBroad)CFR(CostandFreight)CIF(Cost,InsuranceandFreight)IntepretationsofEandFRulesEandFrulesincludefourtradeterms:EXW,FAS,FOBandFCA.Amongthem,EXWisthetermwithminimumobligationoftheseller,whileFrulesarecalledthetermsof“mainfreightunpaid”.Whenatransactionisconcludedundertheseterms,thesellermustdeliverintheagreedmannerattheagreedtimeandplace.Thebuyerisresponsibleforarrangingthetransportationofthegoodsfromtheplaceofdeliverytothedestination,andthefreightisalsobornebythebuyer.IntepretationsofEandFRulesInterpretationofEXWOndeliveryOnimportandexportclearanceOnplaceofdeliveryInterpretationofFASOn“sideofavessel”ImportanceofshippingnoticeDifferentinterpretationinRevisedAmericanForeignTradeDefinitions1990IntepretationsofEandFRulesInterpretationofFCAObligationsofthebuyerandthesellerOnplaceofdelivery

Onbillsofladingwithanon-boardnotationinFCAsalesInterpretationofFOBObligationsofthebuyerandthesellerCorrectlyunderstandtherelationshipbetweendispatchmentofshipandshipmentVariantsofFOBDifferentintepretationsofFOBunderdifferentcustomsInterpretationofCrules

Crulesincludesfourtradeterms:CFR,CIF,CPTandCIP.Thesetermsarecalled“mainfreightpaid”terms.Whenatransactionisconcludedundertheseterms,thesellershallberesponsibleforarrangingthetransportationattheagreedtime,loadingthegoodsonboardattheagreedportofshipment,andpayingfortheoceanfreight.InterpretationofCrulesInterpretationofCFRObligationsofthebuyerandthesellerOntransportationOnnoticeofshipment

VariantsofCFRInterpretationofCIFObligationsofthebuyerandthesellerOntheportofdeliveryandtheportofdestination

OninsuranceOnsymbolicdeliveryInterpretationofCrulesInterpretationofCPTObligationsofthebuyerandthesellerTodeterminethepointofdeliveryandtheplaceofdelivery

Unloadingcostsuponarrivalattheplaceofdestination

InterpretationofCIP

ObligationsofthebuyerandthesellerOninsuranace

InterpretationofDRules

Drulesincludethreetradeterms:DAT,DPUandDDP.Theserulesareconsideredarrivalcontract,thesellerusuallyhastofulfilltheobligationofdeliveryintheimportingcountry.InterpretationofDRules

InterpretationofDAPTodeterminetheplaceofdeliveryinadvanceOnseller’sriskcontrolInterpretationofDPUChoosingappropriatetermsbasedontheseller’sobligations

InterpretationofDDP

OninsuranceOnimportclearancePRINCIPLESINCHOOSINGTRADETERMSEconomicfactorsInmarketcompetition,tradetermsoftenbecomesanimportantmeansforsellerstowincustomerswiththechangeofmarket.Inordertomotivatetheotherpartytobuy,theselleroftenadoptsthetermofDrulesinwhichthegoodsaredeliveredatthedestination,whicharemorefavorabletothebuyer.Sometimes,thesellerwillchoosetermssuchasCrulestoshowthatheiswillingtoarrangethecharteringofvesselandbookingforshippingspaceforthegoods,paythefreightandevenbeartheinsuranceliability.PRINCIPLESINCHOOSINGTRADETERMSTransportationfactorsWhenchoosingtradeterms,onemustconsiderthenatureofthegoodsandthesuitablemodeoftransport.ItisbettertouseFOB,CFR,CIForFASifthegoodsaretransportedbyseasincethesetermscanonlybeusedforseaandinlandwaterwaytransport.Whenusinglandtransportation,itisbettertochoosetradetermsthataresuitableforvariousmodesoftransport,suchasCPT,CIP,FCA,etc.PRINCIPLESINCHOOSINGTRADETERMSTradingenvironmentInchooseingtradeterms,thebuyerandthesellershouldnotignoretheirowngeographicalconditions,forexample,landlockedcountriessuchasMongoliaandSwitzerland,duetogeographicallimitation,itisnotsuitabletouseFOBorCIFterms;whiletheyaresuitablefortradebetweenChinaandislandcountrieslikeJapanandtheGreatBritain.Tradersfromsomecountriesandregionsaresuedtousingusingcertaintradeterms.Forexample,theAmericantradersUnitedStatesareaccustomedtousingFOBterms,whiletradersfromMiddleEastcountriesareaccustomedtousingCFRterms.Inordertoensureasmoothtransaction,thecustomarytradepracticesoftheotherpartymustberespectedunderappropriatecircumstances.ENDChapter

