科技英语翻译课件(补充)讲课教案

科技英语翻译课件(补充)Toenhancestudents’readingabilityof

EST.ToacquaintstudentswiththemajorstylisticfeaturesofEST.ToequipstudentswiththebasictranslationtechniquesofEST.Topreparestudentsforwritingacademicpapers.TeachingObjectivesContentsofthiscoursePartone:generalstylisticfeaturesofESTParttwo:E-CTranslationtechniques:lexicalaspectsPartthree:E-CTranslationtechniques:syntacticalaspectsPartfour:translationofabstracttranslationofChinesesentencesintoEnglishPartone:generalstylisticfeaturesofEST(6classes)

1.abouttheEST2.lexicalfeatures3.syntactic/grammaticalfeatures

Parttwo:E-CTranslationtechniques:

lexicalaspects

(12classes)

1.additionandomission(supplemented)2.translationofnegationandcompounds3.translationofnumbers&multiplePartthree:E-CTranslationTechniques:syntacticalaspects(14classes)1.differencesbetweenEnglishandChineseatsyntacticlevel2.translationtechniques:1)passivevoice&itstranslation2)longandcomplexsentencesinE-CTranslation3)translationofthetitlesofsciencearticlesPartfour:(4classes)1.translationofabstract2.translationofChinesesentencesintoEnglish[1]李健.科技英语阅读与翻译[M].外语教学与研究出版社,2009.[2]翟天利.科技英语阅读与翻译实用教程[M].北京：新时代出版社，2003.[3]严俊仁.汉英科技翻译[M].北京：国防工业出版社，2004.[4]刘宓庆.文体与翻译[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1998.[5]赵萱,郑仰成.科技英语翻译[M].外语教学与研究出版社,2006.[6]武力,赵栓科.科技英汉与汉英翻译教程[M].西北工业大学出版社,2007.ReferenceResourcesAssessmentEvaluationAssessment

Evaluationisbasedoncontinuousassessmentandafinalwrittenexamination.ContinuousAssessment30%

Assignments(10%)Attendance(10%)ClassParticipation,andIndependentLearning(10%)FinalWrittenExamination70%

1.Whydoweneedtranslationtheory?2.WhatisEST?3.WhatarethegeneralfeaturesofEST?

Lecture1AbouttheEnglishofscienceandtechnology

1.Whytheory?“Alltranslators,whetherconsciouslyorunconsciously,basetheirworkonacertaintheoriesoftranslation”(JinDiandNida,OnTranslation,中国对外翻译出版公司,1994,p.15)1.describe2.predict3.guide2.WhatisEST?

TheEnglishforscienceandtechnology(EST)isactuallyabigvariety.ItincludestheEnglishofchemistry,theEnglishofphysics,theEnglishofmathematics,theEnglishofbiology,theEnglishofmedicine,etc.But,generallyspeaking,theEnglishofallscientificfieldshavesomethingincommonandonwhichwebaseourstudies.acategoryofthingsdistinguishedbysomecommoncharacteristicorqualityESTisusedinscientificworks,academicthesis,researchpapers,experimentalreports,thedescriptionorexplanationofnaturalphenomena,etc..InoneworditisavarietyofEnglish,dealingwiththetheoriesandapplicationsofscienceandtechnology.Comparison人类是一件多么了不起的作品！他的理性多么高贵！才能多么无限，动作多么敏捷，体形多么令人赞叹！行为像天使，悟性像天神！宇宙之至美，众生之灵长。（莎士比亚《哈姆雷特》）Ofthetwopassages,thefirstoneisapieceofliterarywork,andthesecond,EST.Bycomparison,wecanseethesharpdifferencesbetweenthestylesofthesetwopassagesalthoughtheyaredealingwiththesamesubjectmatter---humanbeing.comparisonLexically,inthefirstpassage,wecanseethefrequentuseoffavorableadjectivesandnouns,suchas,noble,infinite,express,admirable,angel,God,beauty,paragon.Whileinthesecondone,wefindtechnicaltermsofbiologypredominatethewholetext,suchasmetazoan,triploblastic,choral,vertebrate,pentadactyl,mammalian,eutheran,primate,etc.

Syntactically,inthefirstpassage,wecanfindthefrequentuseofexclamatorysentencesaswellastwoshortsentencefragmentsinordertoexpressfeelings;whileinthesecondpassage,bothsentencesarecompletedeclarativesentenceswiththepurposeofgivinginformation.

