2026年GRE语文考试真题及答案

2026年GRE语文考试真题及答案

Section1

1.Becausethepolitician’sspeechwasfilledwith_______statementsandvaguepromises,theaudiencefounditdifficulttodiscernhisactualpositiononthecontroversialissues.

A.pithy

B.equivocal

C.truculent

D.perspicuous

E.nebulous

F.disingenuous

2.WhilemanycriticsdismissedtheearlyfilmsofdirectorMichelangeloAntonioniasmerely_______anddevoidofsubstance,laterscholarshavecometoappreciatetheirnuancedexplorationofpost-waralienation.

A.superficial

B.didactic

C.prosaic

D.ephemeral

E.vacuous

F.pragmatic

3.TheintroductionofthemechanicalclockintheMiddleAgeswasnotmerelyatechnologicalinnovationbuta_______shiftthatfundamentallyalteredhowsocietyperceivedandorganizedtime,movingawayfromtask-orientedrhythmstoabstract,quantifiableunits.

A.gradual

B.seismic

C.trivial

D.pragmatic

E.seminal

F.inconsequential

4.Theauthor’slatestnovelisa_______work:itblendselementsofgothichorrorwithsharpsocialsatire,creatinganarrativethatisasintellectuallystimulatingasitisentertaining.

A.monolithic

B.hybrid

C.derivative

D.heterogeneous

E.cohesive

F.conventional

5.Despitetheoverwhelmingevidencesupportingthenewscientifictheory,theestablishedprofessorremained_______,clingingstubbornlytotheoutdatedparadigmshehadspenthiscareerdefending.

A.receptive

B.intransigent

C.malleable

D.obdurate

E.indifferent

F.capricious

6.Thenotionthatthe18th-centurymonarchywasabsoluteis_______;inreality,theking’spowerwasfrequentlycheckedbynobles,parliaments,andlocalcustoms.

A.ahistoricalanomaly

B.ahistoricaltruism

C.ahistoricalcanard

D.ahistoricalveracity

E.ahistoricalfallacy

F.ahistoricalcertainty

Questions7through9arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

Passage1:

Thestudyofmicrobialcommunities,ormicrobiomes,hasrevolutionizedourunderstandingofbothhumanhealthandecologicalsystems.Fordecades,microbiologyfocusedprimarilyonisolatingandstudyingindividualspeciesincontrolledlaboratoryenvironments.This"reductionist"approach,whilesuccessfulinidentifyingpathogensanddevelopingantibiotics,failedtocapturethecomplexinteractionsthatoccurinnature.Mostmicroorganismsdonotexistinisolation;rather,theythriveindense,interdependentcommunitieswheremetaboliccooperation,competition,andgenetransferarerampant.

Recentadvancesinmetagenomics—sequencinggeneticmaterialdirectlyfromenvironmentalsamples—haveallowedscientiststobypasstheneedforculturingmicrobesinthelab.Thishasrevealeda"hiddenmajority"ofmicrobiallifethatwaspreviouslyinvisibletoscience.Inthehumangut,forinstance,themicrobiomeperformsessentialfunctionssuchasdigestingcomplexcarbohydrates,synthesizingvitamins,andregulatingtheimmunesystem.Dysbiosis,animbalanceinthesecommunities,hasbeenlinkedtoawidearrayofailments,includingobesity,inflammatoryboweldisease,andevenneurologicaldisorderslikedepression.

However,themovefromcorrelationtocausationremainsasignificantchallenge.Whilewecanidentifyshiftsinmicrobialcompositionassociatedwithdisease,provingthattheseshiftscausethedisease—andarenotmerelyasymptomorasideeffectoftreatment—isdifficult.Furthermore,thesheercomplexityofthesesystems,influencedbydiet,genetics,andenvironment,makesitdifficulttodefinea"healthy"microbiome.Oneindividual'shealthyfloramightbeanother'sdysbioticcommunity.Thus,whilethetherapeuticpotentialofmanipulatingmicrobiomesisimmense,movingfrompromisingprobioticstoprecisionmicrobiomemedicinerequiresamoresophisticatedunderstandingoftheecologicaldynamicsatplay.

