第3章-语义与翻译

语义与汉英翻译（一）汉语与英语的构词法差异汉语：ideographicscript表意文字determiner+genericword如售票员、列车员、运动员英语：alphabeticscript拼音文字superordinate;上位词hyponym/subordinate/下位词如rain:(superordinate)torrent;drizzle/mizzle;sleet(hyponym)Examples:

葡萄grape；葡萄干raisin宗教religion；邪教cult/heresy酿酒厂brewery；炼油厂refinery座谈会symposium；招商会investmentpromotionfair；博览会expo；残运会Paralympics；记者招待会pressconference;newsrelease；人才招聘会jobfair；贸易洽谈会tradefair；拍卖会auction专业major；辅修/二学位minor博士点；Ph.D.programme联合国难民署TheUNRefugeeProgramme英语专业：Englishprogramme(major)上游、中游、下游theupper/middle/lowerreaches上游企业upstreamindustry中国国务院以及下属部委theStateCouncil;theMinistryofEducation;theministerofEducation美国国务院以及各部theStateDepartments;theDepartmentofEducation;theSecretaryEducation鸡，公鸡rooster，母鸡hen，小鸡chicken鸟bird，小鸟fledgling猪pig,小猪gruntling

猪肉pork牛cow小牛calf牛肉beef老虎tiger，虎崽cub洒水车sprinkler；垃圾车garbagetruck如何查询下位词关于下位词、具体词汇的查询，可以使用朗文英语联想活用词典（LongmanLanguageActivator）上海外语教育出版社以及google、句库等网站汉语的构词法往往是自由语素+不自由语素，翻译时要仔细辨认。

药材medicalmaterial；药方recipe;prescription；药房drugstore,pharmacy；药店drugstore；服药takemedicine；汤药decoction；耗子药ratpoison；制药厂pharmaceuticalfactory字面意义与语用意义“饭桶”“good-for-nothing”“吃不开”“beunpopular”吃不了兜着走“landoneselfinserioustrouble”“吃不消”beunabletostand“吃”“吃不住beunabletobearorsupport”、“吃老本”liveoffone‘spastgains、“吃软不吃硬”beopentopersuasion、“吃闲饭”leadanidlelife“吃香”beverypopular“苦”1、我喜欢吃苦瓜。Ilike(eating)balsampear.2、他不怕苦和累。Heisnotafraidofhardships.3、她脸上露出一丝苦笑。Sheforcedawry/bittersmile.4、他苦苦哀求。Heentreatedpiteously./imploredbitterly.“菜”小菜一碟aseasyasABC面有菜色lookfamished/hungry/sallow多吃荤菜对身体健康不好。Toomuchmeatandfishdoesnogoodtothehealth.注意词汇的深层逻辑养成早起的习惯inthehabitof(raisethehabit括号内错译，下同)他们采取摇摆不定的政策。Theyaretakingapolicyofvacillation(wrong).Theyaretakingvacillatingmeasures.or:vacillatingattitude/actions享受公费医疗Beentitledtofreemedicalcare(enjoyfreemedicalcare)发展是硬道理。Developmentisoftoppriority.力争上游：strivetobethebest心里闷得慌bestifled(bored)beyondendurance;beawfullystifled(bored)分辨字面意义和语用意义1、他舍己救人的精神使我深受感动。I’mgreatlytouchedbyhisdeedsofriskinghislifetosavepeople.2、你穿这件夹克衫很精神。Youarefulloflife/vigorousinthisjacket.答应1、台湾想从祖国分裂出去，中国人民决不答应。Chinesepeoplewillneverallowthesplittists’separationofTaiwanfromthemotherland.2、我喊了一声，他没有答应。Icalledhim,yethedidnotreply/answer.3、我答应不讲秘密泄露出去。Ipromisenottoletoutthesecret.毛毛雨天正下着毛毛雨。It’sdrizzlingnow.我给学生下了点毛毛雨，期末考试将会很难。Idroppedmystudentssomehintsthatthefinalexamwouldbesomewhatdifficult.“备课”备课要做好三件事情：备学生，备教材，备教法。Preparingalecturerequiresdoingthreethingswell:gettingtoknowthestudents;arrangingsuitableteachingmaterial,andchoosingeffective/optimalteachingmethods.手脚慌了手脚。inaconfusion;beflustered他手脚不干净。Sticky-handed手脚麻利。Agile/nimble做了手脚。Jugglewith请分辨下列词语/词素在不同语境/词汇中的翻译：

