2026届高三物理高考实验与计算压轴模拟试卷（含答案详解与评分标准）

2026届高三物理高考实验与计算压轴模拟试卷（含答案详解与评分标准）考试名称2026届高三物理高考压轴模拟考试时间90分钟满分100分适用范围全国新高考通用试卷类型实验与计算综合交付形式Word文本版注意事项与答题要求1.本卷共四大题、24小题，满分100分。第1—10题为单项选择题；第11—14题为填空题；第15—18题为实验探究题；第19—24题为综合计算题。2.选择题每题只有一个正确选项。请把选项字母写在答题位置；非选择题应写出必要的文字说明、物理过程、公式、代入数据和结果。3.计算中可取；未说明时空气阻力不计。结果要求带单位，必要时保留两位有效数字。4.作图、列表和实验题应说明器材作用、数据处理方法与误差来源；计算题不得只写最后结果。一、单项选择题（本题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项符合题目要求。1.（3分）一辆汽车从静止开始做匀加速直线运动，加速度大小为，持续后以此速度匀速行驶，随后以的加速度大小匀减速至停止。汽车全过程的位移为A.B.C.D.2.（3分）某同学把小球从离水平地面高的平台边缘以的速度水平抛出，取。小球落地前瞬间速度大小为A.B.C.D.3.（3分）甲、乙两颗人造卫星均绕同一中心天体做匀速圆周运动，甲的轨道半径为，乙的轨道半径为。下列说法正确的是A.乙的线速度是甲的2倍B.乙的周期是甲的8倍C.乙的角速度是甲的D.乙的向心加速度是甲的4.（3分）电动势为、内阻为的电源与阻值为的定值电阻构成闭合回路。关于该回路，下列结论正确的是A.B.C.D.5.（3分）某质点沿轴做简谐运动，位移随时间变化的关系为。下列判断正确的是A.周期为B.最大速度为C.时质点速度沿轴正方向D.最大加速度为6.（3分）一质子以速度垂直进入磁感应强度为的匀强磁场，重力不计。若速度增大为，则下列说法正确的是A.轨道半径不变B.运动周期变为原来的2倍C.轨道半径变为原来的2倍，周期不变D.轨道半径与周期均变为原来的2倍7.（3分）焦距为的薄凸透镜前方处放一小物体。物体经透镜成像的性质为A.像距为，正立缩小虚像B.像距为，倒立缩小实像C.像距为，倒立等大实像D.像距为，倒立放大实像8.（3分）某金属发生光电效应。入射光频率为时遏止电压为。下列关于该金属光电效应的说法正确的是A.只要入射光强足够大，低于极限频率也能发生光电效应B.遏止电压与入射光强成正比C.遏止电压随入射光频率增大而线性增大D.同一频率下光电子最大初动能与照射时间成正比9.（3分）理想变压器原线圈接交流电源，副线圈接电阻，匝数比。若电表均为理想交流电表，则A.副线圈电流为，原线圈电流为B.副线圈电压为，原线圈电流为C.副线圈消耗功率为D.原、副线圈电流之比为10:110.（3分）一定质量理想气体经历等压膨胀，压强为，体积由增大到。关于该过程，下列说法正确的是A.外界对气体做功B.气体对外界做功C.气体内能一定减小D.气体对外界做功且吸收热量二、填空题（本题共4小题，每小题4分，共16分）11.（4分）用单摆测量重力加速度。摆长，完成50次全振动所用时间为。该单摆的周期______；由实验数据得到的重力加速度______。【作答区】________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________12.（4分）光滑水平面上，质量的小球以的速度与静止的质量小球发生正碰。碰后速度为，则速度为______；该碰撞可判断为______碰撞。【作答区】________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________13.（4分）电容的电容器充电到后，通过电阻放电。放电初始电流大小为______；放电时间常量______；电容器初始储能为______。【作答区】________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________14.（4分）两列频率均为、振动方向相同且同相的简谐波在同一介质中相遇，波长为。波速为______；若某点到两波源的路程差为，则该点为振动______点。【作答区】________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________三、实验探究题（本题共4小题，每小题6分，共24分）15.（6分）某小组利用气垫导轨、光电门和宽度的遮光片验证机械能守恒。滑块由不同高度处静止释放，经过光电门的遮光时间如下表。请完成数据处理并说明能量关系。序号10.05020.2____________20.10014.3____________30.15011.6____________要求：写出速度计算式；判断与的关系；说明导致实验值偏小或偏大的一个主要原因。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________16.（6分）用电流表、电压表和滑动变阻器测量一节干电池的电动势和内阻。