Inthefirstpassage,exclamationmarks(whichshowfeelings)arefrequentlyused.Whileinthesecondpassage,thefrequentuseofcommas(whichofferinformation)isobvious.Rhetorically,inthefirstpassage,figurativelanguageisusedinordertoshowastrongfeeling,especiallytheuseofthehyperboleandmetaphor(thebeautyoftheworld;theparagonofanimals),andsimiles(likeanangel;likeaGod).Asaresult,manisgreatlypraised.Whileinthesecondpassage,allthewordsareusedintheirconceptualmeanings.Thetoneisfactual,andimpersonal.Asaresult,theinformationofhowmancameintobeingisclearlyrevealed.Thiskindofwritingisusuallyformalinstyleandseriousintone.Itdoesnottakeartisticbeautyoflanguageasitsgoal,instead,ittriestoachieveclarityinlogicandaccuracyinmeaning.Ittiestoavoidsubjectiveopinionsorevaluations,ambiguouswordorexpressions.Practice1.Passivevoice,non-restrictiveverbs,andsimpletensesaremorefrequentlyadopted.

2.Thesentencesareusuallylongandcompleteandsubordinateappositiveclausesareoftenusedratherthansimplesentences.Connectorssuchas…,areusedtoindicatethelogicrelationshipbetweenthesentences.3.Asfaraspunctuationisconcerned,themostfrequentlyusedmarksarethefullstop,thecomma,andtheparentheses.ThisisduetothenatureofESTwriting.AsthebasicfunctionofESTistoinform,thereforeobjectivestatementsarethemostpreferredsentencetype,thusthefullstop.Andthesentencesareusuallylong;therefore,commasareusedtosetoffsomeelementsofthesentencefromwhatproceeds,andwhatfollows.Parenthesesareusedtoenclosesupplementarydetails.4.ESTmakesfulluseofgraphologicdevices.Scientiststendtousevisualaidsmorethanotherpeople,suchaspictures,tables,charts,formulae,etc.inordertoexplainmattersclearly.LinguisticFeaturesofEST

&theTranslation

∵Science---precision&theabsenceofambiguity∴Thelanguageofscience---

precise&unambiguousCoherence,Clarity&Fluency(连贯、明晰、畅达)Translatedversions:objective,accurate&well-knit

TranslationStandardsTranslationStandardsforTranslationofEST:clarity,coherence&conciseness

科技英语翻译标准:

明确、通顺、简练。

(准确规范、通顺易懂、简洁明晰)例句分析：Weshallmentionheretwotemperaturescales,namely,theFahrenheitscaleandtheCentigradescale.这里我们将提及两种温度计:华氏表和摄氏表。这里我们将提及两种温标:华氏温标和摄氏温标。分析：temperaturescales有固定的翻译方法,翻译为“温标”,而不是“温度计”--thermometer。Practice

1.Thepowerplantistheheartofaship.2.Thepowerunitfordrivingthemachinesisa50-hpinductionmotor.1.动力装置是船舶的心脏。2.驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台50马力的感应电动机。通顺易懂Amaterialobjectcannothaveaspeedgreaterthanthespeedoflight.一个物体不会有一个大于光速的速度。

一个物体的速度绝不会超过光速。

通顺易懂Distillationinvolvesheatingthesolutionuntilwaterevaporates,andthencondensingthevapor.蒸馏就是加热溶液直到水蒸发,然后冷凝蒸汽。

蒸馏就是要把溶液加热,直到水蒸发,然后再使蒸汽冷凝。

简洁明晰Itisforbiddentodismantleitwithoutpermissionsoastoavoidanydamagetoitsparts.为了避免损坏设备的零件,未经许可不得拆卸该设备。

严禁乱拆,以免损坏该设备的零件。

RequirementsforaQualifiedScientificTranslator1)abroadknowledgeonthesubjectsinvolved;2)capableofemployingtranslatingskillsinvolvedintranslationofEST;a)athoroughunderstandingofthetechnicaltermsb)acquaintancewithsentencestructuresfrequentlyusedinESTc)athoroughanalysisofthedeepstructures3)tohaveagoodcommandofEnglish&Chinese4)toberigorousLecture2

