2025-2026学年江苏南京市高二物理月考模拟质量检测卷（含答案详解与评分标准）

高二物理月考模拟质量检测卷2025-2026学年江苏南京市高二物理月考模拟质量检测卷（含答案详解与评分标准）高二物理月考模拟试卷学校班级姓名考号________________________________________________________________考试时间：100分钟满分：100分说明：本卷取g=10m/s²，静电力常量k=9.0×10⁹N·m²/C²；除特别说明外，计算结果保留两位有效数字或按题目要求给出。注意事项：1．答题前填写学校、班级、姓名和考号。2．选择题请将唯一正确选项填入题后括号。3．主观题须写出必要的文字说明、主要公式和计算过程。4．作图题可用文字说明替代精确作图，但需体现物理意义。题型选择题填空与简答题材料分析与综合题分值1-15题，共30分16-20题，共20分21-25题，共50分一、选择题（本大题共15小题，每小题2分，共30分。每小题只有一个选项符合题意）1．关于静电场中电场强度和电势的关系，下列说法正确的是（）A．电场强度为零处，电势一定为零B．电势降低最快的方向一定是电场强度方向C．同一等势面上各点电场强度一定相同D．电场线越密的地方，电势一定越高2．两个点电荷分别带电+Q和-2Q，固定在光滑绝缘水平面上，某检验电荷从两电荷连线的中点由静止释放。若不计重力影响，则检验电荷的初始加速度方向（）A．一定指向+QB．一定指向-2QC．由检验电荷电性决定D．无法由题设判断3．一平行板电容器接在稳定电压为U的电源两端。若保持电源连接不变，将两极板间距缓慢增大，则下列判断正确的是（）A．电容增大，带电量增大B．电容减小，带电量减小C．电容减小，板间电场强度增大D．电容增大，板间电场强度减小4．将带正电的小球由静止释放在竖直向下的匀强电场中，若电场力大小等于小球重力的一半，则小球运动的加速度大小为（）A．0.5gB．gC．1.5gD．2g5．一段均匀金属导线两端电压保持不变。若将导线对折后并联接入同一电路中，不计温度变化，则通过该组合导线的总电流约为原来的（）A．1/4B．1/2C．2倍D．4倍6．某电阻元件的I-U图线（纵轴I、横轴U）经过坐标原点且为直线。下列说法正确的是（）A．电阻随电压增大而增大B．电阻等于图线斜率C．在任一点，电阻可由U/I求得D．该元件一定是理想电源7．额定值为“6V3W”的小灯泡正常发光时，灯丝电阻近似为（）A．2ΩB．6ΩC．12ΩD．18Ω8．电源电动势为E、内阻为r，外电路为定值电阻R。当R增大时，下列物理量一定增大的是（）A．干路电流B．电源端电压C．内电压D．电源输出功率9．如将滑动变阻器以限流式接入电路，滑片移动使接入电路的电阻增大。若电源内阻不可忽视，则定值电阻两端电压将（）A．增大B．减小C．不变D．先增大后减小10．关于电场线和等势面，下列说法正确的是（）A．电场线与等势面处处平行B．沿电场线方向电势降低C．电场线是电荷实际运动轨迹D．等势面越密处电场强度越小11．带电粒子以速度v垂直进入匀强磁场，若只受洛伦兹力作用，则下列物理量保持不变的是（）A．速度方向B．动量方向C．动能D．洛伦兹力方向12．一根通电直导线垂直放入匀强磁场中，若电流方向反向而电流大小不变，则导线受到的安培力（）A．大小、方向均不变B．大小不变、方向相反C．大小变为原来的2倍、方向相反D．大小变为013．带电粒子在同一匀强磁场中做匀速圆周运动。若粒子电荷量、质量均不变而速率变为原来的2倍，则其运动半径和周期分别（）A．半径变为2倍，周期不变B．半径不变，周期变为2倍C．半径变为2倍，周期变为2倍D．半径不变，周期不变14．电容器充电过程中，与电源正极相连的极板所带电荷量逐渐增大。对该过程的能量转化描述较合理的是（）A．电源化学能全部转化为电容器电场能B．电源提供的能量一部分转化为电场能，另一部分可能以热的形式散失C．电容器电场能全部转化为内能D．电路中无能量转化15．南京某实验室用学生电源给小电机供电，标称输出为12V、2A。下列估算最合理的是（）A．最大输出功率约0.17WB．最大输出功率约6WC．最大输出功率约24WD．最大输出功率约240W二、填空与简答题（本大题共5小题，每小题4分，共20分）16．真空中有两个相距0.30m的点电荷q₁=+2.0×10⁻⁶C、q₂=-3.0×10⁻⁶C。q₁受到q₂的库仑力大小为__________N，方向为__________。若将两电荷间距增大到0.60m，作用力大小变为原来的__________。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________17．某同学用如表所示数据测量未知电阻R的伏安特性。请根据表中数据判断该元件近似为__________元件，电阻R≈__________Ω；若第4组电流表读数可能偏大，则计算出的R将__________（填“偏大”“偏小”或“不变”）。序号1234U/V，I/A1.0，0.202.0，0.403.0，0.604.0，0.82________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________18．平行板电容器的电容为5.0μF，两极板间电压为12V。电容器所带电荷量为__________C；若断开电源后将板间距变为原来的2倍，则电容变为__________μF，板间电压变为__________V。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________19．电源电动势E=9.0V、内阻r=1.0Ω，外接电阻R=8.0Ω。