2026年托福口语历年真题

2026年托福口语历年真题第一套Task1Somepeoplebelievethatstudentsshouldberequiredtoattendclassesinperson,whileothersthinkthatonlineclassesareabetteroption.Whichdoyoupreferandwhy?Task2Reading:UniversityAnnouncementRegardingCampusShuttleServiceTheuniversityadministrationhasannouncedasignificantchangetothecampusshuttleservicestartingnextsemester.Currently,theshuttlerunsalooparoundthemaincampusandtheoff-campusapartmentcomplexesevery30minutes.Duetorisingfuelcostsandareporteddecreaseinridershipduringeveninghours,theadministrationproposestoreducethefrequencyoftheshuttletoonceeveryhourafter6:00PM.Additionally,theroutewillbeshortenedtoexcludetheNorthwoodApartments,whicharelocatedfurthestfromcampus.Theadministrationbelievesthiswillsavemoneyandencouragestudentstoutilizethenewbike-sharingprogramrecentlyintroducedoncampus.Listening:ConversationbetweentwostudentsMan:Hey,didyouseetheemailaboutthecampusshuttlechanges?Woman:Yeah,Ijustreadit.I’mreallyworriedaboutit.Man:Metoo.IliveintheNorthwoodApartments.Iftheycutthatstop,I’llhavetowalkalmostamiletothenearestshuttlestop.Woman:That’sterrible,especiallyinthewinterwhenit’sfreezingorsnowing.Theadministrationsaysridershipisdown,butthat’sprobablybecausepeopledon’twanttowait45minutesinthecoldforthebus.Iftheycuttheroute,evenfewerpeoplewilluseit.Man:Exactly.It’saviciouscycle.Theywantustousethebike-sharingprogram,butthat’snotrealisticforeveryone.Ihavea9:00AMlabacrosscampus,andIcan’tshowupsweatyandoutofbreathfrombikingupthehill.Plus,bikingintherainisimpossible.Woman:Iagree.Thebikeshareisgreatforshort,leisurelytrips,butnotforadailycommute.TheyshouldreallyreconsidercuttingtheNorthwoodstop.Alotofinternationalstudentsandgradstudentslivetherebecauseit’scheaper.Man:Maybeweshouldstartapetitionorgotothestudentcouncilmeeting.Thisisgoingtomakelifereallydifficultforalotofus.Question:Thewomanexpressesheropinionabouttheuniversity’splan.Whatarethereasonsshegivesforholdingthisopinion?Task3Reading:Concept-CognitiveDissonanceCognitivedissonanceisapsychologicalconceptthatdescribesthementaldiscomfortexperiencedbyapersonwhoholdstwoormorecontradictorybeliefs,ideas,orvaluesatthesametime,orisconfrontedbynewinformationthatconflictswithexistingbeliefs,ideas,orvalues.Thistensionoftenmotivatesindividualstotakestepstoreducethedissonance,suchaschangingtheirbehavior,acquiringnewinformation,orreducingtheimportanceoftheconflictingbeliefs.Itisapowerfulmotivatorforattitudechangeandisfrequentlyobservedinsituationsinvolvingdecision-makingorforcedcompliance.Listening:LecturebyaPsychologyProfessorOkay,solet'slookatanexampleofcognitivedissonance.ImagineamannamedJohnwhoconsidershimselfanenvironmentallyconsciousperson.Herecycles,heusespublictransportation,andhedonatestoconservationcharities.However,Johnlovesfastcarsandhasalwaysdreamedofowningalarge,gas-guzzlingSUV.Oneday,despitehisenvironmentalconcerns,JohnbuysalargeSUVthatgetsverypoorgasmileage.Immediatelyafterbuyingthecar,Johnstartstofeelasenseofguiltandanxiety.Thisiscognitivedissonance.Hisbelief("Icareabouttheenvironment")conflictswithhisaction("Iboughtapollutingcar").Toreducethisdiscomfort,Johnhastochangehisperceptionofthesituation.Hecan'treturnthecar,sohechangeshisattitude.Hestartstellinghimselfthathisoldcarwasunsafe,andthenewSUVismuchsaferforhisfamily.Hemightalsostartreadingarticlesclaimingthatoneindividualcardoesn'tmakeadifferenceinthegrandschemeofglobalwarming,orthatthemanufacturingprocessofelectriccarsisactuallyworsefortheenvironmentthandrivinganoldgascar.Byfocusingonthesafetybenefitsanddownplayingtheenvironmentalimpact,Johnalleviatesthementalstressandalignshisactionswithhisnew,modifiedbeliefs.Question:UsingtheexampleofJohnandtheSUV,explaintheconceptofcognitivedissonance.Task4Listening:LecturebyaBiologyProfessorTodaywe’regoingtotalkaboutafascinatingsurvivalstrategyininsectscalled"aposematiccoloration."Now,usually,preyanimalswanttoblendintotheirsurroundingstoavoidbeingseenbypredators,right?Thisiscamouflage.Butaposematiccolorationistheexactopposite.Itinvolvesbrightlycoloredmarkings—likeyellows,reds,ororanges—thatserveasawarningsignaltopredators.Thelogicbehindthisisthattheseinsectsareoftentoxic,poisonous,ortasteterrible.Ifapredatoreatsone,itgetssick.Thebrightcolorationactslikeabillboard,advertisingtheinsect'sunpalatability.Thepredatorlearnstoassociatethebrightcolorwithabadexperienceandwillavoidthatcolorpatterninthefuture.AclassicexampleistheMonarchbutterfly.Monarchcaterpillarsfeedonmilkweed,whichcontainstoxiccompoundscalledcardenolides.Thesetoxinsremaininthebutterfly'sbodyevenaftermetamorphosis.IfabirdeatsaMonarchbutterfly,itwillvomit.ThebrightorangeandblackwingsoftheMonarchserveasawarningtobirds:"Eatmeandyou'llregretit."Interestingly,somespecieshaveevolvedtomimicthis.ThisiscalledBatesianmimicry,whereaharmlessspeciesevolvestolooklikeaharmfulonethathasaposematiccoloration.Forinstance,theViceroybutterflylooksverysimilartotheMonarchbutisnottoxic.BecausepredatorshavelearnedtoavoidtheMonarch'spattern,theyavoidtheViceroytoo,eventhoughtheViceroyisperfectlyedible.So,thebrightcolorationprotectsboththetoxicmodelandtheharmlessmimic.Question:UsingtheMonarchbutterflyandtheViceroybutterfly,explainaposematiccolorationandhowitbenefitsinsects.***第二套Task1Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Itisimportantforyoungpeopletolearnskillslikecooking,sewing,orrepairingthings.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.Task2Reading:ProposaltoRemoveArtHistory101fromRequiredCurriculumTheFacultySenatehasproposedremovingArtHistory101fromthelistofrequiredgeneraleducationcoursesforallundergraduates.Theproposalarguesthatthecourseistooexpensivetomaintainduetothehighcostofdigitalimagelicensingandtheneedforspecializedprojectionequipment.Furthermore,thesenatesuggeststhatinamodern,technology-focusedjobmarket,studentswouldbenefitmorefromamandatoryintroductorycourseincomputerscienceordataanalytics.ArtHistorywouldremainavailableasanelectiveforstudentsmajoringinHumanitiesorFineArts.Listening:ConversationbetweenastudentandaprofessorStudent:ProfessorDavis,IheardabouttheproposaltocutArtHistory101asarequirement.Ireallyhopethatdoesn'thappen.Professor:Iassumeyou’retakingtheclassnow?Whatdoyouthinkabouttheargumentthatit’stooexpensive?Student:Ithinkit’sshort-sighted.I’maBusinessmajor,andIactuallyfindthisclassincrediblyuseful.Welearnaboutvisualcultureandbranding.Understandingthehistoryofaestheticshelpsinmarketingandadvertising.Professor:That’saveryvalidpoint.It’snotjustaboutprettypictures;it’saboutcontextandcriticalthinking.Theproposalwantstoreplaceitwithacodingclass.Student:Yeah,andIgetthatcodingisimportant.Butnoteveryoneneedstobeaprogrammer.Plus,ArtHistoryteachesyouhowtoanalyzevisualinformation,whichisaskillweuseeverydayontheinternet.Iftheuniversityonlyfocusesontechnicalskills,welosetheabilitytothinkbroadlyandcreatively.Companieswantwell-roundedemployees,notjustrobotswhocanwritecode.Professor:Icouldn'tagreemore.Theabilitytointerpretsymbolsandunderstandculturalcontextiscrucialinaglobalizedeconomy.Removingthisrequirementwouldlowerthequalityofaliberalartseducation.Question:Explainthestudent’sobjectionstotheproposalregardingArtHistory101.Task3Reading:Concept-TheScarcityPrincipleThescarcityprincipleisaneconomicandpsychologicaltheorystatingthatifaproductorserviceisperceivedtobelimitedinavailability—eitherinquantityortime—itisperceivedasmorevaluable.Thisperceptionofscarcitycreatesasenseofurgency,whichcandrivepeopletotakeactionmorequicklythantheyotherwisewould.Marketersoftenusethisprincipletoinfluenceconsumerbehaviorbyemphasizinglimited-timeoffersorlowstocklevels.Thefearofmissingout(FOMO)playsasignificantroleinthisdynamic,asindividualsplaceahighervalueonanobjectthatisscarcethanonanobjectthatisabundant.Listening:LecturebyaMarketingProfessorSo,howdobusinessesapplythescarcityprinciple?Let'slookatareal-worldexample.Consideratravelagencythatwantstosellatourpackagetoatropicalisland.Iftheysimplyadvertisethepriceandthedestination,peoplemightthink,"Thatsoundsnice,maybeI'llbookitnextmonth."There'snoimmediatepressuretobuy.However,iftheagencyaddsthephrase"Only3seatsleftatthisprice!"or"Thisofferexpiresin24hours!",thedynamicchangescompletely.Suddenly,thepotentialbuyerfeelsthatiftheydon'tactnow,theywilllosetheopportunity.Thetourhasn'tchanged,buttheperceptionofitsavailabilityhas.Irememberastudyinvolvinganonlineretailersellingcannedgoodsintwodifferentscenarios.Inthefirstscenario,therewasnolimitonhowmanycansacustomercouldbuy.Inthesecondscenario,therewasasignsaying"Limit12percustomer."Interestingly,inthesecondscenario,theaveragenumberofcanspurchasedpercustomernearlydoubled.Eventhough12cansisahighnumberandmostpeopledidn'tneedthatmany,thelimitimpliedthattheproductwasinhighdemandandmightrunoutsoon.Theartificialscarcitydroveasignificantincreaseinsalesvolume.Question:Usingthetravelagencyandcannedgoodsexamples,explainhowthescarcityprincipleisusedinmarketing.Task4Listening:LecturebyaGeologyProfessorWeoftenthinkofmountainsaspermanent,unchangingfeaturesofthelandscape,butingeology,theyarequitetemporary.Overmillionsofyears,mountainsareworndownbyaprocesscallederosion.Therearetwoprimaryagentsofmountainerosion:waterandice.First,let'stalkaboutwater.Watererosion,particularlyfromrivers,isverypowerful.Asariverflowsdownfromamountain,itcarriessediment—sand,pebbles,andboulders.Thissedimentactslikesandpaper.Asthewaterrushesovertherock,itgrindstheriverbeddeeperandwider.Overtime,thiscutsdeepcanyonsintothemountainandremovesvastamountsofmaterial.TheGrandCanyonisaspectacularexampleofthis,wheretheColoradoRiverhascutthroughlayersofrockovermillionsofyears.Thesecondmajoragentisice,specificallyglaciers.Glaciersaremassiveriversoficethatmoveveryslowlydownhill.Duetotheirimmenseweightandtherocksembeddedwithinthem,glaciersactlikegiantbulldozers.Asaglaciermoves,itplucksrocksfromthevalleyfloorandwallsandscrapesthelandscapesmooth.Thisprocess,calledglacialscouring,createsU-shapedvalleysandsharppeaks.Whentheglaciereventuallymeltsandretreats,itleavesbehindadramaticallychangedlandscape,oftenmuchlowerandsmootherthantheoriginaljaggedmountainpeak.Question:Explainhowwaterandicecontributetotheerosionofmountains.