1．好：a.他是祖国的好儿子。Heisaworthysonofourcountry.b.庄稼长得真好。Thecropsaregrowingwell.c.他们对我真好。Theyarereallykindtome.d.楼的质量不好。Thebuildingisnotwellbuilt./jerry-builte.这个问题很好回答。Thisquestioniseasytoanswer.f.啊，好票！Oh，agoodseat！2．学习：

a.学习知识acquireknowledgeb.学习技术master/learnaskillc.学习外语study/learnaforeignlanguaged.学习成绩academicrecords/gradee.学习别人的长处emulateothers'strongpointsf.互相学习learnfromeachotherg.以雷锋为学习的榜样followtheexampleofLeiFeng3．水平：

a.他的英语水平比我高。HeknowsmoreEnglishthanIdo.b.把军政素质提高到一个新水平。Raisethemilitaryandpoliticalqualitytoanewheight.c.各级领导干部必须提高领导水平。Leadersofvariousranksmustimprovetheirartofleadership.4．送：

a.送某人一本书givesomebodyabookb.送礼presentagifttosomebodyc.送信Deliver/sendaletterd.送客seeavisitoroute.送行seesomebodyofff.送雨伞bringsomebodyanumbrellag.送命loseone'slife（getkilled）h.送孩子上学takeachildtoschooli.送某人回家escort/walk/accompanysomebodyhomej．将卫星送上天launchasatellitek.送葬takepartinafuneralprocession1.送罪犯上法庭审判handthecriminalovertothecourtfortrial5．馆：

博物馆museum图书馆library旅馆hotel宾馆guesthouse大使馆embassy领事馆consulate茶馆teahouse饭馆restaurant理发馆barber'sshop体育馆gymnasium展览馆exhibitionhall文化馆culturalcenter美术馆artgallery科技馆scienceand

technologycenter/museum天文馆planetarium水族馆aquarium照相馆photostudio6．机：

收音机radioset电话机telephone电视机TVset拖拉机tractor推土机bulldozer搅拌机mixer起重机crane7、书申请书Letterofapplication报告书report协议书Agreement成绩通知书Gradereport使用说明书Directions成交确认书Salesconfirmation冰箱操作说明书Refugeoperationguide白皮书Whitebook8、单

名单List菜单Menu帐单Bill保险单Policy订阅单Subscriptionform床单Bedsheet传单Leaflet节目汇报单Aprogramofentertainment9、表

履历表Resume病历表Casehistoryform时间表Timetable日程表Schedule价格表Pricelist汉英词义的五种关系

1、对等(equivalence)桌子table；回扣commission;rebate；尾灯taillight；尾追某人tailaftersb.；法人实体legalentity；民族自尊nationaldignity；打白条paysb.IOUs；自费出版vanitypress/publication形象工程vanityproject路Ave./boulevard(Blvd.).街Rd.;巷

St.2、包孕(inclusion)

风>wind：坐在风口draught大风gust/gale台风cyclone微风breeze考试exam面试interview小测验quiz巡视inspection酒>wine：白酒liquor/spirits葡萄酒wine

