2026届江苏南京市高三物理4月学业评估模拟试卷（含答案详解与评分标准）

2026届江苏南京市高三物理4月学业评估模拟试卷（含答案详解与评分标准）学校________________班级________________姓名________________考号________________考试时间100分钟满分100分适用对象2026届高三地区江苏南京市注意事项：1．答题前，请将学校、班级、姓名、考号填写清楚；全卷共25题，满分100分，考试时间100分钟。2．选择题请将答案填入题后括号或答题栏；非选择题须写出必要的文字说明、方程和演算过程。3．除特别说明外，重力加速度g取10m/s²；计算结果可按题目要求保留有效数字。4．本卷用于4月学业评估模拟训练，题目覆盖力学、电磁学、热学、光学、近代物理及实验综合。题型选择题填空与简答题材料分析与综合题总分题号1—1516—2021—251—25分值30分20分50分100分一、选择题（本题共15小题，每小题2分，共30分。每小题只有一个选项符合题意。）1．把物理量写成国际单位制基本单位的组合，下列判断正确的是（）A．动量与冲量的量纲相同B．电势差与电场强度的量纲相同C．磁感应强度与电场强度的量纲相同D．功率与能量的量纲相同2．一辆汽车由静止开始做匀加速直线运动，加速度大小为2.0m/s²，4.0s后保持速度不变行驶6.0s，随后以4.0m/s²的加速度大小匀减速直至停止。汽车全过程位移为（）A．56mB．64mC．68mD．72m3．质量为m的物体放在光滑水平面上，t=0时由静止开始受到沿水平方向的变力F=kt作用，k为常量。t=t₀时物体速度大小为（）A．kt₀/mB．kt₀²/(2m)C．2kt₀/mD．kt₀²/m4．某卫星绕地球做匀速圆周运动，轨道半径由r变为4r。若地球质量不变，则新轨道上卫星的线速度和周期分别变为原来的（）A．1/4，4倍B．1/2，4倍C．1/2，8倍D．1/4，8倍5．一带电粒子仅在静电场力作用下由A点运动到B点。已知φA=6V、φB=2V，粒子动能增加8eV，则该粒子的电荷量为（）A．－2eB．－eC．eD．2e6．理想变压器原、副线圈匝数比N₁:N₂=1:5，原线圈接220V正弦交流电，副线圈接1100Ω纯电阻。则原线圈电流有效值为（）A．5.0AB．1.0AC．0.20AD．0.040A7．一圆形闭合线圈面积为S、总电阻为R，放在垂直纸面向外的匀强磁场中。磁感应强度随时间按B=B₀+kt增大（k>0），则线圈中的感应电流大小和方向为（）A．kS/R，逆时针B．B₀S/R，逆时针C．kS/R，顺时针D．B₀S/R，顺时针8．质子和α粒子以相同速度垂直进入同一匀强磁场，均做匀速圆周运动。已知α粒子质量约为质子的4倍、电荷量为质子的2倍，则α粒子与质子的轨道半径之比为（）A．1:2B．2:1C．4:1D．1:49．弹簧振子做简谐运动，位移x=Asinωt。当振子位于x=A/2处时，其速度大小为（）A．ωA/2B．ωA/√2C．(√3/2)ωAD．ωA10．双缝干涉实验中，双缝间距d=0.50mm，双缝到屏的距离L=1.0m，光的波长λ=600nm。相邻亮条纹间距为（）A．0.60mmB．1.2mmC．2.4mmD．3.0mm11．一定质量理想气体在等温膨胀过程中体积变为原来的2倍。下列说法正确的是（）A．气体内能增大B．气体对外做功为0C．气体放出热量D．气体吸收的热量等于对外做的功12．金属发生光电效应时，入射光频率由ν增大到2ν，金属逸出功保持不变。下列判断正确的是（）A．遏止电压一定变为原来的2倍B．最大初动能增量为hνC．光电子数一定变为原来的2倍D．截止频率变为原来的2倍13．某原子核衰变时质量亏损为Δm，真空中光速为c。若释放的能量全部来自质量亏损，则释放能量为（）A．Δmc²B．Δm/c²C．c²/ΔmD．Δmc14．正弦交流电压u=220√2sin(100πt)V加在44Ω纯电阻两端，该电阻消耗的平均功率为（）A．550WB．880WC．1000WD．1100W15．劲度系数为k的轻弹簧与质量为m的小球组成水平弹簧振子。不计阻力。若把小球质量变为2m，其他条件不变，则振子周期变为原来的（）A．1/2B．√2C．2D．4选择题答题栏：题号123456789101112131415答案二、填空与简答题（本题共5小题，每小题4分，共20分。）16．某同学研究平抛运动。小球从距水平地面20m高处以15m/s的初速度水平抛出，不计空气阻力。小球在空中运动时间为________s，水平位移为________m，落地瞬间速度大小为________m/s。