LexicalFeaturesofEST1.theformationofESTtechnicalwords2.thetranslationofnominalizationLexicalFeaturesofEST&theTranslation

FrequentUseof1)Terminology/ScientificWords2)NominalizationTerminology

Terminology1)Propernouns2)Theborrowingofdailywords3)NewwordsandexpressionsbasedonmodernEnglishword-formationProperNounsPropernounsforacertainmajoronlyhertz赫兹volt伏特hydroxide氢氧化物anode阳极annealing退火isotope同位素Alfonol16(一种铁铝合金,其中铝合金含量为16%)Unipizeo(美国制造的铁氧体软磁材料)Theborrowingofdailywords1.operation操作(常见的意思)ComputerScience--运算Medicine---手术Military---作战2.ceiling天花板、顶板绝对升限/最大飞行高度(aeronautics航空学)云幕高度(meteorology气象学)风值电压(electricity电学)Theborrowingofdailywords3.transmission传递/传达(dailyusage)发射/播送(aterminradioengineering)传动(inmechanicalengineering)透射(inphysics)遗传(inmedicalscience)Theborrowingofdailywords4.derivative派生物(dailyusage)衍生物(inchemistry)导数/微商(inmathematics)金融衍生工具(inbusinessactivity)5.loop环/圈回路(inradioengineering)节育环(medicalscience)循环(inmetrology)课堂练习：翻译句子，注意concentration的翻译concentrationA)Electrodepotentialdependsontheconcentrationoftheions.B)Thedeterminationoftraceconcentrationsofmercuryinmineralsisdescribed.C)Aconcentrationprocessisimportantnowthatthedepletionofhighgradeoresispossibility.TranslationA)Electrodepotentialdependsontheconcentrationoftheions.电极电位决定于离子浓度。(chemistry)B)Thedeterminationoftraceconcentrationsofmercuryinmineralsisdescribed.

文章论述矿物中痕量汞的测定。(measurementinphysics)C)Aconcentrationprocessisimportantnowthatthedepletionofhighgradeoresispossibility.由于目前高品位的矿石可能用完,富集过程是重要的。(metallurgy)NewwordsandexpressionsbasedonmodernEnglishword-formation

(1)Compoundingorcomposition,theprocessbywhichtwoindependentwordsareputtogethertomakeanewwords.(2)Affixation(3)Blending(4)Acronym(5)Borrowing(6)Clipping,Back-Formation,Coinage,FunctionalShift&transliterationofforeignlanguages(1)Compoundingorcompositiontheprocessbywhichtwoindependentwordsareputtogethertomakeanewwords.fallout放射性尘埃Laserbomb激光炸弹Fallout放射性尘埃Splashdown溅落Waterlock水闸Thunderstorm雷暴Moonwalk月面行走Groundzero地面零点位置Cruisemissile巡航导弹Compoundingorcomposition(2)Affixationaprocessofword-formationbywhichwordsareformedbyaddingaffixes(prefixesandsuffixes)toaroot.antibody（anti-）antimatter（anti-）antiproton（anti-）antismog(anti-)antipollution(anti-）antihyperon(anti-）anticyclone(anti-)nonaddict,（anti-）nondegradable,（anti-）microeconomics（anti-）AffixationAffixationEthnomycology(-logy）人种真菌学Escapology(-logy）逃生术bronchitis(-itis)支气管炎arthritis(-itis)关节炎Else:thermo-（热）

