Unit西方文化导论

Unit西方文化导论演示文稿第1页，共115页。优选Unit西方文化导论第2页，共115页。GetStarted_mainGetStartedGetStarted1.AGeneralIntroduction2.FocusIn第3页，共115页。GetStarted_1.1GetStarted第4页，共115页。GetStarted_1.1GetStarted

AncientRome,oncethelargestempireintheworld,wasoriginatedfromsomevillageslocatedontheApenninePeninsulaalongtheMediterraneanSeainthe10thcenturyBC.In509BC,AugustusbuiltarepubliccountryofRome.Duringthe4thcenturyBC,RomeunifiedItalybymilitaryconquest,andafteryearsofwars,itconqueredCarthage,Greece,Macedon,etc.andbuiltupavastRomanEmpirewithaterritorystretchingacrossthreecontinents.Duringthisperiod,RomesucceedinglyexperiencedtheruleofSullaFelix,thefirstTriumvirate,andthesecondTriumvirate.In27BC,Octaviancalledhimself“Augustus”andheldtogetherinhisowngraspallthemilitary,administrative,judicialandreligiouspowers,becomingtheEmperorofRomanEmpire.Inthetwo第5页，共115页。GetStarted_1.2GetStarted第6页，共115页。GetStarted_1.3GetStartedRomansalsoborrowed

manyotherculturalideasfromancientGreece,includingdailycustoms,lawsandarchitecturaldesignsaswellasliterarystylesandcreativemethodswhichgreatlyaddedtothetasteandcharmofdailylifebeforetheGreekandRomanculturescamearoundasclassicalcultureasitwastermedbylatereras.However,itstillattributedgreatlytotheWesterncultureinmythology,religion,literature,history,philosophy,architectureandart.第7页，共115页。GetStarted_2.1GetStartedTogetabriefviewofthehistoryanddevelopmentofancientRomeTogettoknowtheRomansocialstructureandeconomicconditionsTobefamiliarwithmajorcharacteristicsandcontributionsofRomancultureinmythology,religion,philosophy,history,literatureandarts第8页，共115页。TextStudy_mainTextStudyTextStudyI.TheHistoricalDevelopmentofAncientRome

II.TheRomanSocialandEconomicConditions

III.RomanCulturalAchievements

第9页，共115页。TextStudy_I_1.1TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasTheHistoryofAncientRomeOrigin:smallvillageincentralItalyDuring700BC–800BC,SevenHillAllytookshapeandcitiesandtribescameintobeing.Development:In509BC,AugustusbuiltupRomanRepublic.AfterthreePunicwars,inthe4thcenturyBC,avastunifiedRomanEmpirewasestablishedwithterritorystretchingacrossthreecontinents.第10页，共115页。TextStudy_I_1.2TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasThreepowerfulrulers:L.SullaFelix,the1stTriumvirate,the2ndTriumvirateIn27BC,OctaviancalledhimselfAugustusandbuiltupacentralizedRome.Decline:In33AD,RomanEmpirewasdividedintotwoparts.End:In476,WestRomewasdefeatedbyGermantroopsandcametoanend.第11页，共115页。TextStudy_I_2.1TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsLuciusTarquiniusSuperbus

卢修斯•塔克文•苏佩布(？–496BC):Superbuswasthe7themperoroftheRomanKingdomEtruscan，rulingfrom535BCtotheRomanrevoltin509BCwhichledtotheestablishmentoftheRomanRepublic.第12页，共115页。TextStudy_I_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsRomulusandRemus罗穆卢斯和瑞摩斯：Romulus(771BC–717BC)andRemus(771BC–753BC)werethetwinbrothers,whoweresaidtobethefoundersofRome.InRomanmythology,