作答区：__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________17．用电压表和电流表测一节干电池的电动势和内阻，得到三组数据：I/A分别为0.20、0.40、0.60，U/V分别为1.46、1.42、1.38。把U看作I的一次函数，则该电池电动势约为________V，内阻约为________Ω。作答区：__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________18．在用打点计时器研究自由落体运动的实验中，计数点间隔T=0.020s。选取纸带上O点为起点，P点前后相邻计数点到P点的距离分别为4.40cm和4.60cm，O、P间竖直距离为25.3cm。P点瞬时速度大小约为________m/s；比较vP²/2与gh，可判断机械能守恒在实验误差范围内________（填“成立”或“不成立”）。作答区：__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________19．质量为m、电荷量大小为q的带电粒子以速度v垂直进入磁感应强度为B的匀强磁场。若粒子只受洛伦兹力，其圆周运动半径为________，周期为________。若粒子带正电，磁场垂直纸面向里、初速度向右，则初始洛伦兹力方向为________。作答区：__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________20．1mol单原子理想气体从状态A到状态B做等压膨胀，压强p=2.0×10⁵Pa，体积由1.0L增大到3.0L。该过程中气体对外做功为________J，内能增加量为________J，吸收热量为________J。作答区：__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________三、材料分析与综合题（本题共5小题，共50分。请写出必要步骤和评分依据。）21．一滑块从光滑斜面上端由静止释放，斜面长2.0m、倾角30°。滑块质量m=0.50kg，到达斜面底端后进入长1.0m的粗糙水平面AB，滑块与AB间动摩擦因数μ=0.20；经过B点后进入光滑水平弹簧区并压缩劲度系数k=200N/m的轻弹簧。取g=10m/s²。求：（1）滑块到达斜面底端时的速率；（2）滑块通过AB后在B点的速率；（3）弹簧的最大压缩量。作答区：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________22．如文字描述的电磁感应装置：两根足够长的光滑水平金属导轨平行放置，导轨间距L=0.50m，电阻不计；左端接定值电阻R=2.0Ω。质量m=0.20kg、电阻r=0.50Ω的金属棒ab垂直放在导轨上，a端在北、b端在南。整个装置处在竖直向上的匀强磁场B=1.0T中。现用水平恒力F=0.40N拉棒向东运动。求：（1）当棒速度大小为v时，棒中感应电流方向及电流大小；（2）棒的终端速度；（3）若棒从静止运动到速度为终端速度一半的过程中位移为1.55m，该过程回路产生的焦耳热。作答区：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________23．某质谱装置由速度选择器和偏转磁场组成。带正电离子先进入速度选择器，电场强度E=2.0×10⁴N/C，磁感应强度B₁=0.20T，电场力与洛伦兹力方向相反，能沿直线通过的离子再垂直进入磁感应强度B₂=0.50T的匀强磁场，做半圆运动后打到底片。某离子在偏转磁场中半径R=0.20m。求：（1）该离子进入偏转磁场的速度；（2）该离子的荷质比q/m；（3）若该离子是从静止经加速电压U加速得到上述速度，求U；（4）同价同位素质量增大1.0%，在速度选择器后仍以相同速度进入B₂，则底片上两条谱线间距约为多少。作答区：_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________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_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________25．水平传送带长4.0m，以3.0m/s的恒定速度向右运动。质量m=1.0kg的小物块从传送带左端放上传送带，初速度大小为1.0m/s、方向向右。物块与传送带间动摩擦因数μ=0.20，取g=10m/s²。物块离开传送带后进入光滑水平面并压缩劲度系数k=100N/m的轻弹簧。求：（1）物块在传送带上相对滑动的时间和离开传送带时的速度；（2）从放上到离开传送带，摩擦力对物块做的功以及因相对滑动产生的热量；（3）物块压缩弹簧的最大压缩量；（4）说明能量从电动机、传送带到物块及内能之间的转化关系。作答区：____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