electro-（电）

aero-（空气）carbo-（碳）

hydro-（水，氢）

-ite（矿物）-maia（热，狂）(3)Blending

aprocessofwordformationbycombiningpartsoftwowordsorawordplusapartofanotherword.advertistics(advertising+statistics)广告统计学altiport(altitude+airport)高山短距离起落机场lunacast(lunar+telecast)登月电视广播smog(smoke+fog)烟雾chunnel(channel+tunnel)海峡隧道comsat(communications+satellite)通信卫星ballute(balloon+parachute)减速气球comint(communications+intelligence)通信情报humint(human+intelligence)间谍情报amerind(American+Indian)美洲印第安人telediagnosis(television+diagnosis)远程诊断carbecue(car+barbeque)热压熔化废旧汽车的装置Blending(4)Acronymawordcomposedofthefirstlettersofthewordsinaphrase,especiallywhenthisisusedasanameLaser(lightamplificationbystimulatedemissionofradiation)激光ADP(automaticdataprocessing)自动数据处理DC(directcurrent)直流电IC(integratedcircuit)集成电路AC(alternatingcurrent)交流电KWIC(key-word-in-context）关键字在文内KWOC(key-word-out-of-context)关键字在文首CPU(CentralProcessorUnity)(5)BorrowingAlfvenwave（阿尔文波）－HannesAlfvenChandler’swobble(钱德拉波动说）－SethCarloChandlerKuru（库鲁癫痫症）-KurnHighlands（库鲁高地）IBMSystem-InternationalBusinessMachinesCorporation(美国国际商业机器公司）Mace（迈斯神经镇静剂）---Tomace（v)(abrandname)Toxerox,xeroxer-Xerox(静电复制）(abrandname)Ohm(欧姆）amp（安培）diesel（内燃机）hamburgercardigan(开襟羊毛衫）(6)Clipping,Back-Formation,Coinage,FunctionalShift&transliterationofforeignlanguages

Clipping:laboratory-labBack-Formation:Laser-tolaseCoinage:Quark夸克FunctionalShift：tocontacttheterminalGene(fromGerman)TranslationofTechnicalTerms

名从主人，译者加注TranslationofTechnicalTerms(4)Translationofacronym&blendingwordsLibeltranslation&transliterationEg.Laser(radiodetectingandranging)PERT(ProgramEvaluationReviewTechnique)

CTOL(conventionaltake-offandlanding)Multivider=multiply+dividerprogramatic=program+automatic

(5)fixedversionE.g.Greenwich(6)ChineseCorrespondence/equivalenceThePlough北斗星

ThePluto冥王星

Tinplate马口铁

Zincplate白铁皮

Marijuana大麻liquidcrystal液晶machinebuilding机器制造aircraft飞机cast-iron铸铁maintenance维修antibody抗体imbalance不平衡extra-terrestrial行星际的subsystem分系统

waterjacket水套linearmeasurement长度单位metalwork金属制品conveyer-belt传送带propeller推进器contradiction矛盾non-metal非金属decontrol取消控制unbar消除障碍computerlanguage计算机语言civilengineering土木工程powerplant发电站machine-made机制的counterbalance反平衡discharge放电hydro-electric发电ultrasonic超声non-ferrous有色金属的NominalizationToturnverbsintonounswithactionsinvolved.Tochangeverbalphrasesorsentencesintonounphrases.Nominalization(1)阿基米德最先发现固体排水的原理．Archimedesfirstdiscoveredtheprinciplethatwaterisdisplacedbysolidbodies.Archimedesfirstdiscoveredtheprincipleofdisplacementofwaterbysolidbodies.分析：Theoriginalappositiveclauseissimplifiedandthefact“displacement”isemphasizedNominalization(2)地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜变化．Theearthrotatesonitsownaxis,whichcausesthechangefromdaytonight.Therotationoftheearthonitsownaxiscausesthechangefromdaytonight.(Theideatobeconveyedismuchclearer.)MoreexamplesNominalization(4)Failuretofixthesesymbolsinmindkeepsstudentsfrommasteringthemathematicalsubjectstheytakeup.由于未能记住这些符号,使得许多学生无法掌握他们选修的教学课程。(5)Thishighercostisnotentirelyduetotheshapeofthepart,ortheuseofamoreexpensivemetal.成本教高不完全是由于部件的形状,也不是由于使用的金属比较昂贵。NominalizationDespitealltheimprovements,rubberstillhasanumberoflimitations.尽管改进了很多，但合成橡胶仍有一些缺陷。Highprecisionimpliesahighdegreeofexactnessbutwithnoimplicationastoaccuracy.高精度意味着高度的精确度，但并不表明具有准确性。Nominalizationincreasesthefrequentuseofactionnouns,whichcanbederivedfromverbsbyaddingsuffixessuchas–ment,–sion,–xion,–ment,–ance,–ence

tothem.Thistypeofwordcanindicatetheactionaswellasitsstate,means,consequence,tool,etc.Thedependenceoftherateofevaporationofaliquidontemperatureisenormous.液体蒸发速度很大程度上取决于它的温度。Theconstructionofsuchsatelliteshasnowbeenrealized,itsrealizationbeingsupportedwithalltheachievementsofmodernscience.由于得到现代科学所有成就的支持，现在制造了这样的卫星。Anumberenergyconversionsystemsarenowintransportation.

许多能量转换系统现在已用于运输方面。

Onsomeoccasions,someadjectivescanbeshiftedinto

nouns.

Itisdoubtfulhowaccuratetheresultsare.结果的正确性值得怀疑。Theaccuracyoftheseresultsisdoubtful.Andsomeclausescanalsobeputintonouns.Ifweaddorremoveheat,thestateofmattermaychange.添加或者减少热量可以改变物体的状态。Theadditionorremovalofheatmaychangethestateofmatter.表示行为或状态的名词一般属于抽象名词，科技行文的抽象程度要比表达类似内容的普通英语更高。它的大量使用表明科技文献借助于抽象思维的逻辑性和概念化，追求表述的简练、凝重、客观和浓缩，这与具体的形象描绘为主要表现手段的文学语言形成了鲜明的对比。

鉴于英语、汉语表达上的差别，在翻译科技英语时就要注意将某些抽象名词译成汉语中的动词或其他词类。例如Televisionisthetransmissionandreceptionofimagesofmovingobjectsbyradiowaves.电视是通过电波发送和接收活动物体的图像的装置。电视通过电波发送和接受移动物体的图像。相应地，在汉语中用行为动词表达的意思在英语中有时要转为名词。例如：我们学院已开始收订下一年度的杂志Subscriptionfornextyear’smagazineshasbeguninourcollege.“收订”用做动词，但由于“收订”的真正主语在句子中未出现，因此将“收订”机械地译成谓语动词会造成Chinglish的句子,在逻辑上是不通的。一种较妥善的处理是将“收订”译成名词.

首先，科技英语文献是以事实为基础记述客观事物的。作者在遣词造句中要求见物，而名词正是表物的词汇，故在普通英语中用动词等表示的内容，科技英语却惯用名词来表达，而把原来的施动含义蕴藏在结构的深层里。其次，科技英语用词简洁、表达确切，结构严密、描述客观。名词化结构是以短语形式来表达一个句子，结构言简意赅，内部组织严密，而且可以把更多的信息结构融于一体，使彼此的逻辑关系更明确，表达得更细密。在对事物进行描述时，名词化结构是除被动语态之外用以提高客观程度不可忽视的途径。

科技英语中名词化结构的原因1)名词／(行为名词)﹢介词﹢名词“介词十名词”构成的介词短语在逻辑上是行为名词的动作对象或动作的发出者,行为名词的含义在深层中转换（shift)或变异（variation）,使原来的名词变为动词，构成了动宾或主谓的关系，则在翻译时可以译成汉语的动宾结构或主谓结构。Theflowofelectronsisfromthenegativezincplatetothepositivecopperplate.电子从负的锌板流向正的铜板。此句的theflowoftheelectrons…＝theelectronsflows…Againinthecaseofallmotorvehicles,frictionisessentialintheoperationofthebrake.还有，所有机动车辆的制动器工作时都需要摩擦。theoperationofbrake=thebrakeoperates

名词化结构的构成Theyaretheemployersofmanagers,asmuchastheyaretheemployersofworkpeople.他们不仅雇用工人也雇用经理。此句＝Theyemploymanagersaswellasworkpeople.Televisionisthetransmissionandreceptionofmovingobjectsimagebyradiowaves.电视通过无线电波发射和接收活动物体的图像。Farmtractorsarebig

usersofdieselpower.农用拖拉机也大多以/用柴油机为动力。在这一句话中，从表层结构来看，bigusers与ofdieselpower是从属关系，可其深层结构却是动宾补的关系；biguseofdieselpower＝mainlyusedieselaspower,所以在翻译时不能译成“农用拖拉机也是柴油机的大用户。”

在此结构中，往往因行为名词的动作意义相对完整，与它同句中的其它部分之间存在着一定的逻辑关系，能起到时间状语、原因状语、条件状语和让步状语等作用，因此在翻译时可以用这种介词短语来代替各种状语从句。Beforegermination,theseediswatered.发芽前种子浇水。此句可以写成“Beforetheplantgerminates,itiswatered.”Asolublecrystallinesolidmaybeseparatedfromasolutionbyevaporation.可溶性晶体可以通过蒸发从溶液中分离出来。

2)介词＋名词（行为名词）在结构可以将名词(介词宾语)转换成谓语动词。Rocketshavefound

applicationfortheexplorationoftheuniverse.火箭已经用来探索宇宙。此句Rocketshavefoundapplicationfortheexplorationoftheuniverse.＝Peoplehaveappliedrocketstoexploretheuniverse.