糯米酒glutinousricewine杜松子酒gin啤酒beer汤>soup

：番茄汤tomatosoup牛肉汤beefbroth人参汤ginsengdecoction那妇人烧好了热汤hotwaterScholar：包蕴“学者”学者访问学者奖学金Scholar;visitingscholar;scholarship知识分子包蕴“Intellectual”知识分子（教授、中小学老师）Intellectual：anintellectualpersoniswell-educatedandinterestedinseriousideasandsubjectssuchasscience,literatureetc.Thick（包蕴“厚”）athickbook;athickheadofhair;thickporridge;thicksoup;athickcrowd;bethickwith;athickattendance;athickspeech（口齿不清的讲话）;thethickofwinter（隆冬）;thicksilence（沉寂）3、交叉(overlap;intersection)骑&ride骑马rideahorse；骑自行车rideabike；骑墙tositonthefence；straddle乘公共汽车rideinabus；乘风破浪的船ashipridingthewaves；御风飞行的雁awildgooseriding(on)thewind；治国administeracountry；治家manageahousehold；治山治水totransformmountainsandtamerivers；治沙sandcontrol；治愈战争的创伤tohealthewoundsofthewar；天下大治toachievegreatorderacrosstheland4.空缺(gap;zero)钱先生周岁时“抓周”，抓了一本书，因此得名“钟书”。WhenQianwasoneyearold,hewastoldbyhisparentstochooseonethingamongmanyothers,hepickedupabookofallthings.Thereuponhisfatherverygladlygavehimthename:Zhongshuwhichmeantbooklover.我姓李，十八子的李。MysurnameisLi.耳东陈。忍字心头一把刀。Youhavetobearandforbear.我属鸡。鸡年是我的本命年，所以我从来不吃鸡。IwasbornintheYearofRooster.Asthisyearmaybringmegoodorbadlucks,Inevereatchicken.5.冲突（假朋友，假对应）批准200多个项目approve200projects(items括号内为错误，下同)南京冷冻机总厂NanjingRefrigerationPlant/Factory（NanjingGeneralRefrigerationFactory）—GeneralMotors,”general“是指“通用的”用于一般用途的。--generalhospital指“综合医院”从上海至北京的飞机每天一班Thereisaflight(shift)fromshanghaitoBeijing.有朋自远方来Friendshavecomefromremoteplaces.(wrong)Friendshavecomefromdistantplaces/afar.上海中百一店设有客户问讯处、休息处、深受群众的称赞。TheShanghaiNo.1DepartmentStorehassetupaninquiryserviceandprovidedalounge(restingroom),muchtothecustomersappreciation.“三级医院“ThirdGrade(class)–hospitalTopgradehospitalLevel1GradeAhospital一位高级编辑起身祝酒Asenioreditor(highranking)stoodupandproposedatoast.高速公路Expressway(highway)食言failtohonourone’spromise(eatone’words)儿戏triflingaffair（children’splay）休息室lounge（restroom）他对此事很有意见。Contraryopinions;differentviews;objections;criticism;complaints谢谢！别客气，这是我的责任！Itismypleasure!(Thisismyduty!wrong)我们一小时内免费送机票上门。误译：Wegiveyouticketsfreeofchargewithinonehour.一小时内送免费机票上门。Weofferfreedeliveryofyourairticketswithinonehourafteryourbookingconfirmation.摸着石头过河误译crossingtheriverbyfeelingthestoneswadingacrossthestream/brookbyfeelingtheway春运不能简单地说成是springtransportation(春季的运输)而是therush/peakseasonofpassengertransportationduringtheSpringFestivalholiday(春节期间的客运高峰)请勿疲劳驾驶翻译成英语不是Don’tdrivetiredly按照交通法规术语应该翻译为Drowsydrivingisdangerous或Drivealert,arrivealive。以外贸为龙头

不能直接翻译为withforeigntradeasthedragonhead，这样翻译是很难让外国人明白的，因为以……为龙头这个说法是源自耍龙灯的习俗，而多数外国人不一定熟悉中国人的这一习俗。为了取得好的翻译效果，最好是用能够跨越文化障碍的表达方法，如火车头或旗舰：withforeigntradeasthelocomotive/flagship。新北京，新奥运NewBeijing,NewOlympics(inappropriate)NewBeijing,GreatOlympics培养了大量的医学人才Trainlargenumberofmedicalpersonnel(talents,wrong)特区是个窗口，是技术的窗口，管理的窗口，知识的窗口，也是对外政策的窗口。

误译：Thespecialzoneisawindow.Itisawidowforintroducingtechnology,managementandknowledge.Itisalsoawindowforforeignpolicy.这样的翻译外国人是无法理解的，我们必须把那些被省略了或被隐藏起来的信息都翻译出来：Thespecialeconomicszonesareawindowopeningontotheoutsideworld.Theyareawindowthroughwhichtobringinfromabroadsophisticatedtechnology,advancedmanagerialexpertiseandup-to-dateknow-how.ItisalsoawindowthroughwhichtodisseminateChina’sexternalpolicies.项籍，字羽……politename(Watson)literaryname（林语堂）

schoolname(Hawkes)courtesyname（杨宪益）鼓励社会力量办学Encouragenon-government（social)sectorstorunschools住房公积金publichousingfund心理疗法用于治疗心理有毛病的人。误译：Psychotherapyisusedinthetreatmentofpeoplewhoarementallyill.改译：Psychotherapyisusedinthetreatmentofmentalillness.海外归来学子returning(returned有胁迫归来之意)scholars徐霞客（1587-1641），名宏祖，号霞客，又号霞逸，江阴人（今属江苏）。他的好友陈继儒因他酷爱旅行，经常餐霞宿露山林野泽之间，为他取号“霞客”。XuXiake(1587-1641),whosegivennameis“Hongzu”,andwhostyledhimselfas“Xiake”and“Xiayi”,wasanativeofJiangyin(presentJiangsuProvince).Ashewasveryinterestedintravelingandlikedtospendoutdoorstosavorthedewandenjoythefirstmorningrays,hisfriendChenJirunamedhim“Xiake”,theguestofthemorningrays.练习科技成果市场化、产业化commercializationandindustrializationofscientificandtechnologicalachievements辐射面广，带动力强的企业

leadingenterprisesthatplaytheroleofapowerhouseoveralargearea

1)毛入学率thegrossenrollmentrate