theirparentswereMarsandRheaSilvia,thedaughterofLatinKing.ThetwinswereorderedtobedrownedbythenewkingwhodethronedtheLatinKing.However,theyweresavedandraisedbyashe-wolf.Whentheygrewup,thetwinsbuilttheirowncity,butRemuswaskilled第13页，共115页。TextStudy_I_2.3TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsbyhisbrotherwhobecamethefirstkingofRome.Nowadays,Romulusisregardedasamythologicalfigure,whosenameistheoriginofRome.第14页，共115页。TextStudy_I_2.4TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsPunicWars布匿战争:AseriesofwarsbetweenRomeandCarthagefrom264BCto146BC.ThemaincauseistheconflictofinterestsbetweentheCarthaginianEmpireandtheRomanRepublic.Therearethreelargestwars:FirstPunicWar(264BC–241BC),SecondPunicWar(218BC–201BC),ThirdPunicWar(149BC–146BC).Eventually,aftermorethanahundredyears,RomeconqueredtheCarthaginianEmpireandbecamethemostpowerfulstateintheclassicalworld.第15页，共115页。TextStudy_I_2.5TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsTriumvirate三头统治:ApoliticalgroupofthreepowerfulpersonsinRome.TheFirstTriumviratewasaninformalgoverningalliancecomposedofGaiusJuliusCaesar,MarcusLiciniusCrassus,andPompeyinthemid-1stcenturyBC.TheSecondTriumviratewasaformaloneconsistingofOctavian,MarkAntonyandMarcusAemiliusLepidus.第16页，共115页。TextStudy_I_2.5TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTerms第17页，共115页。TextStudy_I_2.6TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsOctavian屋大维：Octavian（Augustus）（63BC–14AD）wasadoptedbyJuliusCaesarin44BC.HewasthefirstemperorinRomanEmpirefrom27BCto14AD.In40BC，hewascalledAugustusbytheSenate,whohadpowertoruleRome’sreligious,civilandmilitaryaffairs.Hemadegreatachievementsinhisrulingtime:thelongpeaceaftercivilwar,thesoundcurrency,thehighwaysystem,constructionsofbridgesandbuildings,第18页，共115页。TextStudy_I_2.7TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsthegrowthofliterature.TheRomanEmpiresubduedSpain,Gaul,etc.andannexedEgyptandmostofEurope.HewasviewedasagodintheheartsoftheRomansasaresult.第19页，共115页。

B.ByzantiumC.PaxRomana D.SevenHillAllyTextStudy_I_3.1TextStudyComprehensionExercisesA.RomanRepublic AncientRomancultureistheculturefromtheformationof____totheendoftheRomanEmpire,whichhadlastedabout1200yearsthroughout.ComprehensionExercisesMultiplechoice.第20页，共115页。A.OctavianandCaesarB.CaesarandRemusD.RomulusandOctavianTextStudy_I_3.2TextStudyComprehensionExercisesC.RomulusandRemus(2)____werethetwins,thefoundersofRomeinthehistory.ComprehensionExercisesMultiplechoice.第21页，共115页。A.Caesar

C.Remus D.PompeyTextStudy_I_3.3TextStudyComprehensionExercisesB.Octavian(3)____wasthefirstemperorinRomanEmpirefrom27BCto14AD.ComprehensionExercisesMultiplechoice.第22页，共115页。A.JuliusCaesar,MarkAntony,SullaB.Pompey,Crassus,CleopatraD.Octavian,Brutus,MariusTextStudy_I_3.4TextStudyComprehensionExercisesC.Pompey,Crassus,JuliusCaesar(4)TheFirstTriumvirateconsistedof____.ComprehensionExercisesMultiplechoice.第23页，共115页。A.Greek B.Sicily C.Spain TextStudy_I_3.5TextStudyComprehensionExercisesD.Carthage(5)PunicwarsareaseriesofwarsbetweenRomeand____.ComprehensionExercisesMultiplechoice.第24页，共115页。TextStudy_I_4.1TextStudyThinkandDiscussPleasegiveabriefintroductiontothedevelopmentofancientRome.AnalyzethereasonsthatattributedtheconversionofRomanRepublictoRomanEmpire.Reasons:a.RomanrulershipinheritedlargelyfromancientGreece.UndertheRepublic,senatorswereelectedbythepeopletorunthegovernment.b.Territoryexpansecausedrichlandownersandmerchantstobeabletobuyupmostofthecountryland,whichledtoinstabilityofRomanmilitary.ThinkandDiscuss第25页，共115页。TextStudy_I_4.2TextStudyThinkandDiscussThinkandDiscussc.Fightsamongpowerfulrulers,suchasthefightinthefirstTriumvirate,andinthesecondTriumvirate,gavechancetogetthesupremepowertoonlyonepersoninsteadofthepeople.第26页，共115页。TextStudy_II_1.1TextStudyMainIdeasRomansocietywasdividedintoanumberofsocialclasses.Therewasadistinctionmadebetweencitizensandnon-citizens,patriciansandplebeians,andpatronsandclients.ThesesocialdivisionsdeterminedrightsandprivilegesintheRomanRepublic.MainIdeas第27页，共115页。TextStudy_II_1.2TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas

DistinctionsFieldAspectCharacterssocialclassupperclasssenatorialclass:Basedonpolitics.Inheritednobles,consuls.equestrianclass:Basedoneconomy.Primarilyinvolvedinthetypesofbusinessprohibitedtosenators.lowerclassplebs:Allotherfree-bornRomancitizens.Womencouldnotvoteorholdpoliticaloffice.第28页，共115页。TextStudy_II_1.2TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasFieldAspectCharacterslowerclassfreedpeople:Slaveswhohadboughttheirfreedom.Lotsofrestrictionsontheirrights.slaves:Propertyoftheirownersbylaw,withoutfreedomandlegalrightsinthesociety.Theywereforcedtoperformphysicallabororothermanuallabor,orplaygladiatorialgamesinthepublicarenasasentertainmentfortheRomans.第29页，共115页。TextStudy_II_1.2TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasFieldAspectCharactersconstruc-tionscitygreateconomicdevelopment,betterconstructions.Thesystemforwatersupplywasatanadvancedlevelofengineering.countrysidepovertystrickenfamilylifemale-dominatedabsoluteobediencebywomenandotherjuniorfamilymemberstotheirfathers,husbands,brothersandevensons第30页，共115页。TextStudy_II_1.2TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasFieldAspectCharactersfamilylifenamesTheRomanmaleshadthreenames:forename,middlename,andlastorfamilyname.Womenwereonlygivenonename:femininenamefortheclanorforthefamily.第31页，共115页。TextStudy_II_1.3TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas

Socialentertainmenta.attendingbanquetsb.watchinggames(famousforpublicwrestlingandfightsbetweenmenandwildanimals,orchariot-racing)c.joininginaget-togetherwithfamiliesd.playing

musicalinstrumentse.reading,orengagingincarefreeconversation

Romanlaws:famousforJustinianLawandtheLawof

TwelveTables第32页，共115页。TextStudy_IV_1.1MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas第33页，共115页。TextStudy_IV_1.1MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas第34页，共115页。TextStudy_II_1.4TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas第35页，共115页。TextStudy_IV_1.1MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas第36页，共115页。TextStudy_IV_1.1MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas第37页，共115页。TextStudy_II_2.1TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsLawoftheTwelveTables十二铜表法：ThelawoftheTwelveTableswastheoldestorallawmadebytenmagistratescalleddecimvir,whichwasinscribedonthebronzeandwoodentabletsin450BC.Theoriginaltablesweredestroyedin390BC.Theyareaseriesofarticlesaboutvariousprivaterightsandthestrictpenalties.ThecodeisthebasisofRomanlaws,existingforalmost1000years.InterpretationofCulturalTerms第38页，共115页。TextStudy_II_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsCircusMaximus

马克西穆斯竞技场:AnancientRomanchariot-racing

stadiumandmassentertainmentvenuelocatedinRome,Italy.SituatedinthevalleybetweentheAventineandPalatinehills,itwasthefirstandlargeststadiuminancientRomeanditslaterEmpire.Itmeasured621m(2,037ft)inlengthand118m(387ft)inwidth,andcouldaccommodateabout150,000spectators.Initsfullydevelopedform,itbecamethemodelforcircusesthroughouttheRomanEmpire.Thesiteisnowapublicpark.InterpretationofCulturalTerms第39页，共115页。TextStudy_II_2.3TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTerms第40页，共115页。TextStudy_II_2.4TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsToga

托加长袍:AdistinctivegarmentofancientRome,aclothofperhaps6m(20ft)inlengthwhichwaswrappedaroundthebodyandwasgenerallywornoveratunic.Thetogawasmadeofwool,andthetunicunderitwasoftenmadeoflinen.Afterthe2ndcenturyBC,thetogawasagarmentwornexclusivelybymen,andonlyRomancitizenswereallowedtowearthetoga.第41页，共115页。TextStudy_II_3.1TextStudyComprehensionExercisesTrueoffalsequestion.(1)InancientRome,freedslavescouldbecomeRomancitizenwithoutanyrestrictionsontheirlegalrights.(2)Allfree-borncitizenscouldgetmarriedinRomansociety.(3)AllRomansgottheirdailyneedsfromwarravagesandlootinginotherdefeatedcountriesorareas.(4)InRomansociety,womenhadmorechancestodosomesocialactivitiesthanthoseintheEast.(5)TheRomansusuallyentertainedattheriskofslaves’lives.ComprehensionExercisesFFFTT__________第42页，共115页。ThemajorroletheRomanwomenplayedwasthechildbearer.a.Inpolitics,theyhavenorighttovoteorholdpoliticaloffice.b.Infamilies,theyhadtobeabsolutelyobedienttotheirfathers,husbands,brothersandevensons.c.Innameassignations,womenwereusuallygivenonlyonename,eitherthefemininenamefortheclanorthefemininenameforthefamily.d.Ineducation,someoftheRomanwomencouldgotopublicprimaryschool,andtheyhavemorechancestodosomesocialactivities.TextStudy_II_4.1TextStudyThinkandDiscussPleaseillustratethesocialstatusofwomeninRomansociety.ThinkandDiscuss第43页，共115页。TextStudy_III_1.1MainIdeasTextStudy

TheRomansconqueredtheGreekbytheirtremendousforce,whileontheotherhandwerebeatenbyGreekabundantculture.RomanculturewasdeeplyinfluencedbyGreekculturefrommyth,religion,philosophy