03TERMSONSUBJECTMATTEROFTHECONTRACTSUBJECTMATTEROFTHECONTRACT

Significanceofstipulatingtheclauseofproductnameinthecontract

ContentsoftheclauseofproductnameMatterstopayattentionwhenstipulatingtheclauseofproductnameTheproductnamemustbeclearandspecificTheproductnamemustberealisticandreflecttheactualconditionofthecommodityTheproductnameshouldusecommonlyacceptedinternationallyThechoiceofproductnameshouldproperQUALITYOFGOODSThequalityofcommodityisthecombinationofitsintrinsicattributesandexternalappearance.Theintrinsicattributesincludeitsnaturalattributessuchasphysicalproperties,mechanicalproperties,chemicalcompositionandbiologicalcharacteristics,whiletheexternalappearanceincludesexternalattributessuchasappearance,color,style,transparencyandsoon.Qualityisnotonlyanimportantfactortodeterminetheutilityofthegoodswhihinturnaffectsthemarketpriceofthegoods,butalsoanimportantmeanstostrengthenmarketingcompetitiveness.QUALITYOFGOODSThemeaningandimportanceofquality

WaystoexpressquliatyToexpressqualitybyphysicalrepresentationSalebyLookingatGoodsSalebysampleToexpressqualitybydescriptionandillustrationSalebyspecificationSalesbygradeSalesbystandardSalebyinstructionsanddrawingsSalebytrademarkorbrandSalebynameoforiginQUALITYOFGOODSSalebysampleSalebysamplemeansthatthegoodsqualityisexpressedbysamplewhichistakenasthebasisofdelivery.Theseller’ssampleandthebuyer’ssamplerefertothesamplesprovidedbythesellerandthebuyerrespectively;andthecountersamplereferstoasamplewhichisprocessedorreproducedbytheselleraccordingtothatprovidedbythebuyerforitsconfirmation.QUALITYOFGOODSClauseofqualitydeviationQualitytoleranceQualitylatitudeContentsofqualityclauseUsecorrectmethodstoexpressthequalitybasedonthecharacteristicsofthecommoditiesSetproperqualityindexaccordingtotheactualdomesticproductionsituationbeclearandspecificQUANTITYOFGOODSImportanceofquantityofgoodsAccordingtoCISG,ifthegoodsareover-delivered,thebuyercanacceptorrefusetoacceptallorpartoftheover-deliveredquantity.Ifthegoodsareshort-deiveredhowever,thesellerisallowedtomakeupfortheshortagewithinspecifiedperiodofdelivery,buttheselleritshallnotincuradditionalexpensesorcauseunreasonableinconveniencetothebuyer.Evenso,thebuyerreservestherighttoclaimfordamages.QUANTITYOFGOODSUnitofmeasurement

ByweightBynumberBylengthByareaByvolumeBycapacityQUANTITYOFGOODSCalculationofweightGrossweightNetweightConditionedweightTheoreticalweightLegalweightandnetnetweightQUANTITYOFGOODSStipulationsonflexiblerangeofquantityMethodsofdeterminingtheflexiblerangeofquantityOptionsofflexiblerangeofquantityPricingoftheover-deliveredorshort-deliveredquantityPACKAGEOFGOODSSignificanceofstipulatingclauseofpackagingTypesofpackageShippingpackageSalepackageNeutralpackageBarcodePACKAGEOFGOODSPackagemarkMarksonsalepackageDecorativepicturesonpackageWordsonthepackageLabelonpackageMarkonshippingpackageShippingmarksIndicativemarksWarningmarksPACKAGEOFGOODSPackageclauseinthecontractThepackageclauseinacontractmainlyincludesmaterials,methods,specifications,marks,andsometimescostsofpackaging.AccordingtoCISG,thegoodsdeliveredbythesellermustconformtothequantity,qualityandspecificationsstipulatedinthecontract,andmustbecontainedorpackagedinthemannerspecifiedinthecontract.PACKAGEOFGOODSPackageclauseinthecontractTherequirementsforpackagingshouldbeclearandspecificSpecifiedwhobearsthecostofpackagingIdentifywheretoprovidetransportsignsCOMMODITYINSPECTIONSignificanceofcommodityinspectionCommodityinspectionininternationalsaleofgoodsreferstotheinspection,appraisalandmanagementofthequality,quantity,packaging,hygieneandsafetyofthegoodstobedeliveredordeliveredbythesellerbycommodityinspectionorganizations.Commodityinspectionistheproductofthedevelopmentofinternationaltrade.Withthedevelopmentofinternationaltrade,ithasbecomeanimportantpartofmerchandizetradeandanindispensablepartofsalescontract.COMMODITYINSPECTIONTimeandplaceofcommodityinspectionInspectionintheexportingcountryInspectionattheplaceoforigin(orfactory)