此结构中谓语动词含义空泛，在句子中只起语法作用，翻译时可以不译。类似的动词有：do,keep,have,make,take,pay,show,perform，…

等。又如:Curvedrailsoffer

resistancetothemovementofthetrain.弯曲的钢轨阻碍火车运行。句中offer是中性动词，几乎不表示什么意义，只起连接作用。此句可以改为：Curvedrailsresistthemovementofthetrain.

3)中性动词﹢行为名词（﹢介词短语）名词化结构与动词构成固定搭配的常用形式为：动词名词化结构／动词＋介词名词化结构。这种搭配大量地以一动词短语的形式出现，约定俗成。例如：

callattentionto…

注意…

drawadistinctionbetween…

区分…

layemphasison…

强调…

takepossessionof…

拥有…

4)与动名词构成固定搭配

在此结构中行为名词可以译成动词，与后面的成分一起构成汉语的动宾结构。Ihaveadoubt

whetherthenewsistrue.我怀疑这消息是否确实。Idoubtwhetherthenewsistrueornot.

5)行为名词＋短语／从句在此结构中，名词在表层结构上是前置定语，但在翻译过程中，其深层结构的内在含义可以译成动宾词组，行为名词转换成谓语动词。

powergeneration

发电

hailprevention

防冰雹

6)名词＋名词（行为名词）美国语言学家乔姆斯基（Chomsky）也曾指出：语言文字的表层结构通过转换规则在结构深层产生出新的语义来。因此，对名词化结构的翻译，不能停留在结构表层上，仅满足于词汇本身概念含义的对应，而必须深入到结构的第二层、第三层中，按照转换的规则，从概念的组合当中发掘其关联含义。名词化结构的翻译，在结构上要从表层剖析至深层的含义；

在概念上从词汇的绝对词义剖析至相对含义，因为词汇的概念意义只是词汇含义的基础，翻译时绝对不能停留在这点上，而必须对词义持动态观，不能持静态观；要从发展转换中理解，不能僵化地孤立地去理解。由于科技英语中词性转换较多，这种情况恰好与汉语结构中动词数量多的特点相对应，可互相利用与补充。在翻译过程中就要运用这些规律，使译文更加符合汉语的习惯与要求。文语词(nottechnicalbutcommonlyusedinEST)文语词(nottechnicalbutcommonlyusedinEST)Reference1）Particularattentionshouldbegiventohosestoensurethatchafingdoesnotoccur.要特别注意软管，保证没有擦伤/磨损。2)Theprimaryconcernofelectricalengineeringisthedoingofworkbythedeliveryofenergy.电工学主要关注通过输送能量做功的情况。3)Genepiracyisnotnew.窃取基因不是新鲜事。4)Allplantsandanimalsneedcarbonforgrowth.所有的动植物均需要碳才能生长。Lecture3SyntacticFeaturesofESTSyntacticFeaturesofEST1.thepresenttense(esp.thesimplepresenttense)2.Passivevoice3.FrequentUseofNon-restrictiveVerbs(todo,doing,done)4.CommonUseofConditional&Imperative5.AdjectivephrasesasattributeSimplePresentTenseThislawappliestoallclassesoflevers.这个定律适用于各类杠杆。(laws,rules,conclusions,truth---simplepresenttense)