toliterature,architectureandart.MainIdeas第44页，共115页。TextStudy_III_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMythandReligionComparedwiththeotherreligiousbelievers,theancientRomanswereneversteadyorfirmenoughinkeepingaconsistentanduniversaldeityasthebasisfortheirnationalreligion.TheycompletelyadoptedtheOlympianpantheonofgodsandthenmodifiedthemintheirownway.TheaverageRomanhadfreedomtochoosehisorhergodtobelievein.From4thcentury,ChristianbecameRomannationalreligion.MainIdeas第45页，共115页。TextStudy_III_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas第46页，共115页。TextStudy_III_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasGod&GoddessGreeknameCharacterJupiterZeusthemasterofthegodsandmaingodoftheRomansJunoHerathequeenofthegods,thegoddessofwomenandfertilityMarsAresthegodofwar,thestrongestandmostfearsomegodexceptforJupiterVenusAphroditethegoddessofloveandbeautyMinervaAthenathegoddessofwisdom,learning,artcraftsandindustry第47页，共115页。TextStudy_III_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasGod&GoddessGreeknameCharacterNeptunePoseidonthepowerfulgodoftheseaCeresDemeterthegoddessoftheharvestVulcanHephaestustheblacksmithofthegodsandagodoftheunderworldDianaArtemisthegoddessofhuntingandagoddessofthemoonBacchusDionysosthegodofwineandpartyingMercuryHermesthemessengerofthegods第48页，共115页。TextStudy_III_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasGod&GoddessGreeknameCharacterVestaHestiathegoddessofthehearthandhomePlutoHadesthegodofdeathApolloApollothegodofthesunCupidErosthegodoflove第49页，共115页。TextStudy_III_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasLiterature(1)RomanPoetryNameCharacterWorksVirgilfamousforhisepicpoemsEclogues,Georgics,andAeneidHoraceapoetandcritic,famousforhispoeticforms,hissincerityandfranknessinhisself-portraitures,BookofSatires,OdesandEpistles第50页，共115页。TextStudy_III_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasNameCharacterWorkshispatriotism,hisurbanityandhishumourandgoodsenseBookofSatires,OdesandEpistlesOvidafluent,simple,wittyandingenuouswriter,neatinrhymingandwording,expertinvividandlucidstorytelling,withmanycharmingplaysoffancyandpicturesquedescriptionsMetamorphoses,PhilomonandBaucis,CeyxandHalcyone,ApolloandDaphne,Narcissus第51页，共115页。TextStudy_III_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas(2)RomanDramaNameCharacterWorksTitusMacciusPlautusafamousplaywrightoncomediesTheTwinBrothers,TheBoastfulArmymanandAPotofGoldTerenceThesecondimportantRomancomicdramatist.Hisstyleisclear,simpleandfinished.TheMother-in-Law,TwoBrothers第52页，共115页。TextStudy_III_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas(3)ProseWritersNameCharacterWorksGaiusJuliusCaesarAneminentpolitician,commanderandpoet.Histwoworkswerewritteninunadorned,straightforwardanddetachedstyle.CommentariesontheGallicWar,TheCivilWarCiceroafamousoratorandstatesman57speechesandabout900letters.Brutus,Orator,OntheCrownandDeOptimoGenereOratorum.第53页，共115页。TextStudy_III_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasHistoryNameCharacterWorksPolybiusaGreekaristocratandRomanhistorianTheHistoryrecordedtherapidanddramaticriseofRomansupremacyintheMediterranean,fromthebeginningofthe

