2025-2026学年江苏南京市高一物理下册期末专项训练卷（含答案详解与评分标准）

2025-2026学年江苏南京市高一物理下册期末专项训练卷（含答案详解与评分标准）学校：班级：姓名：考号：考试时间：100分钟满分：100分适用年级：高一考试节点：下册期末题型选择题30分填空与简答题20分材料分析与综合题50分注意事项：1．本卷共25题，满分100分，考试时间100分钟。2．选择题请将答案填入对应位置；非选择题请写出必要的文字说明、公式和演算步骤。3．计算中取g＝10m/s²；涉及万有引力计算时按题中所给常量处理。4．本卷为可打印训练卷，主观题已预留作答空间。题号123456789101112131415答案一、选择题（本大题共15小题，每小题2分，共30分。每题只有一个选项符合题意）1．关于曲线运动，下列说法正确的是（）A．物体做曲线运动时速率一定变化B．物体做曲线运动时加速度方向与速度方向一定不在同一直线上C．做匀速圆周运动的物体加速度恒定D．合外力方向始终指向轨迹内侧时物体一定做圆周运动2．从离地面1.8m高的平台边缘，将小球以3.0m/s的速度水平抛出，不计空气阻力。小球落地所用时间和水平位移分别为（）A．0.30s，0.90mB．0.45s，1.35mC．0.60s，1.80mD．0.90s，2.70m3．某小球做平抛运动，取相等时间间隔连续记录其位置。若从抛出点开始计时，则小球在连续三个相等时间间隔内竖直位移之比为（）A．1∶1∶1B．1∶2∶3C．1∶4∶9D．1∶3∶54．半径为0.20m的转盘匀速转动，频率为2.0Hz。放在盘边且相对转盘静止的小物块，其向心加速度大小约为（）A．1.6m/s²B．6.3m/s²C．12.6m/s²D．31.6m/s²5．质量为600kg的汽车以10m/s的速度通过半径为40m的凸形桥最高点，取g＝10m/s²。桥面对汽车的支持力大小为（）A．1500NB．4500NC．6000ND．7500N6．某人造卫星绕地球做匀速圆周运动。若轨道半径由r增大到2r，则周期变为原来的（）A．2√2倍B．2倍C．√2倍D．4倍7．关于地球同步卫星，下列说法正确的是（）A．可以在南京正上空相对地面静止B．轨道半径可按任务需要任意选取C．周期等于地球自转周期且轨道平面为赤道平面D．线速度一定大于第一宇宙速度8．用大小为20N、与水平位移方向成60°角的恒力拉物体，使物体沿水平面前进5.0m。该力对物体做功为（）A．25JB．50JC．100JD．173J9．质量为800kg的电梯匀速上升5.0m用时10s，取g＝10m/s²。电梯克服重力做功的平均功率为（）A．0.4kWB．2.0kWC．4.0kWD．40kW10．质量为2.0kg的物体在光滑水平面上运动，受到与运动方向相同的恒力5.0N作用，沿力的方向通过6.0m。在此过程中物体动能的增加量为（）A．10JB．30JC．60JD．无法确定11．长为0.80m的轻绳悬挂小球。将小球从轻绳与竖直方向成60°处由静止释放，不计空气阻力，小球经过最低点时速度大小为（）A．2.0m/sB．2.4m/sC．2.8m/sD．2√2m/s12．质量为0.50kg的小物块在水平面上以6.0m/s的初速度滑行，动摩擦因数为0.20，取g＝10m/s²。物块滑到停止的距离为（）A．4.5mB．6.0mC．9.0mD．18m13．同一颗卫星从低轨道变到更高的圆轨道后，不考虑推进过程，仅比较圆轨道运动。下列物理量一定减小的是（）A．周期B．线速度C．轨道半径D．机械能14．在“验证机械能守恒定律”的打点计时器实验中，若纸带上相邻计数点时间间隔为T，相邻计数点间距离依次为s₁、s₂、s₃……，估算第n个计数点速度的常用方法是（）A．vₙ＝sₙ/TB．vₙ＝sₙ₊₁/TC．vₙ＝(sₙ＋sₙ₊₁)/TD．vₙ＝(sₙ＋sₙ₊₁)/(2T)15．某学生把细线一端系小球，另一端穿过光滑小孔后悬挂重物，使小球在水平桌面上做匀速圆周运动。若小球质量、半径不变，转速增大，则需要的向心力（）A．不变B．与转速成正比C．与转速的平方成正比D．与半径的平方成正比二、填空与简答题（本大题共5小题，每小题4分，共20分）16．某同学利用频闪照片研究平抛运动。频闪时间间隔为0.10s，照片中A、B、C为小球相邻三个位置，测得AB、BC的水平距离均为0.32m，竖直距离分别为0.15m和0.25m。则小球水平初速度v₀＝________m/s；小球经过B点时竖直分速度v_yB＝________m/s；B点速度大小约为________m/s。作答：____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________17．在“验证机械能守恒定律”的实验中，质量为0.20kg的重锤由静止释放。某计数点到起点的下落距离为0.200m，由纸带估算该点速度为1.98m/s，取g＝9.8m/s²。重力势能减少量约为________J，动能增加量约为________J；实验结论应表述为：在误差允许范围内，________。作答：____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________18．