闭合开关后，电路电流为__________A，电源端电压为__________V，外电路消耗功率为__________W。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________20．简答：为什么在静电场中移动电荷时，沿同一等势面移动电荷电场力不做功？请从电势差和电场力方向两个角度作答。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________三、材料分析与综合题（本大题共5小题，每小题10分，共50分。解答应写出必要公式和过程）21．【带电粒子在电场中的加速与偏转】情境描述：一质量m=2.0×10⁻¹⁵kg、电荷量q=+4.0×10⁻¹⁰C的微粒，从静止开始经过电压U₁=200V的加速电场后，沿水平方向进入长度L=0.20m、两板间距d=0.040m的平行板偏转电场。偏转电场两板电压U₂=80V，不计重力和空气阻力，粒子从两板中央进入。（1）求粒子进入偏转电场时的速度大小；（2）若暂不考虑极板限制，求粒子到达偏转电场出口位置时的竖直偏移量；（3）判断粒子能否从两板间射出，并说明理由。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________22．【测量电源电动势和内阻】某小组用电流表、电压表、滑动变阻器、开关和导线测量一节干电池的电动势与内阻，得到如下数据。电压表视为理想表，电流表内阻可不计。序号12345I/A0.100.200.300.400.50U/V1.461.421.381.341.30（1）写出U-I图像对应的函数关系；（2）由数据求电源电动势E和内阻r；（3）若电压表内阻有限，说明测得电动势与真实值相比的偏差方向。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________23．【电容器充放电与能量】某电路由电源、电阻R=2.0kΩ、开关和电容器C=1000μF组成。电源电压恒为10V，开始时电容器不带电。闭合开关后电容器充电，足够长时间后断开电源，再通过同一电阻放电。（1）求充电完成后电容器所带电荷量；（2）求充电完成后电容器储存的电场能；（3）若放电初始瞬间电阻两端电压可近似为10V，求初始放电电流；（4）简述放电过程中电流大小如何变化及原因。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________24．【带电粒子在磁场中的运动】一质量m=6.4×10⁻²⁷kg、电荷量q=+3.2×10⁻¹⁹C的粒子，以v=2.0×10⁵m/s的速度垂直进入磁感应强度B=0.20T的匀强磁场。不计重力，粒子只受洛伦兹力作用。（1）求粒子所受洛伦兹力大小；（2）求粒子做圆周运动的半径；（3）求粒子做圆周运动的周期；（4）若速度方向与磁场方向夹角变为30°，说明粒子运动形态。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________25．【电动自行车充电安全与能量估算】南京某小区集中充电柜为电动自行车充电。某电池组标称“48V20Ah”，充电器输出电压约54V、平均充电电流2.0A。物业要求单路插座连续工作功率不超过300W，充电线路熔断器额定电流为3.0A。（1）估算该电池组储存的电能（用kW·h表示）；（2）估算充电器工作时输出功率；（3）判断该充电器是否满足单路插座功率要求；（4）若两台同样充电器共用一路3.0A熔断器，按输出电流估算是否合理，并从用电安全角度提出一条建议。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

参考答案与解析评分说明：选择题每题2分；填空与简答题每题4分，按空、步骤和物理意义给分；材料分析与综合题每题10分，公式、代入、结果、单位和结论均作为评分依据。若考生采用其他合理方法，结果正确且过程清楚，可按相应要点评分。题号12345答案BCBCD题号678910答案CCBBB题号1112131415答案CBABC1．B。电场强度方向就是电势降低最快的方向；电势零点可人为选取，电场强度与电势高低不直接一一对应。2．C。正检验电荷受力方向与合场强方向相同，负检验电荷相反；题中未说明检验电荷电性，故方向由电性决定。3．B。接电源时电压U不变，板距增大使电容C减小，由Q=CU知带电量减小；E=U/d也减小。4．C。正电荷受竖直向下电场力，与重力同向，合力为1.5mg，加速度为1.5g。5．D。原导线电阻为R，对折后每半段电阻为R/2，两半段并联等效电阻为R/4，电压不变时总电流为原来的4倍。6．C。I-U图线过原点且为直线，说明U与I成正比，在任一点均可用R=U/I求电阻；I-U图中斜率表示电导，不能直接等于电阻。7．C。正常发光时R=U²/P=36/3=12Ω。8．B。R增大使总电流减小，内电压Ir减小，端电压U=E-Ir增大；输出功率不一定单调增大。9．B。限流式接入电阻增大，总电流减小，定值电阻两端电压U=IR定值部分随电流减小而减小。10．B。电场线与等势面垂直，沿电场线方向电势降低，电场线不是粒子必然轨迹。11．C。洛伦兹力始终与速度垂直，只改变速度方向，不改变速率和动能。12．B。安培力大小F=BIL不变，电流方向反向时由左手定则知力方向相反。13．A。半径r=mv/(qB)，速率变为2倍则半径变为2倍；周期T=2πm/(qB)与速率无关。14．B。实际充电电路中电源提供能量，一部分储存在电容器电场中，一部分在导线和内阻中转化为热。15．C。最大输出功率估算P=UI=12×2=24W。二、填空与简答题答案及评分标准16．答案：0.60