Peoplediscoveredelectricityagoodmanyyearsago.人们很久以前就发现了电。

(tointroducewhatwasdoneinthepastsuchasinvention,creation,etc.---simplepasttense)PassiveVoiceMorethan1/3verbs---passivevoiceAsoilisfounddeepintheground,itspresencecannotbedeterminedbyastudyofthesurface.Consequently,ageologicalsurveyoftheundergroundrockstructuremustbecarriedout.Ifitisthoughtthattherocksinacertainareacontainoil,a“drillingrig”isassembled.Themostobviouspartofadrillingrigiscalled“aderrick”.Itisusedtoliftsectionsofpipe,whichareloweredintotheholemadebythedrill.Astheholeisbeingdrilled,asteelpipeispusheddowntopreventthesidesfromfallingin.Ifoilisstruck,acoverisfirmlyfixedtothetopofthepipeandtheoilisallowedtoescapethroughaseriesofvalues.石油埋藏于地层深处。因此,仅研究地层表面,无法确定有无石油,必须勘测地下的岩石结构。如果确定了某一区域的岩石蕴藏着石油,就此安装钻机。它的主要部分是机架,用以撑起一节一节的钢管,让其下到井孔。一边钻井,一边下钢管,以防周围土层塌陷。一旦出油,就紧固管盖,让油从各个阀门喷出。Non-restrictiveVerbs/Non-finiteVerbs&(todo,doing,done)

Anon-finiteverb(sometimescalledaverbal)isanyofseveralverbformsthatarenotfiniteverbs;thatis,theycannotserveastherootofanindependentclause.Thenon-finiteverbformsfoundinEnglishareinfinitives,participlesandgerunds;例：Todaytheelectroniccomputeriswidelyusedinsolvingmathematicalproblemshavingtodowithweatherforecastingandputtingsatellitesintoorbit.

今天,电子计算机广泛地运用于解决一些数学问题,这些问题与天气预报和卫星送入轨道有关。Non-restrictiveVerbs/Non-finiteVerbs(todo,doing,done)

Numericalcontrolmachinesaremostusefulwhenquantitiesofproductstobeproducedarelowormedium;thetapecontainingtheinformationrequiredtoproducethepartcanbestored,reusedormodifiedwhenrequired.少量或中量地生产产品时,数控机是极为有用的,录用生产零件必需资料的磁带可以存放起来,需要时,还可重新使用或修改。(1)中国是第一个发明火箭的国家.Chinawasthefirstcountry_______(invent)rockets.(2)宇航员在航天飞机外面执行任务时可借助于机械手。Astronauts_______(perform)tasksabroadspaceshuttlegethelpfromrobotarm.(3)从所产生液体中提取的燃料油的数量大大增加Thevolumeoffueloil_______(extract)fromtheliquid_______(produce)increasessubstantially.(4)水泥、木材和钢材是最广泛使用的建筑材料。Cement,woodandsteelarethemostwidely_______(use)_______(build)materials.(5)设置有安全阀，以使得能够降低过高的压力。Asafetyvalveisprovided_______(allow)excesspressure_______(escape).

1.因为非谓语动词没有人称和数之区别，也无情态动词，它们有两个基本特点，一是阐述概念的客观性强；二是无主语，常作为句法上的压缩手段，所以使用频率较高。2.在科技作品中，人们往往要说明各个事物之间的关系，事物的位置和状态变化，如机器、产品、原料等的运动、来源、型式、加工手段、工艺流程和操作方法，这些都要求叙述严谨、准确。非谓语动词形式容易实现这些要求，而且能用扩展的成分对所修饰的词进行严格的说明和限定（每一个分词定语都能代替一个从句）。3科技作者为了完整、准确地表达某一概念和事物，常需对某些词句进行多方面的修饰和限定。为了使很长的句子匀称，避免复杂结构并省略动词时态的配合，使句子即不累赘又语意明确，往往采用非谓语动词这种语法手段。a)Ifyouwanttointerruptrecording,youshouldpressPause.b)Tointerruptrecording,pressPause.如果要停止录音,请按“Pause”键。a)Incommunications,theproblemofelectronicsishowinformationisconveyedfromoneplacetoanother.b)Incommunications,theproblemofelectronicsishowtoconveyinformationfromoneplacetoanother.在通讯系统中,电子学要解决的问题是如何把信息从一个地方传递到另一个地方。a)Afteritisabsorbedbyhumanbody,itcanpromotethesynthesisofnewbonecells.b)Afterabsorbedbyhumanbody,itcanpromotethesynthesisofbonecells.本品经(口服)人体吸收后,能促进新生骨质细胞的合成。a)AmongtheearlyGreeks,Aristotlewasthefirstwhohadwatchedthingsthatlivedandtriedtoclassifythem,attemptedtofindouthowlifebegins,and

writtendownhisobservations.b)AmongtheearlyGreeks,Aristotlewasthefirsttowatchlivingthings，andtotrytoclassifythem,toattempttofindouthowlifebegins,and

towritedownhisobservations.早期的希腊人中，亚里士多德是第一个观察生物的，并试图探索生命的起源，且把他观察到的都记载下来。CommonUseofConditional&Imperative1)Condition:real&unrealconditionIf/incase,incaseof/intheeventofsth.,onconditionthat,provided/providingthat,aslongas,onlyif…(tone:mild&prudentE.g.Iftherewerenoattraction,theelectronwouldflyawayfromtheprotoninastraightline.

