2026年量子计算现状报告 State of Quantum 2026 The latest trends in quantum featuring first-hand insights from global practitioners

Researchpartner

Stateof

Quantum

2026

Thelatesttrendsinquantumfeaturingfirst-handinsightsfromglobalpractitioners

StateofQuantum202602

TableofContents

Foreword04

AbouttheReport

06

ExecutiveSummary

07

Acknowledgements

10

ThemeI:

StateoftheMarket-WhereQuantumReallyStandsin2026StateoftheQuantumComputingMarket

OnTrackTowardsFaultTolerance

12

13

17

:pportunity,Investment,andMomentum25

TheQuantumOpportunity26

NationalProgramsandHPC-QuantumIntegration32

RegionalPerspectives:AMERvsEMEAvsAPAC35

StateofQuantum202603

tI:tateofCustomerAdoption-ProcurementandPurchasingPatterns38

InfrastructureandPublicSector39

EnterpriseAdoption42

BarrierstoAdoption50

Organizationalbarriers:workforcedominates,butdecision-makingalsomatters52

Technicalbarriers:lessaboutqubits,moreaboutsoftware,algorithms,standards,53andaccessibility

Economicbarriers:theharderproblemisprovingROI54

ThemeIV:

QuantumReadinessIndex(QRI)

56

QRIFrameworkOverview

QRIResults:CustomerTypeandRegionalInsights

ByCustomerType

ByRegion

58

60

60

63

ThemeV:

WhatComesNext-FromReadinesstoImpact

66

ForSolutionProviders

ForHPCCentersandNationalLabs

ForEnterpriseandIndustryLeaders

ForPolicymakersandNationalProgramOwnersForUniversitiesandAcademicInstitutions

ForInvestors

67

68

69

70

71

72

AfterwordfromOpenOcean

73

Conclusion

75

Appendix78

Surveymethodologyandprofile79

TheQuantumReadinessIndex(QRI)Methodology82

Taxonomy84

Contacts85

StateofQuantum202604

Forewordfrom

IQMQuantumComputers

Whenwepublishedthisreportlastyear,peoplewerestilltalkingaboutaquantumwinter.

Investmenthadcooledandnobodywassure

ifthefieldhadrealmomentumorjustagoodnewscycle.AyearlaterIthinkthatquestionhasmostlyanswereditself.Contractvolumeisupmorethansixfoldsince2021.TherearenowmorethanfiftyHPC-quantumdeploymentsliveorcomingonlineacrossfourteen

countries.Quantumcomputersarebeingbought,installed,andactuallyrun.Thatpartfeelssettledtome.

Theharderquestionistheonethisreportgoesafter.Itisnotreallywhetheryoucangetaccesstoaquantumsystemanymore.Itiswhetheryoucanbuildsomethingusefularoundit.Thoseareverydifferentthings,andtomyeyethegap

betweenthemiswherethenextfewyearsgetdecided.

Youcanseeitinhowbuyersbehavenow.Theseriousoneshavestoppedleadingwithqubitcounts.Theywanttoknowiftheycansee

intothemachine,calibrateit,connectittothesystemstheyalreadyrun,andlearnfromitastheygo.Theyarenotafteroneresult.Theywantacapabilitytheygettokeep.

AndthisisthepartIthinkpeoplestill

underestimate.Aquantumcomputerisnotlikeaserveryouswitchonandstartgettingvalue

from.Thevaluecomesslowly.Itcomesfromthepeopleyoutrain,thealgorithmsyouwritefortheproblemsyouactuallycareabout,theoperationalexperienceyouonlygetbyrunningthethingoverandover.Youcannotbuyanyofthatinahurrylateron.

Fault-tolerantsystemsarenothereyet.The

roadmapspointsomewherebetween2029and2031,thoughhonestlynobodyknowstherealdateandIwouldbecarefulofanyonewhosaystheydo.ButIdonotthinkthatuncertaintyis

areasontowait.Ifanythingitistheopposite.Theorganizationsspendingtheseyears

buildingtalentandpartnershipsandhands-onexperiencewillbereadywhenthetechnologyturnsthecorner.Theonesholdingoutfor

aclearsignaltendtofindthesignalandthedeadlineshowuponthesamemorning.