7.Theauthorofthepassagementionsthe"reductionist"approachprimarilyto

A.criticizetheethicalimplicationsofpastscientificmethodologies.

B.highlightthelimitationsofstudyingmicroorganismsinisolation.

C.argueforareturntotraditionallaboratorytechniques.

D.demonstratethesuccessofantibioticsintreatingpathogens.

E.explainwhymetagenomicswasdevelopedsolateinhistory.

8.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisamajorobstacletodevelopingprecisionmicrobiomemedicine?

A.Theinabilitytosequencegeneticmaterialoutsideofalaboratory.

B.Thelackofconnectionbetweenthemicrobiomeandtheimmunesystem.

C.Thedifficultyinestablishingcausallinksbetweenmicrobialchangesandhealthoutcomes.

D.Therefusalofthescientificcommunitytoacceptmetagenomicdata.

E.Theabsenceofcomplexcarbohydratesinthemoderndiet.

9.Selectthesentenceinthepassagethatsuggestsapotentialdifficultyindefiningauniversalstandardforahealthymicrobialcommunity.

A."Recentadvancesinmetagenomics—sequencinggeneticmaterialdirectlyfromenvironmentalsamples—haveallowedscientiststobypasstheneedforculturingmicrobesinthelab."

B."Inthehumangut,forinstance,themicrobiomeperformsessentialfunctionssuchasdigestingcomplexcarbohydrates,synthesizingvitamins,andregulatingtheimmunesystem."

C."Dysbiosis,animbalanceinthesecommunities,hasbeenlinkedtoawidearrayofailments,includingobesity,inflammatoryboweldisease,andevenneurologicaldisorderslikedepression."

D."Whilewecanidentifyshiftsinmicrobialcompositionassociatedwithdisease,provingthattheseshiftscausethedisease—andarenotmerelyasymptomorasideeffectoftreatment—isdifficult."

E."Oneindividual'shealthyfloramightbeanother'sdysbioticcommunity."

Questions10through12arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

Passage2:

Inthemid-19thcentury,theintroductionofthedaguerreotype,thefirstpubliclyavailablephotographicprocess,causedaseismicshiftintheartworld.Priortophotography,portraiturewasthedomainoftrainedpainters,accessibleprimarilytothearistocracyandthewealthyupperclasses.Thedaguerreotype,however,offeredarelativelycheapandquickwaytocapturealikeness.Artcriticsoftheera,mostfamouslyCharlesBaudelaire,reactedwithhostility.Baudelairearguedthatphotographywasthe"refugeofeverywould-bepainter,everypaintertooill-endowedortoolazytocompletehisstudies,"andthatbyallowingindustrytoinvadetherealmoftheimagination,photographywouldbecomethe"mistressofallthearts"andleadtotheirsqualorandruin.

Baudelaire'sfearwasthatphotography,byitsverynature,wasmerelyamechanicalreproductionofreality,devoidofthespiritualinterpretationthattrueartrequired.Hebelievedartshouldbeanexpressionoftheartist'sinternalvision,notaslavishcopyoftheexternalworld.However,thisinitialanxietygavewaytoamorecomplexrelationship.Painters,freedfromtheobligationofstrictverisimilitude,begantoexplorenewavenuesofexpression.TheImpressionists,forexample,utilizedthe"snapshot"aestheticofphotographytoexploretheeffectsoflightandmovement,whilethecamera'sabilitytofreezetimeinfluencedthecompositionofDegasandthedynamicperspectivesoftheFuturists.

Furthermore,photographyitselfbegantoberecognizedasadistinctartform.PictorialistslikeAlfredStieglitzmanipulatedphotographictechniquestocreateimagesthatmimickedthesoftnessandmoodofpaintings,blurringthelinebetweenthetwomediums.Bythe20thcentury,thedialecticbetweenpaintingandphotographyhadbecomeagenerativeforce.Photographydidnotkillpainting,asBaudelairefeared;rather,itforcedpaintingtoredefineitself.Itchallengedthedefinitionofartitself,shiftingthefocusfrommimesis—theimitationofnature—totheformalqualitiesofthemediumandtheconceptualintentoftheartist.Thedialoguebetweenthemechanicaleyeofthecameraandthesubjectivehandofthepainterenrichedoneofthemostdynamiccenturiesinarthistory.

10.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

A.refutetheargumentsof19th-centuryartcriticsregardingthevalueofphotography.

B.tracethetechnicalevolutionofthedaguerreotypeintomoderndigitalphotography.

C.discusstheimpactofphotographyon19th-centurypaintingandthesubsequentevolutionofartisticexpression.

D.arguethatphotographyisasuperiorartformbecauseofitsmechanicalaccuracy.

E.comparetheartisticphilosophiesofCharlesBaudelaireandAlfredStieglitz.

11.TheauthorsuggeststhatBaudelairebelievedthattrueartshould

A.beaccessibletothegeneralpublic,notjustthewealthy.

B.serveasamechanicalrecordoftheexternalworld.

C.prioritizetechnicalskilloverinternalvision.

D.reflecttheartist'sinternalinterpretationratherthancopyingreality.

E.avoidtheinfluenceofindustryandtechnologicalinnovation.

12.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageregardingtheImpressionists?

A.Theyrejectedphotographyentirelyasatoolforartists.

B.Theyusedphotographyprimarilytocriticizetheupperclasses.

C.Theyincorporatedcompositionalelementsinspiredbyphotographyintotheirwork.

D.Theybelievedthatphotographywouldeventuallyreplacepainting.

E.Theywerethefirstgrouptorecognizephotographyasadistinctartform.

Section2

13.The_______oftheancientmanuscriptwasremarkable;despitebeingburiedforcenturies,theinkremainedsharpandtheparchmentsurprisinglypliable.

A.fragility

B.preservation

C.obsolescence

D.deterioration

E.longevity

F.vitality

14.WhiletheCEOpubliclyprojectedanimageofconfidence,privatelyshewas_______aboutthecompany’sabilitytoweathertheimpendingeconomicstorm.

A.sanguine

B.apprehensive

C.indifferent

D.optimistic

E.solicitous

F.trepidatious

15.Theprofessorisa_______lecturer:sheiscapableofexplainingcomplexquantummechanicsconceptswithsuchclarityandhumorthatevennon-sciencemajorsfindherlecturesengaging.

A.pedestrian

B.scintillating

C.mundane

D.lucid

E.enigmatic

F.illuminating

16.Tocalltheartist’slatestwork_______wouldbeanunderstatement;itisnotmerelyunconventional,butactivelyseekstosubvertanddismantletheverytraditionsofthegenre.

A.derivative

B.avant-garde

C.archaic

D.iconoclastic

E.reactionary

F.pragmatic

17.Thediplomat’s_______natureallowedhimtonavigatethetreacherouswatersofinternationalrelations,oftenfindingcommongroundbetweenhostilenationswhereotherssawonlyinevitableconflict.

A.contentious

B.conciliatory

C.pugnacious

D.bellicose

E.placatory

F.belligerent

18.Thetheorythatthedinosaurswerewipedoutbyamassiveasteroidimpacthasgainedwidespreadacceptance,yetsomepaleontologistsremain_______,arguingthatvolcanicactivityorclimatechangecouldhavebeentheprimarycause.

A.skeptical

B.convinced

C.dogmatic

D.dubious

E.enthusiastic

F.zealous

Questions19through22arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

Passage3:

Theconceptof"taste"inthe18thcenturywasinextricablylinkedtotheideaofuniversalstandardsofbeauty.EnlightenmentthinkerssuchasImmanuelKantandDavidHumesoughttoidentifycriteriathatcouldobjectivelydistinguishthebeautifulfromthesublime.ForKant,aestheticjudgmentwassubjectiveyetpossesseda"universalvoice";whenwedeclaresomethingbeautiful,weimplicitlydemandthatothersagreewithus,suggestingthatthereissomethingintheobjectitselfthatwarrantsapproval.Thispursuitofuniversalstandardswasoftentiedtoabeliefinthenaturalorder,wheresymmetry,proportion,andharmonywereseenasreflectionsofdivineorcosmiclaws.