参考答案与解析一、选择题答案与关键依据题号123456789101112131415答案ADBCDACBCBDBADB1．A。冲量I=Ft与动量p=mv量纲均为kg·m/s；其余选项所列物理量的单位和量纲不同。2．D。加速阶段末速度8m/s，位移16m；匀速阶段位移48m；减速阶段位移8m，全程72m。3．B。由动量定理，∫0到t₀ktdt=mv，得v=kt₀²/(2m)。4．C。圆轨道v=√(GM/r)，半径变为4r时速度变为1/2；周期T与r^(3/2)成正比，变为8倍。5．D。电场力做功W=q(φA－φB)=ΔEk，4q=8eV，得q=2e。6．A。副线圈电压1100V，副线圈电流1.0A；理想变压器功率守恒，原线圈电流为1100/220=5.0A。7．C。感应电动势大小为S·dB/dt=kS，电流为kS/R。磁通量向外增大，感应磁场向里，由右手螺旋定则知电流顺时针。8．B。r=mv/(qB)，α粒子的m/q为质子的2倍，故半径之比为2:1。9．C。简谐运动中v=ω√(A²－x²)，代入x=A/2，得v=(√3/2)ωA。10．B。条纹间距Δx=Lλ/d=1.0×600×10⁻⁹/(0.50×10⁻³)=1.2×10⁻³m。11．D。理想气体等温过程内能不变，膨胀时气体对外做功，吸热量等于对外做功。12．B。最大初动能Ekm=hν－W0，频率由ν到2ν，最大初动能增加hν；遏止电压不一定翻倍。13．A。质能关系给出释放能量E=Δmc²。14．D。电压有效值为220V，P=U²/R=220²/44=1100W。15．B。弹簧振子周期T=2π√(m/k)，质量变为2m时周期变为√2倍。二、填空与简答题答案与解析16．答案：2；30；25。解析：竖直方向h=gt²/2，20=5t²，t=2s；水平位移x=v0t=30m；落地时vy=gt=20m/s，v=√(15²+20²)=25m/s。评分标准：时间1分，水平位移1分，速度大小2分。17．答案：1.50；0.20。解析：U=E－Ir。由数据可得斜率ΔU/ΔI=(1.38－1.46)/(0.60－0.20)=－0.20V/A，故r=0.20Ω；把I=0.20A、U=1.46V代入得E=1.50V。评分标准：线性关系1分，内阻1分，电动势1分，单位1分。18．答案：2.25；成立。解析：P点瞬时速度可用前后相邻位移差商估算，vP=(4.40+4.60)cm/(2×0.020s)=2.25m/s。vP²/2≈2.53J/kg，gh=10×0.253≈2.53J/kg，二者在误差范围内相等。评分标准：速度2分，比较依据1分，判断1分。19．答案：mv/(qB)；2πm/(qB)；向上。解析：洛伦兹力提供向心力qvB=mv²/r，得r=mv/(qB)；周期T=2πr/v=2πm/(qB)。正电荷速度向右、磁场向里，用左手定则可判定受力向上。评分标准：半径1.5分，周期1.5分，方向1分。20．答案：400；600；1000。解析：体积变化ΔV=2.0L=2.0×10⁻³m³，气体对外做功W=pΔV=400J；单原子理想气体等压过程ΔU=(3/2)pΔV=600J；由热力学第一定律Q=ΔU+W=1000J。评分标准：做功1分，内能2分，吸热量1分。三、材料分析与综合题参考答案、解析与评分标准21．参考答案：v₁=2√5m/s≈4.47m/s；vB=4.0m/s；x=0.20m。解析：斜面光滑，机械能守恒。滑块下降高度h=2.0×sin30°=1.0m，由mgh=mv₁²/2得v₁=√20=2√5m/s。进入粗糙水平面AB前动能为5.0J；AB上摩擦力做负功Wf=μmgd=0.20×0.50×10×1.0=1.0J，故B点动能为4.0J，vB=√(2Ek/m)=4.0m/s。弹簧区光滑，B点动能全部转化为弹簧弹性势能，4.0=kx²/2，得x=0.20m。评分标准（8分）：斜面高度和能量关系2分；求出斜面底端速度1分；摩擦力做功和B点动能关系2分；求出B点速度1分；弹簧能量转化关系1分；最大压缩量及单位1分。22．参考答案：棒中电流由a端流向b端，I=BLv/(R+r)=0.20vA；终端速度4.0m/s；焦耳热约0.22J。解析：棒向东运动，磁场竖直向上，正电荷受磁场力向南，因此棒