2ndPunicwartotheendofthe3rdMacedonianwar.LivyOctavian’scontemporaryTheHistoryofRomeconsistedof142volumes,coveringthewholehistoryofRomansociety.第54页，共115页。TextStudy_III_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasNameCharacterWorksTacitusgovernorofaminorprovince,consuloftheempire,famoushistorianTheHistoriesdealtwiththereignsoftheemperorsfromGalbatoDomitian.TheAnnalsdealtwiththeearlierperiodfromtheaccessionofTiberiustothedeathofNero.Style:narrative第55页，共115页。TextStudy_III_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasPhilosophyRomanphilosophywasgreatlyinfluencedbytheGreekphilosophers,especiallybytheStoicandEpicureanschools.Theyalsoprovidepracticalexplanationandapplicationofphilosophicalprinciples.TherearetwophilosophersfamousfortheircontributiontotheinterpretationofGreekphilosophy,namelyLucretiusandSeneca.第56页，共115页。TextStudy_III_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas第57页，共115页。TextStudy_III_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas(2) SenecawasasenatorandaprominentStoicscholaratthetime.LikeEpicureanism,StoicismalsoreceivedwidespreadattentionfromtheRomanscholars.ThegeneralintentionofStoicismasdevelopedbySenecaandhissuccessorsweretobecomemorepracticalandmorehuman.Thetranquilitywasseenattainablebyfortitudeandself-controlinordinarylife.第58页，共115页。TextStudy_III_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasArchitectureandArt(1)RomanArchitectureThearchitectureofancientRomeadoptedclassicalGreekarchitecturefortheirownpurposes,andcreatedtwonewarchitecturalstyles,whichareconsideredtobeonecategoryofclassicalarchitecture.Theygotawealthofknowledgeessentialfortheirfuturearchitecturalsolutionsintermsofhydraulicsandintheconstructionofarches.Romanarchitectureusedthearch,thevaultandthedomeasthepopularformofbuildings,anddiscoveredhowtomakeconcrete.ExamplesincludethechannelsofRome,theBathsofDiocletianandtheBathsofCaracalla,thePantheon,theBasilicasandtheColosseum.第59页，共115页。TextStudy_III_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas(2)RomanArtAncientRomeisfamousforitssculpturesofwell-preservedfigures.ItstartedtotakeupitsowncharacterfromtheAugustaneraonwardswhenOctavianensuredthathisRomanspiritwasreflectedbothinliteratureandart.Artiststriedtofindtheirownstyleofbeingdiverse,generalandvital.Romanssculptedquitealargenumberofportraitbusts,someofwhicharereputedtobethefinestofallRomanportraitbusts.第60页，共115页。TextStudy_III_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasFrom750BCto419AD,Romanartentereditsgoldenperiodcoveringpainting,mosaicworkandsculptureinadditiontosuchminorcategoriesasivorycarving,figuringglass,pottery,metalwork,gemengravingandcoindieaspartofancientRomanculture.AncientRomanmuralpaintingsweretypicallycolorfulanddecorative.Betweenthe4thand6thcenturies,panelpaintingandthewoodenpaintingweregraduallyreplacedbywallpaintings,mosaicceilingandfloorwork,whichstartedtoflourishasanewfashionofartofthetime.第61页，共115页。TextStudy_III_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas第62页，共115页。TextStudy_III_2.1InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudyMacedonianWar马其顿战争:TheMacedonianandSeleucidwarswereaseriesofconflictsfoughtbyRomeduringandaftertheSecond