However,theriseofRomanticismintheearly19thcenturychallengedthisorthodoxy.Romanticsrejectedthenotionofexternal,objectiverulesinfavoroftheartist'sinternal,emotionalexperience.Forthem,tastewasnotaboutconformingtoasocietalstandardbutabouttheintensityandauthenticityofindividualexpression.Thisshiftmarkedthebeginningofamorepluralisticunderstandingofaesthetics,wheretheviewer'spersonalresponsebecameparamount.

Inthecontemporaryera,thispluralismhasevolvedintoaradicalsubjectivism.SociologistsofculturelikePierreBourdieuhavearguedthattasteisnotauniversalfacultybutasocialmarker.Inhisseminalwork"Distinction,"Bourdieupositsthataestheticpreferencesaredeeplytiedtosocialclass;whatisconsidered"tasteful"ismerelytheculturalcapitalofthedominantclass,usedtodistinguishitselffromthemasses.Thus,thejudgmentoftasteisneverneutral;itisalwaysanactofsocialclassification.Thisviewstripsaestheticsofitsphilosophicaltranscendenceandgroundsitfirmlyinthematerialrealitiesofpower,education,andeconomicstatus.Thequestionremainswhetherthissociologicalreductionismfullyexplainstheaestheticexperience,orifthereremainsaresidual,irreduciblequalitytobeautythattranscendssocialstratification.

19.ThepassagesuggeststhatEnlightenmentthinkersbelievedthataestheticjudgmentwas

A.entirelypersonalandbeyondtherealmofdebate.

B.strictlydeterminedbyone'ssocialclassandeconomicstatus.

C.basedonobjectivecriteriathatreflectedanaturalorder.

D.anemotionalreactionthatcouldnotbelogicallyanalyzed.

E.atoolusedbytherulingclasstooppressthemasses.

20.Accordingtothepassage,PierreBourdieu’sviewoftastediffersfromthatofEnlightenmentthinkersinthatBourdieu

A.emphasizestheemotionalauthenticityoftheartist.

B.seestasteasareflectionofsocialhierarchyratherthanuniversalbeauty.

C.believesthataestheticstandardsaredivinelyordained.

D.arguesthattasteisabiologicalinstinctratherthanalearnedbehavior.

E.focusesonthetechnicalskillrequiredtoproduceart.

21.Inthecontextofthepassage,the"universalvoice"(line6)refersto

A.thecollectiveopinionoftheartisticcommunity.

B.theimplicitassumptionthatothersshouldagreewithone'saestheticjudgment.

C.thephysicalsoundofachoirsinginginharmony.

D.thepoliticalpowerofthedominantclasstodictateculture.

E.theabilityofarttocommunicateacrosslanguagebarriers.

22.TheauthorofthepassagementionstheRomanticviewprimarilyto

A.supporttheEnlightenmentideaofobjectivebeauty.

B.provideahistoricaltransitionbetweenEnlightenmentobjectivityandmodernsociologicalanalysis.

C.arguethatRomanticartissuperiortomodernart.

D.demonstratethatallaesthetictheoriesareessentiallyflawed.

E.refutetheideathatartcanbeusedforsocialclassification.

Questions23through25arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

Passage4:

The"BystanderEffect"isasocialpsychologicalphenomenonwhereindividualsarelesslikelytoofferhelptoavictimwhenotherpeoplearepresent.ThecaseofKittyGenovese,whowasmurderedin1964inNewYorkCitywhilereportedly38witnesseslookedonanddidnothing,becamethefoundationalanecdoteforthistheory.Initialreportsclaimedthatnoneofthewitnessesintervenedorevencalledthepoliceduringtheattack.ThisnarrativegalvanizedpsychologistsBibbLatanéandJohnDarleytoconductaseriesofexperimentsthatledtotheformulationofthebystandereffect.

