2025年未来就业：技术与全球最大规模劳动力的未来白皮书-

Jobs

of

Tomorrow:Technologyandthe

Futureof

theWorld’s

LargestWorkforcesW

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5Images:AdobeStockandGetty

ImagesContentsExecutivesummary

3Introduction41

Workforce-transformingtechnologies51.1Artificial

intelligence

51.2Roboticsand

autonomous

systems51.3Energytechnology61.4Networksandsensingtechnologies62

Largeglobalworkforces72.1

Agriculture92.2Manufacturing92.3Construction102.4Wholesaleand

retailtrade102.5Transportandlogistics112.6Businessand

management122.7

Healthcare

123

WorkforcetransformationsandfurtherworkbytheGlobal

Future

Council

13Conclusion

14Contributors15Endnotes

16DisclaimerThisdocumentis

published

bytheWorld

Economic

Forumasacontributionto

a

project,

insight

area

or

interaction.Thefindings,interpretationsandconclusionsexpressedherein

are

a

resultofacollaborativeprocessfacilitated

andendorsedbytheWorld

Economic

Forumbutwhoseresultsdo

not

necessarilyrepresenttheviewsoftheWorld

EconomicForum,nor

the

entirety

of

its

Members,Partnersorother

stakeholders.©2025World

Economic

Forum.All

rightsreserved.

No

part

of

this

publication

maybereproducedortransmitted

in

anyformorbyany

means,

including

photocopyingandrecording,or

by

any

informationstorage

and

retrieval

system.Jobs

of

Tomorrow:Technology

and

the

Future

of

the

World’s

Largest

Workforces2Muchofthe

recentdebateonthefuture

ofjobs

has

focusedongenerativeartificial

intelligence

(genAI),

large

language

modelsandtheir

impactonwhite-collardesk-basedoccupations,yettechnology-driven

labour

marketchange

istransformingoccupations

beyondthisspace.Thiswhitepaperconsidersfour

keytechnologies:artificial

intelligence(AI),

robotics,energytechnology,and

networksandsensingtechnologies.

Itassesses

the

potential

benefitsandchallenges

oftheiracceleratingapplicationacrosssevenjobfamilies

thatcomprisetheworld’s

largestworkforces:agriculture,

manufacturing,construction,wholesale

and

retailtrade,transportand

logistics,

business

and

management,and

healthcare.Thewhite

paperfindsthatthe

potential

benefitsand

challengesdiffersignificantlyacrossthese

sevenworkforces,aswellasan

economy’s

income

level

and

industrial

make-up.This

meansseveralaspects

are

necessarytoensuretechnologydevelopmentExecutivesummaryTechnology

istransformingworkforces;ensuring

high-productivity,

inclusivejobs

requiresdiverseactionsacrossthe

world’s

largestjobfamilies.leadsto

higher-productivityjobs,

includingenabling

greater

investment

intechnologyandenhancingdiffusion,facilitatingefficientandsupportive

market

structures,understandingemployers’strategicworkforcegoals,anddiscoveringthe

potential

capabilityofatechnology-enabledworkforce.TheGlobal

FutureCouncilon

Jobs

and

Frontier

Technologies

isa

multidisciplinaryexpertgroup

exploring

howtechnological

progresscancreatehigher

productivityjobsand

preparea

globalworkforceto

performthem.

Inaccordancewith

its

mandate,thiswhite

paper

identifies

keyareaswherestakeholderactionsare

most

likely

to

be

impactful.The

remainderofthecouncil’s

termwillseekto

identifyspecificactions

thateconomies,

industries,technologydevelopers,

employersandother

key

stakeholders

cantaketoenablea

high-productivity,

inclusivefutureofjobsthat

benefits

businesses,workersandenhancesglobal

opportunity.Jobs

of

Tomorrow:Technology

and

the

Future

of

the

World’s

Largest

Workforces3AccordingtotheWorldEconomicForum’sFutureof

JobsReport2025,technologychangesareexpectedtobethebiggestdriveroflabour

markettransformationinthecomingyears.1

Theyhavethepotentialtocreatehigher-wage,better-qualityjobs,increase

global

productivity

and

exacerbate

inequalitieswithinandacrossgeographies.Thedecisionsmadenowandinthecomingyearswilldetermine