PunicWar,intheEasternMediterranean,theAdriatic,andtheAegean.AlongwiththePunicwars,theyresultedinRomancontrolorinfluenceovertheentireMediterraneanbasin.InterpretationofCulturalTerms第63页，共115页。TextStudy_III_2.2InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTerms第64页，共115页。TextStudy_III_2.2InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudyStoicism

斯多葛学派:

AschoolofHellenisticphilosophyfoundedinAthensbyZenoofCitiumintheearly3rdcenturyBC.TheStoicsbelievedthatdestructiveemotionsresultedfromerrorsinjudgment,andthatasage,orpersonof“moralandintellectualperfection”,wouldnotsuffersuchemotions.TheStoicspresentedtheirphilosophyasawayoflife.LaterStoics,suchasSenecaandEpictetus,emphasizedthatbecause“virtueissufficientforhappiness”,asagewasimmunetomisfortune.InterpretationofCulturalTerms第65页，共115页。TextStudy_III_3.1ComprehensionExercisesTextStudyComprehensionExercisesPleasematchthefollowingartistswiththeirgreatworks.(1)Livy (2)Terence (3)Virgil (4)GaiusJuliusCaesar(5)Ovid a.TheMother-in-Lawb.HistoryofRomec.AppolloandDaphned.TheCivilWare.TheAeneid第66页，共115页。TextStudy_III_4.1ThinkandDiscussTextStudyIntheearlyperiod,Romancultureoftendependedheavilyontheintroductionandimitationofothercultures,particularly,Greekculture.However,theRomansshowedtheeclecticaspectintheirculture，i.e.Romansdidnottakeinallthattheycollectedfromotherculturesbutmodifiedanddevelopeditaccordingtotheirownneed.ThusRomanscreatedtheirownpowerfulculture,layingthefoundationforsubsequentWesterncultureinmanyfields.ThinkandDiscuss第67页，共115页。TextStudy_III_4.1ThinkandDiscussTextStudyBeforeChristianityappearedinRoma,ancientRomanswerepolytheists.Theyadoptedmanycultsfromotherreligions,fusingthemintotheirownreligion.AccordingtoGreekcultureandothers’culture,theycreatedtheirowngodsandmyth,suchasJupiter,Juno,andVenus,whichbecomesubjectmatterfortheartist,writers,andarchitectsintheircreativeproduction.Inpoetry,ancientRomemadebrilliantachievements,producingnumerousdistinguishedpoetsandpoems.ThepoetVirgil’sAeneidisconsideredasamodelepicintheEuropeanliterarytradition.Heissofamousinpoetrythathewasmodeledformanypastoralwriters.Forexample,ItalianpoetThinkandDiscuss第68页，共115页。TextStudy_III_4.1ThinkandDiscussTextStudyDantecalledhimhisteacherinhismasterpieceTheDivineComedy.Horacewasnotonlyfamousforhispoemsbuthiscritic.InhisEpistles,headvancedmanyinfluentialprinciplesforcreativewriting,exertinggreatinfluencesonlatergenerations.Inthe17thcenturyhisworkwastranslatedintoEnglish.AnotherimportantpoetwasOvid,whoseMetamorphosiswastranslatedintoEnglishandquotedfrequentlybymanyfamouswriters,suchasChaucer,Shakespeare,BenJonson,ShirleyandT.S.Eliot.ThinkandDiscuss第69页，共115页。AnumberofimportanthistorianscameforthintheancientRomanperiod.Polybiuscreatedhistremendousworksconsistingof40books,History,whichspannedabout500years.LivywasresponsibleforthegreatHistoryofRomein142volumes.Hisworkshasalwaysbeencitedbylaterstatesmen,writersandscholarssuchasNiccoloMachiavelliandShakespeare.ThearchitectureofancientRomeadoptedtheGreekstyleforitsownpurposes,buttheRomansalsodevelopedanewkind.Theyweremoreutilitarianandshowedaninterestingrandeurandscale.TheyconstructedmanypublicedificesTextStudy_III_4.1ThinkandDiscussTextStudyThinkandDiscuss第70页，共115页。TextStudy_III_4.1ThinkandDiscussTextStudyedificeswhichstillexistedtodayandbecamethefamouskeypointofinterestfortheworld.Romansusedthearch,thevaultandthedome,anddiscoveredhowtomakeconcrete.TheRomancultureintroducedtheRomanrealismandrealisticstyleinWesterncultureinpaintingandsculpturethroughmoderntimes.RomanculturenourishedemergingWesternculture,andeventheworldculture.Suchasplendidculturehasgreatlyenrichedculturalheritageofhumankind.ThinkandDiscuss第71页，共115页。TextStudy_III_4.1ThinkandDiscussTextStudyThinkandDiscuss(2)InwhatsensedoyouthinkRomancultureoweditsaccomplishmentstothebenefitsobtainedfromGreekculture?Giveexamples.第72页，共115页。TextStudy_III_4.1ThinkandDiscussTextStudyThinkandDiscuss第73页，共115页。tracesofGreektragedyinRomandrama.EveninVirgil’sbestknownepicAeneid,wecouldreadofsimilarstoryoftheheroinhisvoyagefromTroytoRome,comparedtoOdysseus,whoovercomesmanydifficultiesonhiswayhomethoughtheyarecertainlysetagainstdifferentbackgrounds.Allinall,thetwoculturesarecloselylinkedpartlybecauseGreekcultureissoillustriousthatnoonecouldleaveitoutwithoutpickingupsomethingfromit.TheRomanpeopleweresufficientlyintelligentthattheycouldnotrefusetotakesuchanopportunitytolearnsomethingwhentheopportunitywasavailable.TextStudy_III_4.1ThinkandDiscussTextStudyThinkandDiscuss第74页，共115页。Jupiter

MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas第75页，共115页。Juno

MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas第76页，共115页。Mars

MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas第77页，共115页。Venus

MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas第78页，共115页。Minerva

MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas第79页，共115页。Neptune

MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas第80页，共115页。Ceres

MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas第81页，共115页。Vulcan

MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas第82页，共115页。Diana

MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas第83页，共115页。Bacchus

MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas第84页，共115页。Mercury

MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas第85页，共115页。Vesta

MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas第86页，共115页。Pluto

MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas第87页，共115页。Apollo

MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas第88页，共115页。Cupid

MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdea