2025年GRE《语文》Verbal真题及答案

2025年GRE《语文》Verbal真题Section1Questions1to3areTextCompletionquestions.Foreachblank,selecttheentrythatbestcompletesthetext.1.Whilethepolitician’searlierspeecheswerefilledwithfieryrhetoricandpromisesofimmediatereform,hisrecentaddresseshavebeennotablymore______,focusinginsteadonincrementaladjustmentsandlong-termstability.A.polemicalB.truculentC.pragmaticD.incendiaryE.jocular2.Thecritic’sreviewofthenewbiographywasmarkedby______:whileshepraisedtheauthor’sexhaustiveresearch,shelamentedthedry,pedagogicaltonethatmadethenarrativefeellikeatextbookratherthanastory.A.ambivalenceB.acquiescenceC.enthusiasmD.dismissalE.perplexity3.Eventhoughthearchaeologicaldiscoveryinitiallyseemedtosupporttheprevailingtheoryregardingthemigrationpatternsoftheancientcivilization,subsequentcarbondatingrevealedthattheartifactswere______theproposedtimeline,forcingacompletere-evaluationofthehypothesis.A.congruentwithB.contingentuponC.antecedenttoD.inconsistentwithE.peripheraltoQuestions4to6areSentenceEquivalencequestions.Selectthetwoanswerchoicesthatfitthemeaningofthesentenceasawholeandproducecompletedsentencesthatarealikeinmeaning.4.TheCEO’splantodiversifythecompany’sportfoliowasmetwithskepticismbytheboard,whoviewedtheproposedventureintounchartedmarketsasanunnecessary______thatthreatenedthecompany’scorestability.A.gambleB.boonC.assetD.hazardE.speculationF.certainty5.Bycombiningmicroscopicanalysiswithmacroscopicobservation,theresearcherswereableto______thepreviouslyopaqueoriginsofthemineralsample,pinpointingitsexactgeologicalformation.A.illuminateB.obfuscateC.elucidateD.complicateE.trivializeF.darkenQuestions6to9arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.Answerthequestionsbyselectingthebestanswerfromthechoicesgiven.Passage:Theprevailingviewamongliteraryhistorianshaslongbeenthatthenineteenth-centurynovelservedprimarilyasavehicleforsocialrealism,mirroringthecomplexitiesofarapidlyindustrializingworld.Accordingtothisperspective,thedetaileddescriptionsofdomesticlife,labor,andurbanenvironmentsfoundintheworksofauthorslikeDickensandEliotwereintendedtoexposesocialillsandadvocateforreform.However,recentscholarshiphasbeguntochallengethismonolithicinterpretation,arguingthatitoverlooksthegenre’ssimultaneousengagementwiththefantasticalandtheirrational.CriticssuchasMariaBeltranproposethatthenineteenth-centurynovelwasdeeplyinfluencedbytheGothictradition,agenreoftendismissedasmeresensationalism.Beltranpointsoutthateveninworksostensiblygroundedinrealism,authorsfrequentlyemployednarrativestructuresandthematicconcernsborrowedfromGothicliterature.Forinstance,theuseofconcealedidentities,familysecrets,andthereturnofrepressedpasts—staplesoftheGothic—arepervasiveintherealistnovel.Theseelements,Beltranargues,suggestthatthenovelistswerenotmerelydocumentingtheexternalworldbutwerealsoexploringthepsychologicalinteriorityoftheircharactersandtheanxietiesofaneragrapplingwiththeerosionoftraditionalcertainties.Furthermore,theintersectionofrealismandtheGothiccanbeseeninthedepictionofthecityitself.Whilethecityisoftenpresentedasasiteofeconomicactivityandsocialclass,itissimultaneouslyportrayedasalabyrinthinespaceofdangerandmystery,akintothehauntedcastlesofearlierGothicfiction.Thisdualitysuggeststhatthenineteenth-centurynovelfunctionedasacomplexhybridform,usingthetoolsofrealismtogroundthereaderwhileutilizingGothictropestoexpresstheintangiblefearsandsubconsciousdrivesthatsocialrealismalonecouldnotcapture.Thus,thegenreshouldbeunderstoodnotasarejectionoftheirrational,butasanattempttointegrateitintoacoherentnarrativeofmodernlife.6.TheprimarypurposeofthepassageistoA.critiquethesocialreformistagendaofauthorslikeDickensandEliot.B.challengethetraditionalclassificationofthenineteenth-centurynovelaspurelyrealistic.C.arguethattheGothictraditionissuperiortorealisminexpressingpsychologicaldepth.D.demonstratethatthenineteenth-centurynovelhadnointerestintheexternalworld.E.tracethehistoricalevolutionoftheGothicnovelfromtheeighteenthtothenineteenthcentury.7.Accordingtothepassage,MariaBeltransuggeststhattheuseofGothicelementsinnineteenth-centurynovelsindicatesthatA.authorsoftheperiodwereunabletodistinguishbetweenrealityandfantasy.B.thesocialillsofthetimeweretoocomplextobeaddressedbyrealismalone.C.novelistsweremoreinterestedinentertainmentthaninsocialadvocacy.D.thenovelswereconcernedwithpsychologicalinteriorityandtheanxietiesoftheera.E.thedefinitionof"realism"inthenineteenthcenturywasfundamentallyflawed.8.Inthecontextofthepassage,thementionof"concealedidentities,familysecrets,andthereturnofrepressedpasts"servestoA.provideexamplesofsocialillsthatneededreform.B.illustratethelimitationsoftheurbanenvironmentasasetting.C.highlightspecificnarrativetoolssharedbyrealismandtheGothic.D.contrastthewritingstylesofDickensandEliot.E.refutetheideathatthenineteenthcenturywasaperiodofprogress.9.Theauthorofthepassagesuggeststhatthedepictionofthecityinnineteenth-centurynovelsissignificantbecauseitA.servesasadirectrejectionoftheindustrializationprocess.B.functionsasamodernequivalentofthehauntedcastleinGothicfiction.C.provesthaturbanlifewasinherentlymoredangerousthanrurallife.D.highlightstheeconomicsuccessofthemiddleclass.E.wastheonlysettingwhererealisticandGothicelementscouldcoexist.Section2Questions10to12areTextCompletionquestions.Foreachblank,selecttheentrythatbestcompletesthetext.10.Thescientist’sreputationwas______bytherevelationthathehadomitteddatapointswhichcontradictedhishypothesis,anactthatviolatedthemostfundamentalprinciplesofacademicintegrity.A.bolsteredB.tarnishedC.elucidatedD.mitigatedE.overlooked11.Thenewsymphonywasa______ofstyles,blendingthecomplexrhythmsofmodernjazzwiththestructuralrigorofclassicalforms,creatingasoundscapethatwasatoncechaoticandmeticulouslyordered.A.synthesisB.cacophonyC.divergenceD.repetitionE.mystery12.Despitethe______natureofthenegotiations,withbothsidesdugintotheirpositionsandrefusingtocompromise,abreakthroughwasachievedinthefinalhoursthankstotheinterventionofaneutralthirdparty.A.collegialB.innocuousC.intransigentD.transparentE.ephemeralQuestions13to15areSentenceEquivalencequestions.Selectthetwoanswerchoicesthatfitthemeaningofthesentenceasawholeandproducecompletedsentencesthatarealikeinmeaning.13.Thephilosopher’swritingisnotoriously______,oftenrequiringreaderstoparsesentencesthatspanentireparagraphsandgrapplewithneologismsthatdefystandarddictionarydefinitions.A.lucidB.arcaneC.crypticD.colloquialE.verboseF.manifest14.Whilethemanagerclaimedherdecisionwasbasedonobjectiveperformancemetrics,herteamperceivedthereassignmentas______,notingthatshehadalong-standingpersonalrivalrywiththeaffectedemployee.A.arbitraryB.vindictiveC.impartialD.capriciousE.benevolentF.altruisticQuestions15to17arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.Answerthequestionsbyselectingthebestanswerfromthechoicesgiven.Passage:Inthefieldofbehavioraleconomics,theconceptof"lossaversion"positsthatthepainoflosingispsychologicallyabouttwiceaspowerfulasthepleasureofgaining.Thisprinciplehelpsexplainwhyindividualsoftenbehaveirrationallywhenmakingfinancialdecisionsunderrisk.Forexample,apersonmightrefusetoacceptabetthatoffersa50%chancetowin\200andThisasymmetryinvaluationhasprofoundimplicationsformarketbehavior.Itsuggeststhatinvestorswillholdontolosingstocksfortoolong,hopingtoavoidrealizingtheloss,andsellwinningstockstooearlytolockinaprofit.Thisphenomenon,knownasthe"dispositioneffect,"canleadtosuboptimalportfolioreturns.Furthermore,lossaversioncaninfluenceconsumerbehavior.Aclassicmarketingtacticistoframeadiscountasawayto"avoidlosing"\20rCriticsofthetheoryarguethattheexperimentalresultssupportinglossaversionareoftencontext-dependentandmaynotscaleuptocomplexmarketenvironmentswhereotherfactors,suchasliquidityneedsandtransactioncosts,dominatedecision-making.Moreover,theypointoutthatprofessionaltraders,throughexperienceanddiscipline,mayovercomethesecognitivebiases.Nevertheless,thepersistenceoflossaversioninthegeneralpopulationsuggeststhatitisadeeplyingrainedheuristic,onethatevolvedtohelpourancestorssurviveinaworldwhereresourceswerescarceandasinglelosscouldmeandeath.15.Theauthorofthepassagementionsthe"dispositioneffect"primarilytoA.provideanexampleofhowlossaversionleadstoirrationalfinancialdecisions.B.contrastthebehaviorofprofessionaltraderswiththatofamateurinvestors.C.demonstratethattheexpectedvalueofabetisnotalwaystheprimaryfactorindecision-making.D.arguethatmarketingtacticsaremanipulativeandunethical.E.refutetheideathathumansarecapableofrationalthought.16.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredaboutthe"standardeconomictheory"discussedinthepassage?A.Itaccountsforthepsychologicalweightofpotentiallossesversusgains.B.Ithasbeencompletelydiscreditedbythefindingsofbehavioraleconomics.C.Itassumesthatindividualswillalwaysmakechoicesthatmaximizetheirfinancialbenefit.D.Itpredictsthatpeoplewillpreferavoidinglossestoacquiringgains.E.Itisonlyapplicabletosimplebetsandnottocomplexmarketenvironments.17.Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingabouttheevolutionaryoriginsoflossaversion?A.Itisarecentdevelopmentinhumanpsychologycausedbymodernmarketcomplexities.B.Itwasanadaptivemechanismforsurvivalinenvironmentswithlimitedresources.C.Itdevelopedtohelpearlyhumansmaximizetheirpleasurefromgains.D.Itisamaladaptivetraitthathasnopurposeinthemodernworld.E.Itisuniquetohumansandnotobservedinotheranimalspecies.Section3Questions18to20areTextCompletionquestions.Foreachblank,selecttheentrythatbestcompletesthetext.18.Thecommittee’sreportwas______,failingtoaddressthecentralissueofbudgetallocationandinsteadfocusingontrivialadministrativedetailsthatnoonehadquestioned.A.comprehensiveB.germaneC.superficialD.perceptiveE.meticulous19.Thereisafinelinebetweenconfidenceandarrogance;whiletheformercaninspireateam,thelattercan______aleader’sauthoritybyalienatingthosetheyrelyonforexecution.A.consolidateB.undermineC.magnifyD.illuminateE.vindicate20.Theartist’slaterworksareoftendescribedas______,adeparturefromthevibrantcolorsofheryouth,characterizedinsteadbymutedtonesandasenseofmelancholicintrospection.A.ebullientB.somberC.capriciousD.insipidE.dynamicQuestions21to23areSentenceEquivalencequestions.Selectthetwoanswerchoicesthatfitthemeaningofthesentenceasawholeandproducecompletedsentencesthatarealikeinmeaning.21.Thediplomat’s______natureallowedhimtonavigatethetensenegotiationswithoutcausingoffense,smoothingoverruffledfeatherswithcarefullychosenwords.A.tactfulB.boorishC.diplomaticD.abrasiveE.maladroitF.incisive22.Fossilevidencesuggeststhatthespecieswas______,unabletoadapttotherapidclimaticshiftsthatmarkedtheendofthePleistoceneepoch.A.resilientB.robustC.specializedD.adaptableE.inflexibleF.vulnerableQuestions23to25arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.Answerthequestionsbyselectingthebestanswerfromthechoicesgiven.Passage:Theconceptof"ecologicalsuccession"describestheprocessbywhichthestructureofabiologicalcommunityevolvesovertime.Traditionally,ecologistsdistinguishedbetweenprimaryandsecondarysuccession.Primarysuccessionoccursinlifelessareas—regionswheresoilisincapableofsustaininglife,suchaslavaflowsorretreatingglacialtills.Theprocessbeginswiththecolonizationofpioneerspecies,likelichensandmosses,whichcansurviveonbarrenrock.Theseorganismsgraduallybreakdownthesubstrate,contributingtotheformationofsoil.Assoildepthandnutrientcontentincrease,morecomplexplants,suchasgrassesandshrubs,replacethepioneers.Eventually,theecosystemmayreacha"climaxcommunity,"astablestagedominatedbytreesthatpersistsuntiladisturbanceoccurs.Secondarysuccession,bycontrast,takesplaceinareaswhereanexistingcommunityhasbeendisturbed,suchasbyafire,flood,orlogging,butwherethesoilremainsintact.Becausethesoilalreadycontainsnutrientsandseeds,theprocessisgenerallyfasterthanprimarysuccession.Grassesandherbstypicallyre-establishthemselvesquickly,followedbyshrubsandfinallytrees.However,theclassicalmodelofafixed,predictableclimaxcommunityhascomeunderscrutiny.Modernecologistsarguethatnatureismoredynamicandlesspredictablethanpreviouslythought.Factorssuchasclimatechange,theintroductionofinvasivespecies,andstochasticeventsmeanthatecosystemsrarelyreachastaticequilibrium.Instead,theyexistinastateofcontinuousflux,withmultiplestablestatespossibledependingonthehistoryofdisturbancesandtheinteractionsamongspecies.This"non-equilibrium"viewsuggeststhatthetrajectoryofsuccessionisnotalinearpathtoapredeterminedendpointbutacomplexdanceofcontingencyandchance.23.Thepassageimplieswhichofthefollowingaboutpioneerspecies?A.Theyaretypicallythedominantspeciesinaclimaxcommunity.B.Theyareincapableofsurvivinginareaswithestablishedsoil.C.Theyplayacrucialroleincreatingconditionsnecessaryformorecomplexlifeforms.D.Theyarethefirstspeciestoreappearafteraforestfire.E.Theyaregenerallylargetreesthatrequiredeepsoil.24.Accordingtothepassage,howdoesthe"non-equilibrium"viewofecologydifferfromtheclassicalmodel?A.Itdeniesthatsoilformationisanecessarypartofsuccession.B.Itsuggeststhatsecondarysuccessionisaslowerprocessthanprimarysuccession.C.Itpositsthatecosystemsareconstantlychangingratherthanmovingtowardafixedendpoint.D.Itarguesthatdisturbancesarealwaysbeneficialtoanecosystem.E.Iteliminatesthedistinctionbetweenprimaryandsecondarysuccession.25.Theauthormentions"climatechange,theintroductionofinvasivespecies,andstochasticevents"inordertoA.listtheprimarycausesofprimarysuccession.B.provideevidencesupportingtheexistenceofastableclimaxcommunity.C.explainwhysecondarysuccessionisoftenfasterthanprimarysuccession.D.identifyfactorsthatpreventecosystemsfromreachingastaticequilibrium.E.criticizethemethodsusedbymodernecologists.Section4Questions26to28areTextCompletionquestions.Foreachblank,selecttheentrythatbestcompletesthetext.26.Theprofessor’slecturewasso______thatitleftstudentsbewildered;hejumpedfromonecomplextheoremtoanotherwithoutprovidinganytransitionalexplanationsorconcreteexamples.A.lucidB.disjointedC.coherentD.prosaicE.engrossing27.Theauthor’slatestnovelisa______ofthedetectivegenre,retainingthestructureofaclassicmurdermysterybutsubvertingtheexpectationsofthereaderateveryturn.A.parodyB.pasticheC.rejectionD.quintessenceE.condensation28.Whiletheinitialresultsoftheexperimentwerepromising,thesubsequenttrialsfailedto______thefindings,leadingtheresearcherstosuspectthattheoriginaldatawasastatisticalanomaly.A.verifyB.contradictC.refuteD.obscureE.complicateQuestions29to30arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.Answerthequestionsbyselectingthebestanswerfromthechoicesgiven.Passage:Theinventionoftheprintingpressinthemid-15thcenturyisoftencitedastheturningpointthatmarkedthetransitionfromthemedievalperiodtotheearlymodernera.PriortoJohannesGutenberg’sinnovation,bookswerepainstakinglycopiedbyhand,alaboriousprocessthatmadethemexpensiveandrare.Asaresult,literacywaslargelyconfinedtotheclergyandtheelite.Theprintingpressdemocratizedknowledgebymakingbookscheaperandmorewidelyavailable.Thisproliferationoftextsfacilitatedtherapidspreadofnewideas,includingthehumanistphilosophiesoftheRenaissanceandthetheologicalcritiquesoftheReformation.However,somehistorianscautionagainstviewingtheprintingpressasasolecauseofthesemassiveculturalshifts.Theyarguethatwhilethepresswasanecessaryprecondition,thedesireforreformandtherevivalofclassicallearningwerealreadyunderway.Moreover,thetransitionfrommanuscripttoprintwasnotimmediateortotal;manuscriptscontinuedtobeproducedandvaluedfortheiraestheticqualitiesandprestigeforcenturies.Thus,theprintingpressshouldbeseennotasasuddenrevolution,butasacrucialtechnologicalcatalystthatacceleratedexistingtrendsandenabledthescalingofintellectualmovementsthatwouldhaveotherwiseremainedlocalized.29.Inthepassage,theauthormentionsthecontinuedproductionofmanuscriptsinordertoA.demonstratethattheprintingpresswasafinancialfailure.B.suggestthatliteracyratesdidnotactuallyincreaseaftertheinventionofthepress.C.arguethattheculturalchangesoftheperiodwerenotsolelydrivenbytheprintingpress.D.highlighttheaestheticsuperiorityofhandwrittenbooksoverprintedones.E.provethattheclergyresistedthespreadofnewtechnology.30.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionofthefinalsentenceofthepassage?A.Itsummarizestheargumentspresentedintheprevioussentences.B.Itintroducesanewperspectivethatcontradictsthemainthesis.C.Itprovidesabalancedsynthesisoftheviewsdiscussedinthepassage.D.Itoffersapredictionaboutthefutureofdigitalmedia.E.ItdismissestheimportanceoftheRenaissanceandtheReformation.***答案与解析1.C.pragmatic解析：句首的“While”表示转折。前半句提到之前的演讲充满“fieryrhetoric”（激烈的修辞）和“immediatereform”（立即改革），转折后应描述现在的演讲与之相反。空格处应填入一个形容词，修饰现在的演讲关注“incrementaladjustments”（渐进的调整）和“long-termstability”（长期的稳定）。选项分析：A.polemical(好辩的)：与之前类似，不构成转折。