***第三套Task1Somepeopleprefertofinishaprojectcompletelybeforestartinganewone.Othersprefertoworkontwoormoreprojectsatthesametime.Whichapproachdoyouthinkisbetterandwhy?Task2Reading:NewPolicyonLibraryNoiseZonesTheuniversitylibrarywillimplementanewzoningsystemtomanagenoiselevelsstartingnextmonth.Thefirstfloorwillbedesignatedasa"SocialZone,"wheregroupstudyandconversationarepermitted.Thesecondandthirdfloorswillbe"QuietZones,"wherewhisperingandtypingareallowed,buttalkingisprohibited.Thefourthfloorwillbea"SilentZone,"whereabsolutelynonoiseistolerated,includingtypingorheadphoneleakage.Studentsfoundviolatingtheseruleswillreceiveawarning,andrepeatoffendersmaybeaskedtoleavethelibrary.Listening:ConversationbetweentwostudentsMan:Haveyouseenthenewnoisezonemapsinthelibrary?Woman:Yes,Isawthemyesterday.Ithinkit’safantasticidea.Man:Really?I’mnotsosure.Itseemsabitrigid.SometimesIneedtoaskmyneighboraquickquestionaboutaconcept,andifI’monthethirdfloor,Ican’tdothat.Woman:Butthat’sthepoint.Youcangodowntothefirstfloorforthat.Lastweek,Iwastryingtowritemythesisonthethirdfloor,andthepeoplenexttomewerewhisperingabouttheirweekendplansforliketwentyminutes.Itwassodistracting.Icouldn'tfocusatall.Man:Iguessthatcanbeannoying.Butwhataboutthe"SilentZone"onthefourthfloor?Notypingallowed?Thatseemsextreme.Howareyousupposedtogetworkdonewithoutalaptop?Woman:Therulesaysnonoisefromtyping.Ifyouhaveaquietkeyboardoralaptop,it’sfine.It’smostlytostoppeoplefromclickingloudlyonmechanicalkeyboards.It’sactuallyagreatplacetoreaddensetextbookswithoutanyauditoryinterruptions.Ithinkhavingclear,designatedareaswillhelpeveryonefindtherightenvironmentfortheirspecifictask.Question:Whatisthewoman’sopinionofthenewlibrarypolicy,andwhydoessheholdit?Task3Reading:Concept-CarryoverEffectInthefieldofexperimentalpsychology,thecarryovereffectreferstoasituationwheretheexperiencefromoneexperimentalconditioninfluencestheperformanceorbehaviorinasubsequentcondition.Thiscanoccurinwithin-subjectsdesigns,wherethesameparticipantsareexposedtomultipletreatmentsconditions.Iftheeffectsofthefirsttreatmentdonotwearoffbeforethesecondtreatmentbegins,theresultsmaybeconfounded.Researchersusevariousmethodstocontrolforthis,suchascounterbalancingtheorderofconditionsorprovidingsufficientbreaksbetweensessions.Listening:LecturebyaPsychologyProfessorLet'sillustratethecarryovereffectwithastudyontheeffectsofcaffeineonmotorskills.Imaginearesearcherwantstotesthowcaffeineaffectsreactiontimes.Theresearcherdesignsataskwhereparticipantsmustpressabuttonassoonasalightflashes.Inthefirstpartoftheexperiment,participantsaregivenastrongcupofcoffeeandperformthereactiontimetask.Unsurprisingly,theirreactiontimesareveryfastbecausethecaffeinestimulatesthecentralnervoussystem.Now,iftheresearcherimmediatelyasksthesameparticipantstoperformthetaskagain—thistimewithoutcaffeine,perhapswithadecafdrink—theymightstillshowfastreactiontimes.Why?Becausethecaffeinefromthefirstpartoftheexperimentisstillactiveintheirsystem.Thephysiologicaleffectofthefirstcondition(caffeine)has"carriedover"intothesecondcondition(nocaffeine).Consequently,thedatafromthesecondconditioniscontaminated.Theresearchermighterroneouslyconcludethattheparticipantsarenaturallyfast,wheninreality,theyarestillundertheinfluenceoftheinitialtreatment.Toavoidthis,theresearcherwouldneedtowaitseveralhoursorrunthesessionsondifferentdaystoensurethecaffeinehasfullymetabolized.Question:Usingtheexampleofthecaffeinestudy,explainthecarryovereffect.Task4Listening:LecturebyanAstronomyProfessorToday,Iwanttodiscussamethodastronomersusetodetectexoplanets—planetsorbitingstarsoutsideoursolarsystem.Sincetheseplanetsareincrediblyfarawayandverydimcomparedtothestarstheyorbit,wecan'tusuallyseethemdirectlywithtelescopes.Instead,weuseindirectmethods.Oneveryeffectivemethodiscalledthe"RadialVelocityMethod,"alsoknownasthe"DopplerWobbleMethod."Thismethodreliesonthelawofgravity.Aplanetdoesn'tjustorbitastar;theplanetandthestaractuallyorbitacommoncenterofmass.Becausestarsaresomuchmoremassivethanplanets,thiscenterofmassisusuallyinsidethestar.So,thestarmakesaverysmallcircularmotionastheplanettugsonit.Now,asthestarmovestowardsus,thelightitemitsgetsslightlycompressed,shiftingtowardstheblueendofthespectrum—thisistheblueshift.Asthestarmovesawayfromus,thelightwavesgetstretched,shiftingtowardstheredendofthespectrum—theredshift.Bymeasuringtheseperiodicshiftsinthestar'slightspectrum,astronomerscandetectthe"wobble"causedbyanorbitingplanet.Thesizeofthewobbletellsusaboutthemassoftheplanet.Amoremassiveplanetexertsastrongergravitationalpull,causingthestartowobblemorenoticeably.Thespeedofthewobbletellsustheplanet'sorbitalperiod.Thismethodhasbeenincrediblysuccessfulinfindinglargegasgiants,similartoJupiter,locatedclosetotheirstars.Question:ExplainhowtheRadialVelocityMethodisusedtodetectexoplanets.***第四套Task1Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Parentsshouldbeinvolvedintheprocessofchoosingtheirchildren'sfriends.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.Task2Reading:StudentLetterSuggestinga"CareerMentorshipProgram"DearEditor,IamwritingtoproposethattheuniversityestablishaformalCareerMentorshipProgramconnectingcurrentstudentswithalumniworkinginrelevantfields.Manystudentsfeelunpreparedforthejobmarketandlackpracticalindustryknowledge.Amentorshipprogramwouldallowstudentstoaskquestionsaboutworkplaceculture,resumebuilding,andinterviewtechniquesdirectlyfromprofessionals.Furthermore,alumnioftenlookforwaystogivebacktotheuniversity.Thisprogramwouldstrengthenthealumninetworkandincreasetheuniversity'sjobplacementrates,whichwouldbenefittheschool'sreputation.Sincerely,ASeniorStudentListening:ConversationbetweentwostudentsMan:Didyouseethatletterintheschoolpaperaboutthementorshipprogram?Woman:Yeah,Ithoughtitwasagreatidea.I’veactuallybeenlookingforamentoringraphicdesign.Man:Iseetheappeal,butI’mnotsureitwouldworkinpractice.Theuniversityalreadyhasacareercenterwithcounselors.Whydoweneedalumniinvolved?Woman:Careercounselorsgivegeneraladvice,buttheyaren'tnecessarilyworkinginthefieldrightnow.Analumnimentorcouldtellmeexactlywhatdesignsoftwareagenciesareusingthisyear,orwhatkindofportfoliogetshired.That’sspecific,real-timeinformation.Man:Iguessthatcouldbeuseful.Butwhohasthetime?Alumniarebusywiththeirjobs.Idoubtenoughofthemwouldsignuptomakeadifference.Woman:You’dbesurprised.Alotofpeoplewanttohelp.Plus,itdoesn'thavetobeahugetimecommitment.Maybejustoneemailorphonecallamonth.Eventhatlittlebitofguidancecouldbethedifferencebetweengettingajobandnotgettingone.Itbuildsabridgebetweentheclassroomandtherealworld.Question:Whatarethewoman’spointsinfavorofthementorshipprogram?Task3Reading:Concept-TheAnchorEffectTheanchoreffectisacognitivebiaswhereanindividualreliestooheavilyonaninitialpieceofinformation(the"anchor")whenmakingsubsequentjudgmentsordecisions.Onceananchorisset,otherargumentsorestimatesaremadebyadjustingawayfromthatanchor,butofteninsufficiently.Thisbiasiscommoninnegotiationsandpricing.Forexample,theinitialpriceofferedforausedcarsetstheanchorfortherestofthenegotiation,ofteninfluencingthefinalagreed-uponpriceregardlessofthecar'sactualvalue.Listening:LecturebyaBusinessProfessorLet'slookathowtheanchoreffectworksinretailpricing.Supposeyouareshoppingforahigh-qualitytelevision.Youwalkintoanelectronicsstoreandseealarge,impressiveTVpricedat$2,500.Thatpricebecomesyouranchor.Youmightthinkit'sexpensive,butyounowhaveareferencepoint.Then,youseeaslightlysmallerTVfromadifferentbrandsittingnexttoit.ThissecondTVispricedat1,500.ObjeRetailersknowthis.Theyoftenplaceahigh-priced"decoy"itemnexttotheitemtheyactuallywanttosell.Thehighpriceisn'ttheretosellthatspecificitem;it'stheretosetananchorthatmakesthetargetitemlookreasonablypricedincomparison.Question:Usingtheexampleofthetelevisions,explaintheanchoreffect.Task4Listening:LecturebyaHistoryProfessorTheIndustrialRevolution,whichbeganinBritaininthelate18thcentury,wasnotjustachangeintechnology;itfundamentallytransformedsocialstructures.Oneofthemostsignificantchangeswastheshiftfromthe"CottageIndustry"systemtothe"FactorySystem."BeforetheIndustrialRevolution,mostmanufacturingwasdoneintheCottageIndustry.Thissystemwasdecentralized.Workers,oftenentirefamilies,workedintheirownhomes.Theywouldbuyrawmaterials,likewoolorcotton,spinitintothread,andweaveitintoclothusinghandtools.Theycontrolledtheirownpaceofwork.Theycouldstopforlunch,takeabreaktotendtothegarden,orworklateintothenightiftheychose.Itwasflexible,butproductionwasslowandlimitedbyhumanstrength.TheFactorySystemchangedeverything.Productionmovedintolarge,centralizedbuildings.Thiswasnecessarybecausenewmachines,likethespinningjennyandthepowerloom,weretoolargeandexpensiveforindividualhomes.Thesemachineswerepoweredbywaterorsteam,whichrequiredaspecificinfrastructure.Inthefactory,workerslosttheirautonomy.Theynolongerownedthetoolsortherawmaterials.Theywerepaidafixedwagefortheirtime.Thefactorywhistledictatedtheschedule,notthesunorthefamily'sneeds.Workbecamerepetitiveandregimented.Whilethissystemdrasticallyincreasedoutputandloweredthecostofgoods,italsocreatedadistinctseparationbetweentheownersofthemeansofproductionandthelaborers,leadingtotheriseoftheworkingclassasweknowittoday.Question:ExplainthedifferencesbetweentheCottageIndustryandtheFactorySystemduringtheIndustrialRevolution.***答案与解析第一套答案Task1Ipreferthatstudentsberequiredtoattendclassesinperson.Whileonlineclassesofferconvenience,in-personattendanceprovidesasuperiorlearningenvironment.Firstly,physicalpresenceallowsfordirectinteractionwithprofessorsandpeers.Ifaconceptisunclear,youcanraiseyourhandandgetanimmediateexplanation,orengageinaspontaneousdebatethatdeepensunderstanding.Onlineforumsoftenlackthisimmediacy.Secondly,attendingclassinpersonbuildsasenseofcommunityandaccountability.Itforcesyoutomanageyourscheduleandminimizesprocrastination.Beingsurroundedbyotherstudentscreatesamotivatingatmospherethatishardtoreplicatewhensittingaloneinfrontofacomputerscreen.Task2Thewomanopposestheuniversity’splantoreducetheshuttleservicefrequencyandcuttheNorthwoodApartmentsstop.First,shearguesthatcuttingtheNorthwoodstopisinconvenientandunfair.Shepointsoutthatmanystudents,includinginternationalandgradstudents,livetherebecauseitisaffordable.Removingthestopwouldforcethemtowalkalongdistance,whichisparticularlydifficultinbadweatherlikewintersnoworrain.Second,shedisagreeswiththeadministration'sclaimthatridershipisdown.Shesuggeststhatridershipislowbecausethecurrentwaittimesaretoolong,andcuttingtheservicefurtherwillonlydiscouragemorepeoplefromusingit.Third,sherejectstheideathatthebike-sharingprogramisasuitablealternative.Shenotesthatbikingisnotpracticalfordailycommuting,especiallyforstudentswhohaveearlyclassesorneedtoarrivefreshandnotsweaty.Itisalsounsafeorimpossibleduringrainorsnow.Task3Cognitivedissonanceisthementaldiscomfortapersonfeelswhentheyholdtwoconflictingbeliefsorwhentheiractionscontradicttheirbeliefs.Toreducethisdiscomfort,thepersonoftenchangestheirattitudeorjustifiestheirbehavior.Inthelecture,theprofessorgivestheexampleofamannamedJohnwhoconsidershimselfanenvironmentalistbutbuysagas-guzzlingSUV.Thisactionconflictswithhisbeliefinprotectingtheenvironment,causinghimanxiety(cognitivedissonance).Toresolvethis,Johndoesn'tchangehisaction(returningthecar),butinsteadchangeshisperception.HeconvinceshimselfthattheSUVissaferforhisfamilyandthatonecardoesn'tmakeadifferencetoglobalwarming.Byjustifyingthepurchase,hereducesthementalconflict.Task4Aposematiccolorationisadefensemechanismwhereinsectshavebright,conspicuouscolorstowarnpredatorsthattheyaretoxicorharmfultoeat.TheprofessorusestheMonarchbutterflyasanexample.Monarchsaretoxicbecausetheyeatcaterpillarsthatfeedonpoisonousmilkweed.Theirbrightorangeandblackwingsserveasawarningsignaltobirds.Ifabirdeatsone,itgetssickandlearnstoavoidthecolorpatterninthefuture.TheprofessoralsomentionstheViceroybutterfly,whichisharmlessbutmimicstheMonarch'sbrightcolors.ThisiscalledBatesianmimicry.BecausepredatorsassociatetheMonarch'scolorswithsickness,theyavoidtheViceroyaswell.Thus,thebrightcolorationprotectsboththetoxicinsectandtheharmlessmimic.第二套答案Task1Istronglyagreethatitisimportantforyoungpeopletolearnpracticallifeskillslikecooking,sewing,orrepairingthings.Firstly,theseskillsfosterindependence.Whenyoungpeoplemoveoutforcollegeorwork,knowinghowtocookahealthymealorsewabuttonbackonashirtsavesthemmoneyandmakesthemlessreliantonothersorpaidservicesforeveryminorissue.Secondly,theseskillstradespromoteasustainablelifestyle.Insteadofthrowingawayabrokenapplianceoratornpieceofclothing,knowinghowtorepairthemreduceswasteandconsumption.Inaworldincreasinglyfocusedonenvironmentalprotection,beingabletomaintainandreuseitemsisavaluablehabit.Italsogivesasenseofaccomplishmentandself-reliancethatbuyingnewthingscannotprovide.Task2ThestudentobjectstotheproposaltoremoveArtHistory101fromtherequiredcurriculum.First,shearguesthatthec