Inspectionatport(orplace)ofloading

InspectionintheimportingcountryInspectionattheport(palce)ofdestination

Inspectionattheplaceofenduser

Inspectionintheexportingcountryandre-inspectionintheimportingcountryCOMMODITYINSPECTIONInspectionorganizationsIninternationaltrade,thereareseveraltypesofcommodityinspectionorganizations:officialorganizations,whichareinspectionorganizationssetupbythestate;semi-officialinspectionorganizations,whichrefertosomenon-governmentalorganizationswithcertainauthority,authorizedbynationalgovernmentsandactonbehalfofthegovernmenttoperformacertaincommodityinspectionorcertainaspectsofinspectionmanagement;non-officialinspectionorganizations,whichrefertoprivateorganizations,notarizationfirmsorinspectioncompanieswithprofessionalinspectionandappraisalskills.COMMODITYINSPECTIONCertificateofinspectionTheinspectioncertificateisthebasisforprovingwhetherthegoodsdeliveredbythesellerconformtothecontract

Theinspectioncertificateisthebasisforclaimandsettlementofclaim

Theinspectioncertificateisthebasisforcustomsclearance

TheinspectioncertificateisthebasisforthesellertosettlethepaymentforgoodsENDChapter04INTERNATIONALCARGOTRANSPORTATIONOCEANTRANSPORTFeaturesofoceantransportStrongcarryingcapacity,highfreightvolume,lowfreightandstrongadaptabilitytogoods.Atthesametime,ithassomedeficiencies,suchaslowspeedduetothelargevolumeoftheshipandthelargeflowresistance,susceptibletotheclimateandnaturalconditions.Thusitisdifficulttoaccuratelypredictvoyagetimeandinvolveshigherrisks.OCEANTRANSPORTOperationofoceantransportLinertransportationShippingbycharteringOCEANTRANSPORT--LinertransportFeaturesoflinertransport“Fourfixed”TimeofloadingandunloadingnotregulatedRights,obligations,responsibilitiesandexemptionsofthethecarrierandtheshipperarebasedonthetermsofthebillofladingissuedbytheshippingcompanyLinerFreightCompositionoflinerfreightStandardsofcollectingbasicfreightStandardsofcollectingsurchargesOCEANTRANSPORT--LinertransportStandardsofcollectingbasicfreightThefreightischargedbythegrossweightofgoods,alsoknownasweighttons,indicatedinthefreighttariffsas“W”.Thefreightischargedbythevolumeofgoods,alsoknownasmeasurementtons,indicatedinthefreighttariffsas“M”.Thefreightischargedbythegrossweightorthevolumeofthegoodswhicheveristhehigher.Itisindicatedinthefreighttariffsas“W/M”.Accordingtocustoms,ifthevolumeofatonofgoodsexceedsonecubicmeter,thegoodswillbechargedonthevolume;ifthevolumeofatonofgoodsislessthanonecubicmeter,onthegrossweight.OCEANTRANSPORT--ShippingbycharteringShippingbycharteringisthatunderacharterparty,theshipownerwillchartertheshiptothecharterertofulfilcertainfreighttask,andchargethefreightaccordingtotheagreedfreightrate.Shippingbycharteringisusuallysuitableforthetransportationofbulkgoods.Shippingbycharteringincludesvoyagecharterparty,timecharterpartyandbareboatcharterparty.OCEANTRANSPORT--ShippingbycharteringVoyagecharterpartyTimecharterpartyBareboatcharterpartyothermodesoftransportInternationalrailtransportInternationalrailwayfreighttransportreferstotheuseofaunifiedinternationalconsignmentnote,underwhichtherailcompanyisresponsibleforthethroughtransportofgoodsbetweentwoormorecountries,andthegoodsaretransferredbytherailwayofonecountrytothatofanothercountrywithouttheparticipationoftheconsignorandtheconsignee.Suchtransportiscalledinternationalrailfreighttransport.othermodesoftransportInternationalairtransportScheduledairlineCharteredcarrierConsolidationAirexpressserviceothermodesoftransportContainertransportFeaturesofcontainertransportPackingmethodsforcontainerizedcargoFCLLCLDeliveryofcontainerizedcargoothermodesoftransportInternationalmultimodaltransportConditionsforconstitutinginternationalmultimodaltransportmultimodaltransportcontractthroughtransportusingatleasttwoormoremodesoftransport