某电动汽车质量为1600kg，在水平道路上行驶。某时刻牵引力为4000N，速度为10m/s，所受阻力恒为800N。该时刻发动机输出功率为________kW，汽车加速度大小为________m/s²；若随后保持额定功率不变并继续加速，牵引力将________。作答：____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________19．南京某道路弯道半径为50m，设计通过速度为10m/s。若不考虑轮胎侧向摩擦，只依靠路面倾角提供向心力，则路面应设计为外侧________（填“高”或“低”），且tanθ＝________，θ约为________。请用一句话说明设计依据：________________________________________________。作答：____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________20．某探测器绕月球做半径为r、周期为T的匀速圆周运动，月球半径为R，引力常量为G。由此可估算月球质量M＝________________；月球表面重力加速度g₀＝________________。写出推导时所依据的核心物理关系：________________。作答：____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________三、材料分析与综合题（本大题共5小题，每小题10分，共50分）21．平抛运动与落点判断（10分）物理兴趣小组在实验室边缘搭建水平桌面，桌面离水平地面的高度h＝0.80m。小球从桌面边缘以v₀＝3.0m/s的速度水平射出，不计空气阻力，取g＝10m/s²。（1）求小球从抛出到落地的时间。（2）求小球落地点到桌面边缘正下方的水平距离。（3）求小球落地瞬间速度大小及速度方向与水平方向的夹角特征。（4）若在距桌边0.75m处竖直放置一块挡板，挡板上沿比桌面低0.20m，判断小球能否从挡板上沿越过，并说明理由。作答：____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________22．竖直圆周运动与机械能（10分）一辆质量m＝0.20kg的小车在竖直平面内的光滑圆形轨道中运动，圆轨道半径R＝0.50m。小车从轨道最低点进入圆轨道，取g＝10m/s²，不计空气阻力。（1）若小车刚好通过最高点，求最高点速度。（2）在轨道光滑的条件下，求小车刚好通过最高点时在最低点应具有的最小速度。（3）若小车在最低点速度为6.0m/s，求其到达最高点时轨道对小车的压力大小。（4）若实际轨道存在摩擦，小车以5.5m/s从最低点进入，到达最高点速度为2.5m/s，求摩擦力对小车所做的总功。作答：____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________23．天体运动资料分析（10分）某科普资料介绍：一探测器绕火星做近似匀速圆周运动，轨道半径r＝3.6×10⁶m，周期T＝7200s。火星半径R＝3.4×10⁶m，引力常量G＝6.67×10⁻¹¹N·m²/kg²。（1）求探测器的线速度大小。（2）求探测器的向心加速度大小。（3）估算火星质量。（4）估算火星表面重力加速度。若同一探测器转入半径为2r的圆轨道，周期变为多少？作答：____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________24．机械能、摩擦做功与斜面运动（10分）如图示意情境可用文字描述：质量为1.0kg的小物块从光滑曲面顶端A由静止释放，A点相对水平轨道BC的高度h＝1.25m。小物块经B点进入粗糙水平轨道BC，BC长L＝3.0m，动摩擦因数μ＝0.20；过C点后进入光滑斜面CD，斜面倾角为30°。取g＝10m/s²。（1）求小物块到达B点时的速度大小。（2）求小物块经过粗糙水平轨道BC后到达C点时的速度大小。（3）求小物块沿光滑斜面向上运动的最大距离。（4）说明从A到最高点的全过程中，机械能是否守恒；若不守恒，指出能量损失的大小。作答：____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________25．向心力实验数据处理（10分）某小组用力传感器研究小球做水平圆周运动所需向心力F与角速度ω的关系。保持小球质量m＝0.20kg、半径r不变，测得数据如下表。序号1234ω²/(rad²·s⁻²)9.016.025.036.0F/N0.721.282.002.88（1）根据表格判断应作F—ω²图像还是F—ω图像更便于验证规律，并说明理由。（2）由表中数据求图像斜率，并据此求圆周运动半径r。（3）当ω＝6.0rad/s且半径改为0.30m时，求向心力大小。（4）写出本实验操作中减小误差的两条措施。作答：______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________