LatanéandDarleyidentifiedtwomainpsychologicalprocessesthatcontributetothiseffect:diffusionofresponsibilityandpluralisticignorance.Diffusionofresponsibilityoccursbecauseindividualsfeellesspersonalaccountabilitywhenothersarepresent;theyassumesomeoneelsewillhelp.Pluralisticignorancereferstothesituationwhereeachbystanderlookstotheothersforcuesonhowtobehave.Sinceeveryoneisactingcalmly,noonerealizesthatthesituationisactuallyanemergency.

However,recenthistoricalinvestigationsintotheGenovesecasehaverevealedthattheoriginalnarrativewasexaggerated.Whilesomewitnessesfailedtoact,othersdidcallthepolice,andonewitnessactuallyshoutedattheattacker.Furthermore,theattackwassplitintotwodistinctincidentsindifferentlocations,complicatingthewitnesses'perceptionoftheevent.Thisrevisionisthistorydoesnotinvalidatethebystandereffectitself—subsequentexperimentshaverobustlydemonstrateditsreality—butitdoeshighlightthehumantendencytoprefersimple,dramaticstoriesovercomplex,messytruths.Italsoservesasacautionarytaleforpsychologists:thefoundationalmythsofadisciplinecansometimesbemorepowerfulthanthedataitself,shapingresearchagendasandpublicperceptioninwaysthatcanbedifficulttocorrect.

23.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

A.provideadetailedaccountofthemurderofKittyGenovese.

B.explainthepsychologicalmechanismsbehindthebystandereffect.

C.discussthebystandereffectandre-evaluatethehistoricalaccuracyofitsfoundationalanecdote.

D.arguethatthebystandereffectisamythanddoesnotactuallyexist.

E.criticizetheNewYorkCitypolicedepartment'sresponsetotheGenovesemurder.

24.Accordingtothepassage,"pluralisticignorance"occurswhen

A.individualsbelievetheyarenotqualifiedtohelpinanemergency.

B.bystandersphysicallyblockothersfrominterveninginacrime.

C.peopleassumesomeoneelsehasalreadycalledtheauthorities.

D.individualslooktoothersforbehavioralcuesandmisinterpretthesituation.

E.witnessesareunawarethatacrimeisbeingcommitted.

25.TheauthorimpliesthattheoriginalnarrativeoftheGenovesecase

A.wascompletelyfabricatedbythemediatosellnewspapers.

B.wasnecessaryforLatanéandDarleytoformulatetheirtheory.

C.oversimplifiedacomplexeventtofitapsychologicaltheory.

D.hasbeenprovenfalsebyrecentpsychologicalexperiments.

E.accuratelyreflectedthebehaviorofall38witnesses.

Section3

26.Thenovelist’sworkisoftendescribedas_______becauseitseamlesslyblendshistoricalfactswithfictionalizeddialogueandimaginativespeculation.

A.didactic

B.generic

C.hybrid

D.archaic

E.derivative

F.eclectic

27.Despitethemanager’s_______demeanor,whichoftenintimidatedhersubordinates,shewasafairleaderwhoworkedhardtoensureherteam'ssuccess.

A.amiable

B.curt

C.affable

D.brusque

E.genial

F.jovial

28.Thecandidate’svictorywasconsidered_______giventhatshestartedthecampaignwithlittlenamerecognitionandafractionofthefundingofheropponents.

A.inevitable

B.anomalous

C.astounding

D.mundane

E.predictable

F.miraculous

29.Thecritic’sreviewwasso_______thatitreadmorelikeapersonalattackthananobjectiveassessmentoftheplay’smeritsandflaws.

A.laudatory

B.vituperative

C.analytical

D.scathing

E.indifferent

F.complimentary

30.Theneweconomicpolicyhashad_______effects:whileithassuccessfullyloweredinflation,ithasalsocausedasharpriseinunemployment.