asinglemultimodaltransportdocumentInternationalparcelposttransportothermodesoftransportInternationalparcelposttransportParcelposttransportisasimplemodeoftransport.Throughtheagreementsandcontractssignedbetweenpostaldepartmentsofvariouscountries,postalpackagesofvariouscountriescanbedeliveredtooneanother,thusforminganinternationalparcelposttransportnetwork.Inrecentyears,withthedevelopmentofonlinecross-bordere-commerceandtheemergenceofsmallscaleinternationaltradeforconsumers,theparcelposttransporthasbeendevelopingrapidly.TERMSOFSHIPMENTTimeofshipmentPortofdeliveryandportofdestinationPartialshipmentandtransshipmentShippingadviceLaytime,rateofloadingandunloading,demurrageanddispatchmoneySHIPPINGDOCUMENTS--BillofladingNatureandfunctionsofbillofladingProofofcontractofcarriagebyseaReceiptofgoodsDocumentoftitleTypesofbillofladingonboardB/L(orshippedB/L)andreceivedforshipmentB/LcleanB/LandclausedB/L

straightB/L,bearerB/LandorderB/L

directB/L,transshipmentB/LandcombinedB/L

SHIPPINGDOCUMENTS--BillofladingContentsofbillofladinge-B/LInternationalconventionsonbillofladingSHIPPINGDOCUMENTS--BillofladingInternationalconventionsonbillofladingInternationalConventionfortheUnificationofCertainRulesofLawRelatingtoBillsofLadingProtocoltoAmendtheInternationalConventionfortheUnificationofCertainRulesofLawRelatingtoBillsofLadingTheUnitedNationsConventionontheCarriageofGoodsbySeaUnitedNationsConventiononContractsfortheInternationalCarriageofGoodsWhollyorPartlybySeaSHIPPINGDOCUMENTSConsignmentnoteAirwaybillMultimodaltransportdocumentParcelpostreceiptENDChapter05INTERNATIONALCARGOTransportation

INSURANCEINTERNATIONALCARGOINSURANCE

Internationalcargotransportgenerallyinvolveslongdistanceandhighrisk,andmaysufferfromvariouslossesinthetransportationprocess.Inordertopassontherisksintransportationandbecompensatedeconomicallyafterthelossofordamagetothegoods,itisnecessarytoprocuretransportinsurance.RISKS,LOSSESANDEXPENSESINMARINECARGOINSURANCERiskscoveredbymarinecargoinsurancePerilsatseaNaturalcalamityFortuitousaccidentsExtraneousrisksGeneralextraneousrisksSpecialextraneousrisksSpecificextraneousrisksRISKS,LOSSESANDEXPENSESINMARINECARGOINSURANCELossescoveredbymarinecargoinsuranceTotallossandpartiallossTotallossActualtotallossConstructivetotallossPartiallossGeneralaverageparticularaverageRISKS,LOSSESANDEXPENSESINMARINECARGOINSURANCEGeneralaverageTheperilmustberealorunavoidable,butbasedonsubjectivespeculation,becausenotallmarinedisastersandaccidentswillcausegeneralaverage.Thesacrificemadeshouldbereasonableandvoluntarytoavoidtheperilortosavethecommoninterestsfromtheconsequenceoftheperil.Itmustbeasacrificeoraspecialexpensecausedbyaprudentactormeasuretakenforthecommonsafetyoftheshipandthecargo.Thesacrificeorexpendituremustbeextraordinaryinnaturebutnotadirectresultoftheperil.Itmustbeaimedatgettingoutofthedanger.RISKS,LOSSESANDEXPENSESINMARINECARGOINSURANCEparticularaverageParticularaverageispartiallossofordamagetothesubjectmatterofinsuranceinmarineinsurance.Itoccurswhenduetoinsuredrisks,partoftheshipper’scargoisdamagedandnooneelse’scargohastobesacrificedtosavethevoyage.Thecargoownerwhosegoodsweredamagedorlostshouldrefertohisinsurancecompany,providedhispolicycoversthespecifictypeoflosssuffered.RISKS,LOSSESANDEXPENSESINMARINECARGOINSURANCEExpensescoveredbymarinecargoinsurance

Sue&LabourChargeSalvageCharge

CHINAINSURANCECLAUSEBasiccoverages

Coverageofliabilities

Freefromparticularaverage(FPA)

Withparticularaverageorwithaverage(WPAorWA)

AllrisksExceptions

Commencementandterminationofinsuranceliabilities

Validityofclaim

CHINAINSURANCECLAUSEFreefromparticularaverage(FPA)

FPAisthisisthenarrowestformofcoverage.UnderFPA,theinsurerisliablefor1-8.CHINAINSURANCECLAUSEWithparticularaverageorwithaverage(WPAorWA)

WAcovershigherrisksthanFPAbutlowerthanAllRisks.AsidefromtheriskscoveredunderFPA,WAalsocoverspartiallossoftheinsuredgoodscausedbynaturalcalamitieslikeheavyweather,lightening,tsunami,earthquake,floodandsoon.CHINAINSURANCECLAUSEAllrisksAllrisksrepresenthighestliabilitiesoftheinsurer.AsidefromtheriskscoveredundertheFPAandWA,AllRisksalsocoverallrisksoflossofordamagetotheinsuredgoodswhetherpartialortotal,arisingfromexternalcausesinthecourseoftransit.CHINAINSURANCECLAUSEAdditionalrisks

Generaladditionalrisks

Specialadditionalrisks

SpecificAdditionalRisksCHINAINSURANCECLAUSEGeneraladditionalrisksThereare11generaladditionalrisks.GeneraladditionalrisksarecoveredbyAllRisks,thusthereisnoneedtopurchaseanygeneraladditionalrisksseparatelyoncetheAllRisksareprocured.WhenprocuringFPAorWPA,oneormoregeneraladditionalriskscanbeaddedaccordingtothenatureofthegoods.Herewemainlyintroducethecoverageofgeneraladditionalrisks.Theexclusions,thecommencementandterminationofliability,theobligationsoftheinsuredandthetimeofvalidityofaclaimarethesameasthoseofbasicrisks,thuswillnotbeelaborated.CHINAINSURANCECLAUSESpecialadditionalrisks

Specialadditionalrisksincludewarriskandstrikerisk.Marinecargowarriskcoverslossofordamagetotheinsuredgoodscauseddirectlybyorinconsequenceofwar,warlikeoperations,hostileacts,armedconflictsorpiracy;andalsolossordamagecausedbycapture,seizure,arrest,restraintordetainmentarisingfromtheeventsmentionedabove.Strikeriskcoverslossofordamagetothegoodsinsureddirectlycausedbyactsofstrikes,locked-outworkmenorpersonstakingpartinlabordisturbances,riotsorcivilcommotionsorbymaliciousactsofanypersonorpersonswhosoever;sacrificeinandcontributiontogeneralaverageandsalvagechargesarisingfromtheactsasstatedabove.CHINAINSURANCECLAUSESpecificAdditionalRisksOnDeckRiskImportDutyRiskRejectionRiskAflatoxinRiskFailuretoDeliverRiskINSURANCEOFLAND

TRANSPORTATION

Insuranceoflandtransportation

Landtransportationrisk

Landtransportationallrisks

Thecommencementandterminationofinsuranceliabilities

INSURANCEOFAIRTRANSPORTATION

Insuranceofairtransportation

AirtransportriskAirtransportallrisksThecommencementandterminationofinsuranceliabilities

INSURANCEOFPARCELPOSTTRANSPORTATION

Parcelpostinsurance

Parcelpostriskparcelpostallrisks

Thecommencementandterminationofinsuranceliabilities

INSURANCEPRACTICESININTERNATIONALCARGOTRANSPORT

ApplyforinsuranceSigningtheinsurancecontract

Claimforcompensation

INSURANCEPRACTICESININTERNATIONALCARGOTRANSPORT

FormsofinsurancecontractInsurancepolicyTheinsurancepolicyisthewrittencertificateofformalinsurancecontractsignedbetweentheinsurerandtheinsured.Inmarinecargoinsurance,theinsurerissuestheinsurancepolicytotheinsuredonone-by-onebasis.InsurancecertificateInsurancecertificate,isadocumentissuedbytheinsurertotheinsuredtoprovethattheinsurancecontracthascomeintoeffect.Insurancecertificateisoftenusedunderopeninsurance.Ithasthesamefunctionandeffectasinsurancepolicy.INSURANCEPRACTICESININTERNATIONALCARGOTRANSPORT

ClaimforcompensationTheinsuredmustcompletethefollowingsteps:NotifythelossTakereasonablesalvagemeasuresFileaclaimagainstrelevantpartiesincludingthecarrierPreparenecessarydocumentsforclaimENDChapter06PRICEOFIMPORTANDEXPORTCOMMODITIESPRICINGOFIMPORTANDEXPORTCOMMODITIESPricingprincipleforimportandexportcommoditiesinChinaThechangeinsupplyanddemandandpricetrendofinternationalmarketQualityandgradeofgoodsPlaceofDeliveryandtermsofdeliveryTransportdistanceVolumeoftransactionC