调节滑动变阻器，记录端电压与电流如下表。0.100.200.300.400.501.421.341.261.181.10要求：写出图像的函数关系；由数据求和；指出电压表或电流表内阻对测量结果可能造成的影响。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________17.（6分）某小组用电子天平探究通电导线在匀强磁场中所受安培力。有效导线长度，导线垂直于磁场放置。通电后天平示数增加量与电流的数据如下。0.501.001.502.000.200.400.600.80要求：说明天平示数增加量与安培力的关系；求磁感应强度；说明若导线未完全垂直磁场，所得将偏大还是偏小。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________18.（6分）在双缝干涉测光波波长实验中，双缝间距，双缝到屏的距离。用测量头读得第1条亮纹到第6条亮纹的距离为。要求：求相邻亮纹间距；计算光波波长；写出提高测量准确度的两条做法。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________四、综合计算题（本题共6小题，每小题5分，共30分）19.（5分）质量为的小物块从光滑斜面顶端由静止释放，斜面长，倾角。物块滑到斜面底端后进入粗糙水平面，动摩擦因数。取。求：（1）物块到达斜面底端的速度大小；（2）物块在水平面上滑行到停止的距离。【作答区】________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________20.（5分）在一电路中，电源电动势、内阻，，，电容与并联。开关闭合前电容不带电。求：（1）闭合瞬间电源电流；（2）稳定后电容器所带电荷量；（3）稳定后电容器储存的电能。【作答区】________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________21.（5分）光滑水平面上，质量的小车A以速度向右运动，与静止的质量的小车B发生碰撞并粘在一起，随后共同压缩右侧劲度系数的轻弹簧。求：（1）碰后共同速度；（2）弹簧最大压缩量；（3）碰撞中损失的机械能。【作答区】________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________22.（5分）某带电粒子的比荷。粒子由静止经电压加速后，垂直进入磁感应强度的匀强磁场。重力不计。求：（1）进入磁场时的速度；（2）在磁场中的轨道半径；（3）粒子做半圆运动所用时间。【作答区】________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________23.（5分）矩形线圈匝数、面积，总电阻，在磁感应强度的匀强磁场中绕垂直于磁场的轴匀速转动，角速度。线圈外接电阻，从中性面开始计时。求：（1）感应电动势最大值；（2）外电阻中的有效电流；（3）外电阻消耗的平均功率。【作答区】________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________24.（5分）压轴综合：质量的小滑块与水平轻弹簧接触，弹簧劲度系数。将弹簧压缩后由静止释放，滑块离开弹簧后进入光滑竖直圆轨道，圆轨道半径，轨道最低点与水平面平滑连接，随后滑上动摩擦因数的粗糙水平面。取。求：（1）恰能通过圆轨道最高点时的最小压缩量；（2）若，滑块在圆轨道最高点对轨道的压力大小；（3）若，滑块离开圆轨道后在粗糙水平面上滑行的距离。【作答区】________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

参考答案与解析本部分按正文题号逐题给出答案、解题思路、关键步骤和评分标准。主观题按过程给分，结果无单位或单位错误时酌情扣分。一、单项选择题答案与解析（1—10题）题号12345678910答案CBBCDCBCAD1.答案：C。解析：匀加速阶段末速度，位移；匀速阶段位移；制动阶段位移。总位移。2.答案：B。解析：竖直方向运动时间由得，落地前竖直速度，合速度。3.答案：B。解析：同一中心天体圆轨道中、、、。当时，。4.答案：C。解析：闭合电流，定值电阻功率，路端电压为。5.答案：D。解析：角速度，周期，最大速度，最大加速度。6.答案：C。解析：垂直入射时洛伦兹力提供向心力，半径，周期。速度加倍，半径加倍，周期不变。7.答案：B。解析：薄透镜成像公式，代入、，得；物距大于二倍焦距，成倒立缩小实像。8.答案：C。解析：光电效应满足。金属存在极限频率；遏止电压由最大初动能决定，与入射光强和照射时间无直接正比关系。9.答案：A。解析：理想变压器副线圈电压，副线圈电流；由得。10.答案：D。解析：等压膨胀中气体对外做功。体积增大、温度升高，内能增大，因此气体吸收热量。二、填空题答案与解析（11—14题）11.答案：1.99；9.86（9.8—9.9均可）。解析：周期。由单摆周期公式，得。评分标准：周期1分，公式1分