A.deleterious

B.salutary

C.ambiguous

D.equivocal

E.unmitigated

F.detrimental

Questions31through33arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

Passage5:

Thesearchforextraterrestrialintelligence(SETI)hastraditionallyfocusedonradiosignals,predicatedontheassumptionthatanadvancedcivilizationwoulduseelectromagneticwavesforcommunication.Thisapproach,championedbyfigureslikeFrankDrake,islogicalgiventhatradiowavestravelatthespeedoflightandcantraversevastdistanceswithrelativelylittleattenuation.However,the"Wow!signal,"detectedin1977,remainstheonlypotentialcandidatethathassparkedsignificantinterest,anditwasneverrepeated.

Inrecentyears,somescientistshaveproposedthatwemightbelookingforthewrongthing.ThedevelopmentoflasertechnologyonEarthsuggeststhatadvancedcivilizationsmightuseopticallasersforinterstellarcommunication.Laserscanbefocusedintoextremelynarrowbeams,transmittingvastamountsofdataoverimmensedistanceswithhighenergyefficiency.Furthermore,theriseoftheinternetandtheconceptofthe"metaverse"hasledtospeculationthatadvancedcivilizationsmightabandon"broadcast"communicationentirelyinfavorofhighlylocalized,networkedstructures,ortheymightusecommunicationmethods(e.g.,neutrinosorgravitationalwaves)thatwedonotyethavethetechnologytodetect.

Thisshiftinperspectivetouchesonadeeperissue:theanthropocentricbiasinSETI.Wetendtolookforaliensthatactlikeus:broadcastingcontinuoussignals,seekingcontact,andusingtechnologiesfamiliarto20th-century-centuryphysics.Butanaliencivilizationmillionsofyearsolderthanhumanitymightbeincomprehensiblyadvanced.Theymighthavemovedbeyondradiowavesentirely,ortheymighthavenointerestincommunication.AsArthurC.Clarkefamouslystated,"Twopossibilitiesexist:eitherwearealoneintheUniverseorwearenot.Bothareequallyterrifying."Thesilenceofthecosmosmaynotbeevidenceofabsence,butratherareflectionofourownlimitedtechnologicalandconceptualhorizon.

31.Theauthorofthepassagementionsthe"Wow!signal"inorderto

A.provideevidencethatextraterrestrialintelligencedefinitelyexists.

B.illustratethelimitationsandlackofsuccessintraditionalradio-basedSETI.

C.demonstratethatradiowavesaresuperiortolasersignalsforcommunication.

D.arguethatthesignalwasactuallyaterrestrialinterference.

E.supportthetheorythataliensaretryingtohidetheirlocation.

32.Thepassagesuggeststhatopticallasershaveanadvantageoverradiowavesinthatthey

A.areeasierforprimitivecivilizationstodetect.

B.travelfasterthanthespeedoflight.

C.canbefocusedtotransmitdataefficientlyoverlongdistances.

D.donotsufferfromanyformofattenuation.

E.arenotsubjecttotheanthropocentricbias.

33.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthemainideaofthefinalparagraph?

A.Theuniverseislikelyemptyofotherintelligentlifeforms.

B.WeshouldstopfundingSETIresearchbecauseitisawasteoftime.

C.Oursearchforalienlifeislimitedbyourownhumanassumptionsandtechnology.

D.AliensarelikelyhostileandareavoidingcontactwithEarth.

E.Gravitationalwavesaretheonlysurewaytodetectadvancedcivilizations.

Questions34through36arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

Passage6:

Theconceptof"freewill"haslongbeenacontentioustopicinphilosophyandneuroscience.Thelibertarianviewpositsthatfreewillisfundamental:agentshavethecapacitytochoosebetweendifferentpossiblecoursesofactionunimpededbyphysicaldeterminism.Incontrast,thedeterministviewarguesthateveryevent,includinghumandecisions,istheinevitableresultofprecedingcausesandphysicallaws.