thefutureimpactsoftechnologydevelopment.2TheGlobal

FutureCouncilon

Jobs

and

Frontier

Technologies

isa

multidisciplinaryexpertgrouptaskedwith

identifyingwaysto

harnesstechnologieswith

labour

markettransformationpotentialto

inclusively

provide

more

productivejobs

totheglobalworkforce.While

muchofthe

recentdebateonthe

future

of

jobs

hasfocusedongenerativeartificial

intelligence(genAI),

large

language

modelsandtheir

impactonwhite-collardesk-basedoccupations,technology-driven

labour

marketchange

istransformingoccupations

beyondthisspace.Toarriveata

morecomprehensive

understandingofthechanges

underway,thiswhite

paperassessesthe

potential

impactsoftheapplicationoffourworkforce-transformingtechnologiesonsevenjob

familiescomprisingtheworld’s

largestworkforces.

Itaimsto

identifythegreatest

potentialworkforce

opportunitiesandchallenges.FutureworkfromtheGlobal

FutureCouncil

onJobs

and

FrontierTechnologieswillseekto

understandhowtheseopportunitiescan

be

realised,and

how

riskscan

be

mitigated–

providingguidancetobusinessesand

policy-makerstoenable

higher

productivity

inworkplacesworldwide.IntroductionFourtechnologieswilltransform

major

workforces,creatingopportunities

but

also

risksthatdemand

urgentaction.

Decisionsmade

nowandinthecomingyearswilldeterminethefutureimpacts

oftechnologydevelopment.Jobs

of

Tomorrow:Technology

and

the

Future

of

the

World’s

Largest

Workforces4Workforce-transforming

technologiesArtificial

intelligence,

robotics,energyand

sensingtechnologies

promise

productivity

gainswhile

intensifying

risks.Thistechnology

incorporates

machine

learningand

data

processing,genAI,artificialgeneral

intelligence

andagenticAI.Artificial

intelligence

(AI)

has

beenespeciallytopicalsincethe

releaseand

rapid

uptake

ofconsumer-focusedgenAI

models,and86%

ofemployersexpect

itwilltransformtheirorganization

by2030.3

Organizations

have

long

harnessedmachine

learningtoenhanceworkforceefficiency

inareassuchas

maintenancescheduling,

fraudpreventionandtailoredcustomerservices.4

GenAI,

meanwhile,

becamecommonplaceafterthe

releaseofChatGPT

in

November2022.

Manyorganizations

continuetograpplewithhowthistechnology

canbe

mosteffectiveand

how

itcouldtransformtheir

workforce

needs.Someexperts

believeagenticAIwill

bethe

mosttransformativecomponentof

thetechnology,withAIagentsdrawingon

genAI

technologytoperformtasksindependentlywithuserdirectionandoversight.Whilethistechnologycarries

potentialtoenhanceworker

productivityorcapability,

itcarriessubstantial

risks

relatedto

privacy,

reliabilityandeconomicvaluestructures.1.1ofemployersexpectgenAItotransformtheirorganization

by2030.1.2TheGlobal

FutureCouncilonJobsand

FrontierTechnologiesdefinesworkforce-transformingtechnologiesasrecenttechnologicaladvanceswiththepotentialtorapidlytransformtheworkforce.Such

advancementswouldprovideproductivityorcapability

booststohelpaddresssociety’skeychallenges,andhavesubstantialorsystemic

riskthatrequires

governanceand/orcomplianceenhancements.After

reviewingglobalemployers’expectations

(setout

intheFutureof

JobsReport2025),aggregatingthecouncil’sexperiencewithworkforce-transformingtechnologiesandassessingtheworkforce

implicationsofemergingtechnologies,

thecouncil

identifiedthefollowingfourfrontiertechnologiesas

havingthegreatestworkforce

transformation

potential.years,6

thisgrowth

isexpectedtocontinue.

Robot

installationsare

heavilyconcentrated

inChina,Japan,the

US,the

Republicof

KoreaandGermany,

collectivelyaccountingfor80%of

global

robotinstallations

in2022.7

PhysicalAIdevelopmentscreateanopportunityfor

new

rolesand

enhanced

worker

productivity8

–

however,thisoutcomewill

dependonchoices

made

inthecomingyears.TheconvergenceofAI,advanced

hardwareand

visionsystems

is

beginningtoenable

robotsand

autonomoussystemstoperforman

expandingarrayoffunctions.Thesesystemsare

also

referred

toas

physicalAI.Theapplicationof

robots

andautonomoussystems

has

beensteadilygrowing

around5-7%annuallysince

2020.5

Withanestimated40%costreduction

in

the

last

twoRoboticsandautonomoussystems86%ArtificialintelligenceJobs

of

Tomorrow:Technology

and

the

Future

of

the

World’s

Largest

Workforces51enhancesaccessfor

lessconnectedareas.Thistechnologicaldevelopmentwillcreateopportunitiestoenhancethecapabilityofworkers

whilecreating

risks,

includingdisruptionandprivacyconcerns.

Developments

insensingtechnologiesenhancethe

roleofnetworks

aswellasothertechnologies

like

physicalAI.

Recent

advances

includeaffordable

high-resolutioncameras,

lightdetectionand

ranging(LiDAR)and

next-generationtactilesensors,whichallowinterpretationofcomplexenvironments

in

realtime.The

integrationofnetworksand

sensingtechnologiescreatesa

platformthatenablesgreaterdevelopmentandeffectiveness

ofother

technologies,

includingAI,

roboticsandenergy

technologies.Asnetworktechnologiesadvance,

their

impactdiffers

by

regionand

income

level.

Currently,

internetaccessvarieswidelyacross

regions,from91%

in

Europeto38%

inAfrica.The

regionalworkforce

impactofnetworktechnologydevelopmentwilldependonwhether

itexacerbatesaccessibilitydiscrepancies

orChangingenergydemands

also

leadtoconsumptionchanges,suchas

increases

inthe

useofelectricvehicles

and

demandfor

new

energyto

powerdatacentres.These

changescouldalso

bedisruptive,with

significant

changes

inthetypesofdemandedjobs

and

skills

related

to

energy

use.Overall,41%ofemployers

expect

energytechnologytotransformtheirorganizations

by

2030.9

Thisencompassesenergygeneration,storageanddistribution.Thesetransformationscanenhanceenergy

efficiencyand

create

newgenerationopportunities,andcould

lead

tosignificantchanges

inworkforcecapability.NetworksandsensingtechnologiesEnergytechnologyJobs

of

Tomorrow:Technology

and

the

Future

of

the

World’s

Largest

Workforces61.31.4Source:

