Unit 3 Grammar and usage 课件-2022-2023学年高一英语（牛津译林版2020必修第一册）

SectionBGrammarandusageVocabulary1.countoncountonsb./sth.todosth.指望……做某事counton(sb./sth.)doingsth.指望（某人/某物）做某事countsb./sth.把……算入，包括练习：ThiswasthefirsttimethatDadhadcounted_______meinamomentofemergency.这是爸爸第一次在紧急时刻依靠我。on2.eatawayateatawayat=eatintoeatwell健康首选；吃得营养；吃得好eatin在家吃饭eatat困扰eatout去外面吃饭eatlikeahorse吃得多练习：Myco-workerseat_________everyday,atacostof$8-20perlunch.我的同事每天都外出吃饭，每顿午餐花费8到20美元。out3.throughthickandthinsleepthroughthenight睡一整夜livethroughsth.经历某事gothroughabook读书flowthroughthevillage流经村庄练习：Theworkerswereresolvedtostandbyeachotherthroughthick________thin.工人们决心要互相支援，不顾艰难险阻，同甘共苦。andExploringtherulesArealfriendissomeonewhowalksinwhentherestoftheworldwalksout.Arealfriendissomeonewhosesupportwecancounton.Arealfriendissomeonewhoseesourtrueself,notjustthefacethatweshowtotheworld.Yetthesedays,themoderntoolsthatkeepusconnectedareeatingawayatthemeaningoffriendship.Wemaybeabletomakemanyfriendsonline,butthesefriendshipscanbequiteshallow.Socialmedialikeblogshascomebetweenusandthefriendswhomwelove.Textingandmessagingcannottaketheplaceofface-to-facechatting."Sharing"ourexperiencesonsocialmediaisnotenoughtoexpressthevalueswhichmattermosttous."Liking"ourfriends'photosonlinedoesnotdeveloptheconnectionwhichweshare.Tomakefriendsarealpartofourlives,weshouldputdownoursmartphonesandmeettheminperson.·Arealfriendissomeonewhowalksinwhentherestoftheworldwalksout.·Arealfriendissomeonewhosesupportwecancounton.·Arealfriendissomeonewhoseesourtrueself,notjustthefacethatweshowtotheworld.·Yetthesedays,themoderntoolsthatkeepusconnectedareeatingawayatthemeaningoffriendship.·Socialmedialikeblogshascomebetweenusandthefriendswhomwelove.·"Sharing"ourexperiencesonsocialmediaisnotenoughtoexpressthevalueswhichmattermosttous.·"Liking"ourfriends'photosonlinedoesnotdeveloptheconnectionwhichweshare.Workingouttherules·Arestrictiverelativeclausemodifiesanoun,pronounornounphrasebeforeit.Weuserelativepronounsorrelativeadverbstointroducerestrictiverelativeclauses.·Weuse(1)whichforthings,and(2)whoandwhomforpeople.Wecanuse(3)thatforboththingsandpeople.Weuse(4)whosetoshowpossession.关系代词引导的限制性定语从句

在复合句中修饰主句中某一名词或者代词的从句，叫作定语从句。它所修饰的名词或者代词叫作先行词。它的基本构成为：先行词＋关系词十定语从句。连接先行词和定语从句的词叫作关系词。关系词的主要作用是连接主句和从句，同时指代先行词，并且在从句中充当一定的句子成分。关系词包括关系代词（that，which，who，whom，whose）和关系副词（when，where，why）两种。定语从句包括限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。限制性定语从句是不可缺少的部分，去掉后往往主句意思不明确；非限制性定语从句是对先行词的附加说明，去掉后不会影响主句的意思，与主句之间通常有逗号隔开。如：TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.（限制性定语从句）正在踢足球的男孩们是一班的。Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.（非限制性定语从句）深爱着他的妈妈对他要求很严格。定语从句的定义关系代词指代对象及在从句中所作的成分使用要点that既指人又指物；作主语或者宾语。只用于限制性定语从句中，介词后面不能跟that，当代替物时可以与which通用。which指物；作主语或者宾语。在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which，不能用that。可用在介词之后。who,whom指人；who可作主语或者宾语，whom只能作宾语。先行词必须为人。