如果没有吸引力,电子会以直线方向飞离质子。CommonUseofConditionalAsuddenlossofliftwillbeexperiencedincasetheaircraftspeedfallsbelowacertainlevel.如果飞机速度降到一定水平以下,就会突然失去升力。Incaseofanoil-pumpfailure,themovingpartswillbecomeoverheated.假如油泵失灵,运转部件就会过热。Intheeventoffog,aircraftcanbeguideddowntotherunwayfromthecontroltower.万一有雾,飞机可以由指挥塔引导降落到跑道上。CommonUseofConditionalTheenginecanberunatveryhighspeedsonconditionthevibrationscanbedampedout.这部发动机可以很高速度运转,条件是能够把震动降低。Aslongasarocketburnsenoughfueltoprovidesufficientthrust,itwillcontributetoincreaseinspeed.只要火箭燃烧足够的燃料使它产生足够的推力,它就会不断加速。CommonUseofImperative(祈使句的翻译)常用于说明书、操作规程、作业指导、程序建议和注意事项等资料中。有时也用“should”和“must”来表示这种语气。Allowthewatertocoolfortenminutesandthenmakethetemperature.让水冷却10分钟,然后再测温度。Themachinesshouldbehandledwithgreatcare.这些机器应小心轻放。Thesurfacemustbecleaned.表面必须清扫干净。AdjectivePhrasesasAttributeTomakesentencecompact,briefandterse(简洁紧凑)例句：Asashipisloaded,itsinksdeeperintothewater,displacinganadditionalamountofwaterequaltotheweightoftheaddedload.船装了货吃水更深,其排开的附加水量等于所装货的重量。Non-mobilerobots,capableoflearningtoperformanindustrialtaskandthenofbeinglefttoperformittirelessly,areevennowinuseinindustrialplantsallovertheworld.不能行走的机器人能学会做工,并能孜孜不倦地工作,今天在世界各地的工厂里得到了使用。1.所有物体都有惯性。2.古代人用石头记数。3.为什么总把这些麻烦事推给我？4.大火把这幢大楼毁掉了。5.这部发动机可以很高速运转，条件是把震动降低。6.要火箭燃烧足够的燃料使它产生足够的推力，它就会不断加速。7.表面必须清扫干净。Lecture4

PassiveVoice&itsTranslationWhypassivevoiceiswidelyusedinEST?(1)whentheagentofanactionisself-evidentorunknown,itisunnecessaryorimpossibletomentiontheagent.(2)Syntacticfactors:forcohesion,balanceandfocuses,andweight.(3)Rhetoricalfactors:forvariation.(4)Stylisticfactors:morepassiveininformalwriting,notablyintheobjective,non-personalstyleofscientificarticles,newsitems,andgovernmentcommunication.Morethan1/3verbs---passivevoice.TranslationofPassiveVoice

A)PutitintoActivevoiceinChineseB)RenderitasNon-lifesubjectsentenceC)ReplaceitwithpassivevoiceinChinese

“被”字式——不幸语态“让”、“给”、”叫”、“挨”、“受”、“遭”、“蒙”“是……的”表示静态的句子“……的是”“……加以/予以”组成倒置的宾语结构汉语被动意义的表达方式─用词汇的手段来表现被动意义TranslationSkill—PassiveVoiceTranslationSkill—PassiveVoice

科技英语主要是叙述事理，往往不需要说出主动者，或对被动者比主动者更为关心。此外，科技工作者为了表示客观和谦虚的态度，往往避免使用第一人称，因而尽可能使用被动语态。因此，在翻译英语被动语态时，大量语句应译成主动句，少数句子仍可译成被动句。译成汉语的被动句；译成汉语的主动句；译成汉语的其他句型。1.译成汉语的被动句

英语的有些着重被动动作的被动句，要译成被动句，以突出其被动意义。被动含义可用“被”、“由”、“给