WhatIlikeaboutthisreportisthatitdoes

notoversell.Quantumtodayisnolongeran

experiment,butitisnotamaturetechnologyeither.Themomentumisreal.Soarethegaps,inskills,inalgorithms,inprovencommercial

returns.Wedidnottrytohideeitherside.Thepointwastogivepolicymakers,investors,

technologists,andeducatorsanhonestreadonwherethisisgoingandwhatitwilltaketobeready.

Thequantumfutureiscloserthanitlooks.Theworkofbeingreadyforitstartsnow.

JanGoetz

JanGoetz,Co-Founder&CEO,IQMQuantumComputers

StateofQuantum202605

Forewordfrom

TheQuantumInsider

ThisisthefourtheditionoftheStateofQuantum,anditrestsonthedeepestevidencebasewehaveassembled:trackedtransactiondata,validated

surveyresearch,andin-depthinterviewswiththepeople

makingquantumdecisions.

The2026pictureisoneofrealscale:welloverahundredsystemscontracted,deploymentsembeddedinnationalcomputinginfrastructureonthreecontinents,andcapitalarrivingat

levelstheindustryhasneverseen.Butthemosttellingchangethisyearisnotinthetotals.Itisinwhatbuyerstoldus.

Earlyeditionsofthisreportansweredwhetherthetechnologyworked.Thebuyerswe

interviewedforthiseditionarewrestlingwithharderquestions:howsystemsintegratewithexistinginfrastructure,howopenavendor’s

architecturereallyis,howtobuildateamthatturnsaccessintoresults,andwhenexplorationshouldbecomecommitment.Marketsmaturewhentheirquestionsdo.

Thisreportwasbuilttoanswerthem.

Policymakerswillfindwherenationalprogramsareconvertingfundingintocapability.

Enterpriseleaderswillseewherepilotsstall,andwhatseparatesorganizationsbuildingdurablecapabilityfromthoseaccumulatingactivity.

Forinvestors,theevidenceshowsamarket

thatnowpricesdemonstratedmilestonesoverroadmapambition.

TheQuantumReadinessIndex,newthisyear,putsanumberonthemarket’spreparation.Itscoresthestructuralfoundationsofreadinessacrossworkforce,innovation,investment,

andadoption.Thefirstscoreisabaseline:

theengagedbuyerbasehasprogramsandbudgetsinplace,butproductiondeploymentandproprietaryoutputarestillahead.Its

valuecompoundsfromhere.Eachfutureeditioncouldmeasuremovementagainstit,andmovementiswhatwilltelluswhetherpreparationiskeepingpacewithambition.

Anhonestrecordcutsbothways,andthis

reportdoesnotflatterthemarket.Skillsremainthemostconsistentconstraint.Algorithm

designlagshardware.Thereisstillnoshared

waytomeasurequantumvalueagainstclassicalbenchmarks.Wehavenotglossedoverthem.

Weareproudtobepartofthisreport.Our

contributionistheviewfromthedata,andwhatthedatasaysissimple:theworkofbeingreadyhasstarted,anditisbeingdoneunevenly.

Thetechnologywillarriveonitsownschedule;readinessistheonlypartofthetimelineanyonecontrols.

AlexChallans

AlexChallans,CEO,

TheQuantumInsider(Resonance)

StateofQuantum202606

AbouttheReport

TheStateofQuantum2026ispublishedbyIQMQuantumComputersinpartnershipwithTheQuantumInsider,a

Resonancecompany.

Currentlyinitsfourthedition,thereporttracksthecommercial,technical,andorganizational

stateofthequantumcomputingmarketthroughacombinationofproprietarytransactiondata,structuredsurveyresearch,andin-depthpractitionerinterviews.

Thefindingsdrawonthreeevidencestreams.

1.

MarkettransactiondatacoversindividualQPUsalesanddeploymentsfrom2021toQ12026,sourcedfromTheQuantumInsider’sintelligenceplatformandtriangulatedagainstpubliclyavailableinformation.