who可替代在从句中担任宾语的whom，若前面有介词，须用whom。whose既指人又指物；作定语。表示“所属”关系。定语从句中关系代词that，which，who，whom，whose的用法Thegirlthatissittingunderthetreeisverygoodatplayingthepiano.坐在树下的那个女孩非常擅长弹钢琴。Thenewbike(that)sheboughtyesterdaywaslost.昨天她买的新自行车丢了。Beijingisacitywhichhasalonghistory.北京是一座有悠久历史的城市。Mymotherworkedinthefactory(which)youvisitedyesterday.我母亲曾在昨天你参观的工厂里工作过。Thewomanwhoisstandingnearthelabisourphysicsteacher.站在试验室附近的那位女士是我们的物理老师。Thetallman(who/whom)yourfatheristalkingtoisourheadmaster.正在和你父亲谈话的那个高个男子是我们的校长。ThisisthegirlwhosenameisLiMei.这就是那个名叫李梅的女孩。（1）that指人亦可指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可以省略。Thegirlthatwascryingjustnowismybestfriend.刚才哭的那个女孩是我最好的朋友。Thebook(that)Iborrowedyesterdayisofgreatuse.我昨天借的书很有用。（2）which指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可以省略。Chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory.中国是一个具有悠久历史的国家。关系代词的确定（3）who指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可以省略。Themanwhowashereyesterdayisapainter.昨天在这里的那个人是位画家。Theman(who)IsawiscalledSmith.我见到的那个人名叫史密斯。（4）whose可以修饰人，也可以修饰物，表示“所属”关系，在定语从句中作定语，不可以省略。在定语从句中“whose+名词”可以转换为：“the+名词＋ofwhich/whom”的形式。Iliveinaroomwhosewindowsfacesouth.我住在一个窗户朝南的房间里。Thisisthehousewhosewindowwasbrokenlastnight.=Thisisthehouse,thewindowofwhichwasbrokenlastnight.这就是昨晚窗户被打坏的那所房子。4.that和which都可以修饰表示物的先行词，可以充当主语或宾语，但是下列情况只能用that：（1）先行词为all，none，few，little，much，everything，anything，something，nothing等时。All(that)youhavetodoistopracticeeveryday.你必须做的是每天练习。（2）先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级所修饰时。Thefirstlesson(that)Ilearnedwillneverbeforgotten.我学的第一课将永远不会忘记。Thisisthebestfilm(that)Ihaveeverseen.这是我看过的最好的电影。（3）先行词被no，all，any，every，few，little，some等限定词修饰时。Ihavereadallthebooks(that)yougaveme.我已经读完了你给我的所有的书。（4）先行词被theonly,thevery,thelast,thesame等修饰时ThisistheverybookthatIwanttoread.这正是我想要读的那一本书。（5）当主句是以what或which开头的特殊疑问句时。Whatwasitthatyoudidlastweek?你上周究竟做什么了？（6）先行词同时包含人和物时。Wetalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthatwecouldremember.我们谈论了我们能记起的人和事。（7）关系代词在定语从句中作tobe的表语时。Heisn'ttheboythatheusedtobe.他不再是过去的老样子了。5.在以下情况下用which不用that：（1）关系词前有逗号，即构成非限制性定语从句时。Hehasawalkeverynight,whichdoeshimgood.他每晚都散步，这对他有好处。（2）当关系代词前有介词时。HereisthecaraboutwhichItoldyou.这就是我向你谈到过的那辆汽车。（3）当先行词本身是that时。Thatwhichiswelldoneistwicedone.一次做得好等于做两次。（4）当关系代词之后有插入成分时。Ihavereceivedyourletterwhich,asIhavetoldyou,isbadlyneededbythepress.我已收到您的来信，这封信，正如我所告诉您的，是新闻界所急需的。6.只能用who引导定语从句的情况：（1）先行词是指代人的不定代词时，如：those，one，anyone，all，nobody，anybody，none等。Thestudentyoushouldlearnfromistheonewhoworkshardandstudieswell.你应该向其学习的是那位学习努力且成绩优异的学生。（2）在therebe结构中，先行词指人时。Thereisayoungladywhoasksforyou.1.Commoninterestsproviderichground.Manyfriendshipsgrowfromrichground.Commoninterestsproviderichground(that/which)manyfriendshipsgrowfrom.Commoninterestsproviderichgroundfromwhichmanyfriendshipsgrow.2.Whenfriends'communicationiswarmandopen,friend