Neurosciencehasenteredthisdebatewithstudiesthatsuggestourbrainsmakedecisionsbeforewebecomeconsciouslyawareofthem.Inthe1980s,BenjaminLibetconductedanexperimentwhereparticipantswereaskedtoflextheirwristsatamomentoftheirchoosingwhilewatchingaclock.Libetmeasuredthe"readinesspotential,"abuildupofelectricalactivityinthemotorcortex,whichoccurredmillisecondsbeforetheparticipantreportedtheconsciousintentiontomove.Thiswasinterpretedbysomeasevidencethatthebraininitiatesactionunconsciously,andthesenseofconsciouswillismerelyanafter-the-factrationalization—a"userillusion."

However,criticsofLibet'sinterpretationpointoutthatthereadinesspotentialmightonlyrepresentageneralurgetomove,notaspecificdecision.Furthermore,theabilityto"veto"anactionatthelastmomentsuggeststhatwhilethebrainmightprepareanaction,consciousnessretainsthepowertostopit.This"freewon't"conceptimpliesthatfreewillmightnotbeaboutinitiatingactions,butaboutselectingwhichunconsciousimpulsestoallowtomanifest.Modernviewsoftenattempttoreconciletheseperspectives,suggestingthatfreewillisabiologicalcapacitythatevolvedforcomplexsocialinteractions,compatiblewithdeterminismbutnotnegatingtheresponsibilityoftheagent.Itisacapacityforinhibitionandlong-termplanningthatdistinguisheshumanbehaviorfromsimplereflexes.

34.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith

A.refutingtheideathatneurosciencehasanybearingonphilosophy.

B.describingtheexperimentalsetupofBenjaminLibet’sfamousexperiment.

C.exploringthetensionbetweendeterministviewsofthebrainandtheconceptoffreewill.

D.provingthathumanbeingshavenocontrolovertheiractions.

E.advocatingforastrictlylibertariandefinitionoffreewill.

35.Inthecontextofthepassage,the"userillusion"(line14)referstotheideathat

A.thebraincreatesafalsesenseofhavingmadeadecisionaftertheactionhasalreadystarted.

B.usersoflaboratoryequipmentoftenmisinterpretthedatatheysee.

C.consciousawarenessisaglitchinthebrain'sprocessingsystem.

D.freewillisagiftgiventohumansbyadivinecreator.

E.decisionsaremadebya"user"separatefromthephysicalbrain.

36.Theauthormentionsthe"freewon't"conceptasapotentialcounterargumenttotheideathat

A.physicallawsgovernallhumanbehavior.

B.consciousnessplaysnoroleindecision-making.

C.thereadinesspotentialisunrelatedtomovement.

D.libertariansarecorrectintheirassessmentoffreewill.

E.long-termplanningisimpossibleforbiologicalorganisms.

Section4

37.The_______toneofthememoirstoodinstarkcontrasttotheauthor’spreviousworks,whichwereknownfortheirbitingwitandcynicism.

A.jovial

B.melancholic

C.acerbic

D.somber

E.mirthful

F.joyous

38.Thearchitecturaldesignofthebuildingwas_______,featuringanawkwardmixofGothicspiresandBrutalistconcretethatfailedtoachieveacohesiveaesthetic.

A.harmonious

B.incongruous

C.unified

D.eclectic

E.disjointed

F.symmetrical

39.Whiletheinventionoftheprintingpressisoftenhailedasapurelyprogressiveforce,italsoservedto_______dissentingviewsbymakingiteasierforauthoritiestoidentifyandtracksubversiveliterature.

A.disseminate

B.stifle

C.obscure

D.suppress

E.amplify

F.illuminate

40.Thecommittee’sreportwas_______,addressingeverypossibleobjectionandcontingencywithimpressivethoroughness.

A.cursory

B.exhaustive

C.superficial

D.comprehensive

E.perfunctory

F.glib

Questions41through43arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

Passage7:

The"MozartEffect"referstothepopularbeliefthatlisteningtoMozart'smusictemporarilyboostsspatial-temporalreasoning.Thephenomenonoriginatedfroma1993studypublishedinNaturebyRauscheretal.,whichfoundthatcollegestuden