Astructuredsurveyof107professionalsworkinginquantumcomputing,spanningenterprises,HPCcenters,investors,universities,andgovernmentagenciesacrossEMEA,AMER,andAPAC,providesquantitativegroundingfortheadoptionandprocurement.ThesurveyalsoservesastheprimarydatasourcefortheQuantumReadinessIndex(QRI):acompositescoringframeworkthatbenchmarksorganizationalquantumreadinessacross

customertypesandregions.

2.

3.

Nineteenin-depthinterviewswithseniorpractitionersacrossfour

stakeholdergroups,conductedbetweenAprilandMay2026,providethequalitativedepthandfirst-handperspectivethatsurveydataalonecannotcapture.

Thereport’sprimaryfocusisonQuantum

Computing,withselectedcoverageofadjacentquantumtechnologycategorieswhererelevanttotheinvestmentandecosystemanalysis.

Fullmethodology,surveyrespondent

profile,interviewlist,andtheQuantum

ReadinessIndexframeworkaredescribedintheAppendix.

StateofQuantum202607

Executivesummary

Market

momentumandmaturity

Quantumcomputingin2026presentsacleartension.Market

momentumisincreasing:annualcontractvolumehasgrownmore

thansixfoldsince2021,reaching121trackeddealswithanestimatedcombinedvalueof$2.6billionbyQ12026.Quantumcomputing

companiesraised$8.3billionin2025.Morethan50HPC-quantumdeploymentsareactiveorcomingonlineacross14countries.Atthesametime,commercialmaturityremainsnascent.Mostbuyersarestillrunningpilotsratherthanproductionworkloads,andpaidhardware

procurementremainsconcentratedamonggovernments,nationallaboratoriesandsupercomputingcenters.Thecentralshiftisthatquantumengagementismovingfromaccesstocapability.

Technologyprogress

Vendorroadmapsacrossallmajormodalitiesnowconvergeona2029to2031windowforfault-tolerantquantumcomputing.In2025,the

industry’stechnicalattentionmoveddecisivelyfromphysicalqubit

countstowardlogicalqubitsandquantumerrorcorrection,fromhowlargeasystemistohowreliablyitworks.Logicalqubitshaveadvancedfromtheoreticalconstructstodemonstratedmilestones;QEChas

becomeanengineeringdisciplinewithdedicatedhiringprogramsathardwarevendors,fundedworkstreamsatnationallaboratories,andspecificlineitemsingovernmentquantumstrategies.

Thehardwarequestionisnotsettled,butitisnarrowing.Nomodality

holdsanunqualifiedadvantage.Whathasshiftedisthebasisof

assessment:investorsandbuyersaremovingfromroadmapambitiontowardverifiablemilestonedelivery,rewardingdemonstratedexecutionoverlong-termprojections.

Fromaccesstocapability

Theshiftisalsovisibleinbuyerbehaviour.Cloudaccessremainsan

importantentrypoint,butoperatedinfrastructureisincreasinglycriticalforsustainedwork.Acrosshybridandstandaloneon-premisesmodels,roughly46%ofbuyersexpecton-premisesinfrastructuretoformpartoftheiraccessmodeloverthenextthreeyears,comparedwith24%

favouringpubliccloudalone.Thisreflectsnotdecliningcloudrelevancebutadvancedbuyers’growinginterestinoperatingsystemsdirectly,

integratingthemwithexistingcomputeenvironmentsandbuildingworkforce,know-howandintellectualpropertyaroundthem.

ExecutiveSummary

StateofQuantum202608

Procurement,integrationandsovereignty

Procurementexpectationsarechangingasaresult.Buyersareno

longerselectingvendorsonhardwarespecificationsalone;forHPC

centers,nationallaboratoriesandtechnicallyadvancedenterprises,

openness,calibrationaccess,low-levelsystemvisibilityandco-

developmentqualityareincreasinglyimportant.Ablack-boxQPUis

increasinglyincompatiblewithbuyerswhosegoalistobuildcapabilityoftheirown.

Sovereigntyreinforcesthesamepattern.InmarketssuchasEuropeandtheGulf,localpresence,dataresidencyandhost-countrycapabilityareincreasinglyincorporatedintoformalprocurementrequirements.

Barrierstoscaledadoption

Theconstraintsonadoptionareorganizationalandeconomicasmuchastechnical.Skillsshortagesarethemostconsistentlycitedbarrier

acrossallbuyertypes,citedby66%ormoreoflargeenterprises,

universities,andgovernmentbuyers.Thesecondmostprominent

constraintisnothardwareimmaturitybutalgorithmdesign:thebindinglimitformostteamsistheabsenceofefficientalgorithmsandthe

difficultyofmappingreal-worldproblemstoqubits.ThethirdisROI

uncertaintyatthecommitmentthreshold,concentratedincommercialbuyersnavigatingthetransitionfromexplorationtoscaledinvestment.Thisislessaboutscepticismthantiming:buyersaremanagingthe

gapbetweenafour-yearquantumreturnshorizonandnear-term

budgetpressureswhereGenAIalreadydeliversdemonstrableresults.Organizationsbestpositionedarethosebuildingtheinternalcase

throughpilots,benchmarkingandworkforcedevelopment,sothatwhenusecasesemerge,theyscaleratherthanstartfromscratch.

QuantumReadinessIndex

TheQuantumReadinessIndex(QRI)benchmarksquantum

readinessacrossfourbuyertypes:HPCCentersandPublicResearchInfrastructure,LargeEnterprises,SmallandMediumBusinesses,andUniversities,reportedalsobyregion.Drawingonavalidatedsurveyof98quantum-buyingorganizations,itassesseseachbuyertypeacrossfourdimensions:Workforce,Innovation,InvestmentandAdoption,ona100-pointscaleacrossfivetiersfromAwaretoLeading.Itmeasureswhetherbuyersegmentshavethestructuralfoundationstoengage

withquantumasitmatures,nothardwareperformanceornear-termcommercialreturns.The2026scoresestablishabaselineratherthanadefinitiveassessment.Theirvaluebecomesclearastheindexisre-

measuredinfutureeditions:whatmattersisnotwherebuyersstandtodaybuthowquicklytheyarebuildingreadinessovertime.

HPCCentersandPublicResearchInfrastructurescorehighestat61,

theonlybuyertypeintheadvancingtier,underpinnedbycommitted

budgetsandactivemulti-vendorprocurement.LargeEnterprisesfollowat59(developingtier),withthestrongestWorkforcescoresacrossthecohort,thoughInnovationandproductiondeploymentremainlimited.

ExecutiveSummary

StateofQuantum202609

SmallandMediumBusinessesscore56(developingtier),constrainedprimarilybyshallowAdoption:76%remainattheexploratorypilotstageandnorespondentexceedsa$1Mquantumbudget.Universitiesscorelowestat52(developingtier),reflectinggrant-dependentinvestmentcyclesandpersistenthiringdifficulties.

Implicationsforearly

Fault-tolerantsystemsarenotyetcommerciallyavailableandthetimingofquantumadvantageremainsuncertain.Organizationsinvestingin

advantage

workforce,infrastructure,partnershipsandoperationalexperience

todayarepositioningthemselvesforearlyadvantage;howtheyusethisperiodwilldeterminehowmuchofittheycapture.

Forbuyers,thepriorityisshiftingfrompassivemonitoringtoactive

capabilitydevelopment.Pilotsbuildorganizationallearningandvendorfluencyratherthancomputationaloutput,foundationsthatcannot

beassembledquicklyoncefault-tolerantsystemsarrive.Workforcedevelopmentisthehighest-returninvestmentavailabletoday:

trainingtakestwotofiveyearsandthepipelinewillnotgrowunless

organizationsactnow.Cloudaccessacrossvendorsandmodalities

maintainsoptionality,whileon-premisesinvestmentshouldaligntothemostrelevantproblemclasses.