International

Labour

Organization(ILO)(2023)ILOModelledEstimates(ILOEST

database)MANUFACTURINGWHOLESALEAND

RETAIL

TRADEBUSINESS

ANDTRANSPORTAND

LOGISTICSHEALTHCARELargeglobalworkforcesSeven

majorjobfamiliesfacedistincttechnologicaltransformation,withvaried

global

impacts.Thiswhite

paperfocusesonsevenjobfamiliesthatcomprisetheworld’s

largestworkforcesand

where

impactsare

likelyto

begreatest:agriculture,

manufacturing,construction,businessandmanagement,wholesaleand

retailtrade,transport

and

logistics,and

healthcare.Collectively,theseworkforcesmakeupalmost

80%

ofthe

world’sworkers,withdifferingconcentrationsacrosseconomiesatdifferent

income

levels,as

shown

in

Figures

1and2.Thefollowingsection

discusses

characteristicsoftheseworkforcesandassessestheopportunitiesandchallengescreated

by

the

acceleratedapplicationofthefourworkforce-transformingtechnologies

identified

inChapter

1.HighUpper-middleLower-middleHighUpper-middleJobs

of

Tomorrow:Technology

and

the

Future

of

the

World’s

Largest

Workforces7Jobfamilysizebyeconomyincome

level2Lower-middle

LowMANAGEMENTFIGURE

1Upper-middleUpper-middleUpper-middleUpper-middleUpper-middleUpper-middleLower-middleLower-middleLower-middleLower-middleLower-middleCONSTRUCTIONAGRICULTURE.

.

.HighHighHighHighHighOTHERLowLowLow14%15%13%14%14%3%6%7%10%7%3%4%7%14%7%1%1%2%8%3%57%39%20%3%26%14%14%24%32%22%AgricultureEconomyincome

levelSource:

International

Labour

Organization(ILO).(2023).ILOModelledEstimates(ILOEST

database).OtherWholesaleandretailtradeBusinessandmanagementManufacturingTransportandlogisticsConstructionHealthcareFIGURE2WorkforcesbyjobfamilyandeconomyincomelevelJobs

of

Tomorrow:Technology

and

the

Future

of

the

World’s

Largest

Workforces89%

8%8%

8%18%13%LowLower-middleHigh

WorldUpper-middle14%12%3%6%soil

health,water

useandcropconditionsin

realtime.This

reduces

relianceon

manuallabourfor

routine

monitoringandcreatesdemand

for

new

roles,suchasdrone

operators,

dataanalystsandagritechtechnicians.Automationand

roboticsarealso

redefiningon-farmlabour

by

reducingdependenceonseasonal

andmanualworkers.Autonomoustractors,robotic

harvestersandautomated

irrigationsystemsare

beingdeployedacross

regionssuchas

Europeand

NorthAmericatoaddress

labourshortagesandenhance

productivity.Thesetechnologies

havesignificant

productivitypotentialforfarmingoperationswiththe

resources

tofundcapital

investmentandcould

significantly

changetheexpertise

requiredoftheworkforceoperatingthesesystems.Asignificant

proportion

ofthisworkforce,

however,aresmallholderfarmers

in

lower-incomecountrieswhere

investmentcapacity

is

likelyto

be

limited.

Enablingglobalbenefitsoftechnology,therefore,

requiresinterventionstosupportglobaltechnologicaldiffusion,althoughthistoocomeswith

risks

ofdisplacingemploymentforvulnerable

populations.Theagricultureworkforce

is

byfartheworld’slargest,

making

upaquarteroftotal

globalemployment.Thisworkforce

isfar

more

prominent

in

lower-incomeeconomies,comprising57%ofworkers

in

low-incomeeconomiesand39%

ofworkers

in

lower-middle-incomeeconomies,

comparedto20%ofworkersin

upper-middle-

incomeeconomiesandjust3%ofworkers

in

high-incomeeconomies.Thefourworkforcetransformationtechnologies

could

reformthewaythisworkforceoperates.Technology

isalreadytransformingdemandsontheagricultureworkforce,although

its

impactvariessignificantly

between

regionsandactivities.

Forexample,agriculturaldrones

are

being

usedinSouthAmericatotransportcut

banana

bunches

fromsteep

hillside

plantations.Thistechnologyenablesdrastic

increases

inthe

numberofbunchesaworkercan

harvest,with

resultingincreases

in

productivityand

improvements

insafety.

Precisionagriculture,

meanwhile,

is

being

appliedtoavarietyofcropping

operations.Powered

bydrones,

networktechnologyand

AI-drivenanalytics,

itallowsfarmersto

monitorWhileroboticshasbeen

adopted

in

manufacturing

processesfora

longtime,physicalAIis

increasingly

enhancingthecapabilitiesofthesesystems.Severalcutting-edgeusecases

illustrate

howthistechnology,combinedwithrobotics,couldtransformthemanufacturingworkforce.11

For

example,AI-enabledvisualqualitycontrolinspections,combined

withautonomousrootcauseanalysisand

processmining,

identifyfactory

line

issuesmuchfasterthancurrentqualitycontrolprocesses.