Forquantumsolutionproviders,closingtheprocurementgaprequiresmorethanhardwareroadmaps.Buyersassessopenness,integrationdepthandco-developmentqualityalongsidehardwarespecifications;HPCcompatibilityanddomain-specificevidencematterasmuchasqubitperformance.Localpresenceisaconditionofmarketaccess:

vendorswithoutalocalentityorin-countryservicemodelmaynotreachtechnicalevaluationregardlessofhardwarequality.Long-termengagementmattersasmuchastheinitialsale;vendorstreating

thefirstcontractasatransactionratherthanajointdevelopmentrelationshiparelesswellpositionedforrepeatprocurement.

Forenablers,ecosysteminfrastructuremustkeeppacewithhardwareprogress.Policymakersshouldprioritisepractitioner-focusedworkforcepipelines,interoperabilitystandardsinprocurement,andfundingthat

supportsdeploymentoveracquisitionalone.Investorsshouldanchoronverifiablemilestonesanddiversifyacrossthefullquantumstackratherthansingle-modalitybets.Universitiesshouldshiftcurriculatoward

practitionerrolescombiningphysics,softwareengineeringanddomainapplications;structuredinternshipsandindustrypartnershipsconvertacademictrainingintodeployablequantumtalent.

StateofQuantum202610

Acknowledgements

Resonanceconducted19in-depthinterviewswithseniorpractitionersacross4stakeholder

groups:HPCcenterdirectorsandpublicresearchleaders(6),enterprisequantumleadsacross

aerospace,automotive,pharmaceuticals,andtechnology(5),academicresearchersanduniversityquantumleads(4),andquantuminvestorsandventurecapitalpartners(4).Intervieweesare

locatedacrossEurope,AMER,theMiddleEast,andtheAsia-Pacific,representing10countriesonfourcontinents.Theinterviewprogramwasdesignedtocomplementandstress-test

thequantitativesurveyfindings,nottoreplacethem;qualitativeevidenceisusedtosurface

mechanisms,exceptions,andnuancethatsurveydataalonecannotcapture.AllinterviewswereconductedbyResonancebetweenAprilandMay2026,lastedbetween30and60minutes,

andwererecordedwithparticipantconsent.Transcriptswerereviewedandapprovedbyeachparticipantbeforepublication.

Table1:InterviewList

HPCCentersandGovernmentEntities

Name

Organization

Role

Region

LuigiIapichino

LRZ-Leibniz

SupercomputingCenter

HeadofUserEnablement&Applications

Europe

LoisOrosa

CESGA-Galicia

SupercomputingCenter

ScientificDirector&SeniorResearcher

Europe

SaberFeki

KAUST

DirectorofResearchComputingCoreLabs

MiddleEast

UgoVaretto

PawseySupercomputing

CTO(Pawsey);Assoc.Professor(UWA);ResearchDirector(CSIRO)

APAC

SaadA.Alowayyed

C4IRSaudiArabia,KACST

ProjectLead,GeneralManager

MiddleEast

LauraSchulzArgonneNationalLaboratoryProjectLeadforInnovation

attheLeadershipComputingFacility

AMER

Acknowledgements

StateofQuantum202611

Academia

Name

Organization

Role

Region

AlexKrasnok

FloridaInternationalUniversity

AssistantProfessor,QuantumOptics&Photonics

AMER

ArnabBanerjee

PurdueUniversity

QuantumMaterialsResearcher

AMER

IanWalmsley

UniversityofOxford

Director,OxfordQuantumInstitute;ProfessorofQuantumScience&

Engineering

Europe

Jean-LucCambier

ChicagoQuantumExchange,UniversityofChicago

ManagingDirector,BlochTechHub

AMER

Industry

Name

Organization

Role

Region

AlexeyGalda

Moderna

HeadofQuantumComputing

AMER

JacekMichalski

GalaxySystemyInformatyczne

CEO

Europe

JasperSimonKrauser

Airbus

HeadofQuantumCoordination

Europe

ManfredRieck

DeutscheBahn(DBSystelGmbH)

QuantumSoftwareDevelopmentDepartmentLead

Europe

ChandanKumar&RalfNieschulz

BMWGroup

QuantumComputationalChemistry

Lead,HeadofAIHub,Future&QuantumComputing

Europe

Investor/VC

Name

Organization

Role

Region

ManjariChandran-Ramesh

AmadeusCapitalPartners

Partner

Europe

NielsNielsen

2xN

FoundingPartner,InvestorandBoardMember(Quantinuum)

Europe

OwenLozman

55North

FoundingPartner

Europe

Tonvan'tNoordende

GroundStateVentures

GeneralPartner&Investor

Europe

Theme|

StateoftheMarket-WhereQuantum

ReallyStandsin2026

StateoftheQuantumComputingMarket

StateofQuantum202612

ThemeI:StateoftheMarket-WhereQuantumReallyStandsin2026

StateofQuantum202613

QuantumComputerscontracts&dealsvalue

QuantumComputingcontractvolumeincreasedmorethansixfoldfrom2021to2025,

risingfrom4annualcontractsto25.

ByQ12026,thecumulative

totalstoodat121contractswithacombinedvalueof$2.6B.1

121i2llio.

TotalNo.ofContractsTotalValueofDeals

Contractvolumeacceleratessharplyfrom2022

Figure1:CumulativeQuantumComputingcontractsbyunitsthroughQ12026.

Vendorlandscape

Basedonpubliclyavailableinformation,IQMleadsthevendorswith19%ofQuantum

Computingcontractsfrom2021to2026Q1,reflectingitsstrongpresenceinEuropeannational

supercomputingprocurementsandtheavailabilityoflower-costsystemssuchasIQMSpark.2

IBM,Rigetti,andIonQfollowat11%each,anchoredbyUSandAsiannationallaboratorycontracts.Thewiderangeofvendorsindicatesthatbuyershavenotyetconvergedaroundasinglehardwareproviderorplatformstrategy.Thesetop10vendorsmakeup60percentofthetotalcontractsforthetimeperiod.

1ThefigurecombinespubliclydisclosedcontractvalueswithestimatesproducedbyTheQuantumInsiderandResonanceanalysisfortransactionswherecontractamountswerenotpubliclyavailable.

2TheIQMSpark(5qubits)costslessthan€1million;IQMpressrelease.

ThemeI:StateoftheMarket-WhereQuantumReallyStandsin2026

StateofQuantum202614

IQMleadsquantumcomputingcontractshareamongtopvendors

pasqal

5%

Rigett

Fujitsu

xeedQ

IBM

D-wave

lonQ

Figure2:ShareofQuantumComputingcontractsoftop10vendors,basedonpubliclyavailabledata,2021–2026Q1

Technologydeploymentanddeliverymodels

In2025,thequantummarketcentredonphysicalownershipandlong-termmanagedaccess.Fourdeliverymodelswereactive,eachsuitedtoadifferentlevelofcustomerreadiness.

Table2:QuantumComputingcommercialdeploymentmodels

HPCcoupledTheQPUisinstalledon-siteandconnectedtoanHPCsystemforhybrid

workflows.

ModelDescription

On-premisesownershipDominantmodel-ThecustomerbuystheQuantumComputer.Vendor

installs,calibrates,trainsusers,andprovidessupport.

QPUlease/managedVendorinstallsandoperatesasystemon-site,retainingownership.

Customerpaysmulti-yearfeesforexclusiveaccess.

Cloud-onlyaccessTheorganizationaccessesquantumhardwareentirelyremotely,withno

dedicatedphysicalsystem.Computetimeissharedacrossusersandprovisionedondemand.3

3Accessisavailableeitherdirectlyfromhardwarevendorsofferingcloud-basedaccesstotheirownsystems,orthroughQCaaS

aggregatorplatformssuchasAmazonBraket,AzureQuantum,orEviden,whichprovideasingleinterfacetomultiplevendorsand

hardwaretypes.Cloud-onlydeploymentsaretypicallystructuredaspay-per-usecreditsorshotsratherthanlargereportedcontracts,andarethereforeunderrepresentedinpubliclytrackedsalesdata.

ThemeI:StateoftheMarket-WhereQuantumReallyStandsin2026

StateofQuantum202615

On-premisesvs.cloud-onlyaccess

Cloudandon-premisesa