Similarly,integratedmobilerobots,AI-basedsortingandgenAI-guidedmanipulatorstofulfile-commerceorderscanenablefasterdelivery,

increasethedemandforskilledrolesandcreate

efficiency

gains.12TheseAI

incorporations

intoexistingmanufacturing

processescouldtransformjobsinto

higher-productivity

roleswith

higherexpertise

requirements.Theamountofproductivityenhancement,andwhetherthis

isaccompaniedbyan

increaseordecrease

in

demandforworkers,

willdependonseveralfactors,

including

methods

ofadoption,

investmentcapacityandexistingmanufacturing

infrastructure.Manufacturing

representstheworld’ssecond-largestworkforce,

making

up

14%oftotalglobal

employment.Thisemployment

is

particularlyprominent

insomeAsiancountries,

includingChina,Viet

Nam,andTaiwan,China,

andEuropeancountries,

includingCzechia,Slovenia

and

Hungary.Thetypeofmanufacturing

differssubstantially

by

industryand

region.Textiles,automobilesand

pharmaceuticalsformdistinctmanufacturing

hubs

indifferentcountriesandregionsaroundtheworld.These

manufacturinghubsalsodiffersignificantly

in

demographicmakeup.10

Thesedifferences

have

implicationsforthetypesoftechnologyadoption

possibleandthe

current

levelsofinfrastructure.

Roboticssystems

incorporatingAIareespecially

relevantforthemanufacturingworkforce,withthe

potentialtosignificantlyenhance

humancapabilityalongside

the

possibilityofeliminatingsignificantamounts

ofworkthroughautomation.The

pathoftechnology

developmentandadoptionwilldeterminewhether

thistechnology

leadsto

repetitive

low-valuetasks

being

replaced

by

higher-valueactivitiesorareduction

intotalemployment.2.2

Integratedmobilerobots,AI-basedsorting

andgenAI-guided

manipulatorscanenablefasterdelivery,increasethedemandforskilled

rolesandcreateefficiencygains.Jobs

of

Tomorrow:Technology

and

the

Future

of

the

World’s

Largest

Workforces9ManufacturingAgriculture2.1Around8%oftheworld’sworkersare

part

ofthe

globalconstructionworkforce.13

Apeculiarityofthisjobfamily

isthat

ittendsto

make

upasmaller

proportionofaworkforceaseconomies

move

up

the

incomespectrum,exceptforin

low-incomeeconomies,where

it

makes

up

lessthan3%ofthetotalworkforce.Theconstructionworkforcealsocoversawide

rangeof

projects,from

small

residential

buildingsto

large-scale

infrastructure

like

bridgesand

power

plants.Constructiontasksareoftenvariable,withjobsitesconstantlychanging.This

makesfullautomation

morecomplex;

however,transformative

technologiesarechangingthewaythisworkforceoperatesandthe

requirementsofits

workers.Building

information

modellingsystemsarea

major

componentofmodernconstructionand

involvedigital

planningofconstructionoperations.AI

isincreasingly

being

integrated

intothesesystemstoenhanceworkplanning

andscheduling,optimizefootprint

use,ensurecompliancewithlocal

regulationsand

incorporate

localcomfortand

safety

into

buildings.Theseenhancements

boostworkers’efficiencyandcapabilities

by

improvingthe

functionalityof

buildings.ThecombinationofAIand

robotics

inconstruction

machinerycouldalsotransformconstructionroles.Oneexample

issemi-automated

bricklaying

machinery,whichcan

lay

bricksaccordingtothe

designandspecifications

input

byconstructionworkers.Thissortoftechnology

reliesonworkers’

masonryexpertise

butcan

increaseworkeroutput

and

reduce

relianceon

physicalskills.Ona

largerscale,theentire

84-metre-highKawakamidam

in

Mie,Japan,wascompleted

in2023

using

robotics.14

This

included

remote-

controlledcraneoperations,

brushing

machinesthatcalculatedthe

pressureandfrequencyrequiredtosmoothconcretesurfacesand

boxing

machinesthatcontrolledthesupportstructures

ofwetconcrete–automaticallyadjusting

position

astheconcretedried.Thissort

oftechnologyredirectstheconstructionworkforcetowardsplanningand

monitoringoperations

ratherthan

actively

participating

intheconstruction

process.

Thiscanenablecapability-building

in

areasthat

aredangeroustoaccess,whilealso

improvingefficiency.

However,achievingthis

requiresafundamentalworkforceskillshiftand

entirely

new

trainingapproaches.AfurtherexampleofcombiningAI

and

other

technologies

is

usingcomputervisiontomonitorequipmentfordamage,

providereal-time

hazarddetection,ensure

rapidqualityassurance

bycomparingexecutedworkwithblueprints,andsupport

logisticsplanning

bytracking

project

progressionand

identifyingdelays.Thiscould

havesignificant

implicationsforthesafetyoftheconstruction

workforce,alongside

productivitygains.Anothertechnologicallyenabledshift

intheconstructionworkforce

isthe

increasinguseofprefabrication

in

buildings

andthedevelopmentofrobotics,

including3D

printing

to

producethese.Whiletheseare

likelyto

be

limitedtocertainsectionsofthe

construction

industry,theywillchangethetypesof

expertise

valuedandshift

labourdemandstowardsadvancedtransportand

logisticssolutions.Enablingthe

benefitsoftechnologicaldevelopment

inconstructionwill

require

new

investment,the

incorporationofthistechnology

intoneworexistingworkflowsandafuture-proofedworkforceto

harnesstheseadvancedsystems.AI-enabled

business-to-business(B2B)appsarechanging

howsmalland

informal

retailersrestock.Across

Egypt,

Morocco,

Kenya,

Rwanda

andTanzania,small

retailshopsand

hundreds

of

thousandsofinformal

retailers

now

restockviaB2Bapps.Ordersarescheduled

withAI-drivendemandforecastingand

routeoptimization,which

cutsstock-outsandwastedwholesalertrips.This

canenhancethe

productivityofbothwholesalers

and

retailers.Similarly,AI

integration

intoclick-and-

collect

processes

ischangingthisworkforce

inAfrica,

Indiaand

LatinAmerica.Thisworkforceencompasses

peoplewhoengage

inwholesaleor

retail

sales

andthe

servicesrelatedtothem.They

make

uparound

13%oftheglobalworkforce,

holdinga

consistent

proportion

regardlessofcountry

income

level,although

regionaldiscrepanciesexist,with

a

larger

proportionofworkers

in

LatinAmerica

andtheCaribbean.15

Thewholesale

and

retail

tradeworkforce

isa

large

urbanemployer

and

canactas

a

key

entry

pointfor

women

andyouth

in

low-and

middle-incomecountries,

whoare

overrepresented.2.3

Enablingthebenefitsoftechnologicaldevelopmentinconstructionwillrequire

newinvestment,theincorporationofthistechnologyintoneworexisting

workflowsandafuture-proofed

workforce.2.4oftheglobalworkforce

ismade

upwholesale

orretailsalesworkers.Wholesaleandretailtrade13%Jobs

of

Tomorrow:Technology

and

the

Future

of

the

World’s

Largest

Workforces10ConstructionThis

integrationautomatestheassigningoftasksand

logistics,shiftingworkersfromtillsto

picking,packingand

last-milecoordination.Thisshiftenhancesthecapabilityofworkersand

enablesrapiddeliverytimes–

includingsame-dayand

even

within-hoursdelivery.

Dronesarealso

shiftingtheworkforcefromfrontline

retailtowardsoperationsand

ma