B.truculent(好斗的)：与之前类似。C.pragmatic(务实的)：关注渐进调整和稳定，正是务实的表现，与之前的激进形成对比。正确。D.incendiary(煽动性的)：与之前类似。E.jocular(滑稽的)：不符合语境。2.A.ambivalence解析：句子结构为“markedby______:whileshepraised...,shelamented...”。冒号后的内容是对空格词的解释。评论家既赞扬了详尽的研究，又抱怨了枯燥的基调，这是一种矛盾的心理状态。选项分析：A.ambivalence(矛盾心理)：既褒又贬，符合语境。正确。B.acquiescence(默许)：不符合。C.enthusiasm(热情)：与“lamented”矛盾。D.dismissal(摒弃)：与“praised”矛盾。E.perplexity(困惑)：评论家并不是困惑，而是有明确的褒贬评价。3.D.inconsistentwith解析：句首的“Eventhough”表示让步。前半句说发现最初似乎支持现有理论，转折后说碳测年揭示了一些情况，导致“forcingacompletere-evaluation”（迫使完全重新评估）。这意味着测年结果与理论是冲突的。选项分析：A.congruentwith(一致)：既然一致，就不需要重新评估。B.contingentupon(视...而定)：逻辑不通。C.antecedentto(先于)：时间上的先后不能直接导致推翻理论。D.inconsistentwith(不一致)：结果与理论不符，因此需要重新评估。正确。E.peripheralto(无关紧要)：如果无关紧要，也不会导致重新评估。4.A.gamble,E.speculation解析：句子表达董事会认为CEO进入未知市场的计划是不必要的，且威胁到了公司的核心稳定。空格处需要一个贬义词，描述这种冒险行为。选项分析：A.gamble(赌博/冒险)：符合语境，贬义。正确。B.boon(恩惠)：褒义，不符合。C.asset(资产)：褒义，不符合。D.hazard(危险)：虽然意思接近，但“unnecessaryhazard”搭配不如“unnecessarygamble”贴切，且hazard通常指客观危险，gamble更强调主观的冒险行为。此外，speculation是更佳的同义对应。E.speculation(投机)：与gamble意思相近，指商业上的冒险投机。正确。F.certainty(确定性)：与语境相反。5.A.illuminate,C.elucidate解析：句子描述研究人员通过结合微观和宏观观察，能够弄清矿物样本模糊的起源。空格处需要填入一个动词，表示“弄清楚、阐明”。选项分析：A.illuminate(阐明/照亮)：符合语境。正确。B.obfuscate(使模糊)：与“previouslyopaque”矛盾。C.elucidate(阐明)：与illuminate是同义词。正确。D.complicate(使复杂)：与句意相反。E.trivialize(使琐碎)：句意是要弄清起源，不是使其琐碎。F.darken(变暗)：与句意相反。6.B.challengethetraditionalclassificationofthenineteenth-centurynovelaspurelyrealistic.解析：文章首先提出了传统观点（19世纪小说主要是社会现实主义），然后通过“However”引入了最近的学术观点，认为小说也深受哥特传统影响，是混合体。因此文章的主旨是挑战传统的单一分类。选项分析：A.文章不是批判改革议程，而是讨论文学形式。B.正确。文章核心就是反驳“纯现实主义”的观点。C.文章并未说哥特优于现实主义，而是说两者结合。D.过于绝对，文章说小说不仅仅是记录外部世界，但并未说它不感兴趣。E.文章关注的是19世纪小说，不是哥特小说的历史演变。7.D.thenovelswereconcernedwithpsychologicalinteriorityandtheanxietiesoftheera.解析：根据文章第二段，Beltran认为哥特元素（如隐秘身份、家族秘密）表明小说家“werenotmerelydocumentingtheexternalworldbutwerealsoexploringthepsychologicalinteriorityoftheircharactersandtheanxietiesofanera...”。选项分析：D项直接对应原文。8.C.highlightspecificnarrativetoolssharedbyrealismandtheGothic.解析：这些短语被作为“Gothicliterature”的“staples”（主要元素）提及，用来证明现实主义小说中使用了哥特元素。选项分析：C.正确。这些是哥特的叙事工具，文章指出它们也出现在现实主义小说中，以此证明两者的联系。9.B.functionsasamodernequivalentofthehauntedcastleinGothicfiction.解析：文章最后一段提到：“thecityisa...labyrinthinespaceofdangerandmystery,akintothehauntedcastlesofearlierGothicfiction.”（城市就像早期哥特小说中的闹鬼城堡）。选项分析：B项正确概括了这一比喻。10.B.tarnished解析：句意是因为科学家篡改数据违反了学术诚信，所以他的声誉受损。选项分析：A.bolstered(支持/改善)：相反。B.tarnished(玷污/败坏)：符合语境。正确。C.elucidated(阐明)：不合逻辑。D.mitigated(减轻)：通常指减轻惩罚或坏事，不能说减轻声誉。E.overlooked(忽视)：句意是引起了注意并被揭露，不是被忽视。11.A.synthesis解析：句子描述新交响乐融合了两种不同的风格（现代爵士和古典形式），创造出既混乱又有秩序的景象。选项分析：A.synthesis(合成/融合)：符合语境。正确。B.cacophony(刺耳的声音)：只体现了混乱的一面。C.divergence(分歧)：与融合相反。D.repetition(重复)：不符合。E.mystery(谜)：不符合。12.C.intransigent解析：前半句提到“Despitethe______nature...”，后半句解释说双方都坚守立场拒绝妥协。空格应表示“不妥协的”。选项分析：A.collegial(合作的)：与拒绝妥协矛盾。B.innocuous(无害的)：不相关。C.intransigent(不妥协的)：符合“dugintotheirpositions”。正确。D.transparent(透明的)：不相关。E.ephemeral(短暂的)：不相关。13.B.arcane,C.cryptic解析：句子说哲学家的写作非常难懂，需要读者解析长句和理解新造词。选项分析：A.lucid(清晰明了)：与句意相反。B.arcane(晦涩难懂的)：符合语境。正确。C.cryptic(神秘的/难解的)：符合语境。正确。D.colloquial(口语化的)：通常通俗易懂，与句意相反。E.verbose(冗长的)：虽然句子长，但核心难点是难解，不仅仅是长。F.manifest(明显的)：与句意相反。14.B.vindictive,D.capricious解析：后半句提到经理与员工有长期的个人恩怨，这暗示了她的决定是出于报复或任性的。选项分析：A.arbitrary(武断的)：虽然可能，但不如vindictive能体现“个人恩怨”的动机。B.vindictive(报复性的)：因为有“personalrivalry”，报复性非常贴切。正确。C.impartial(公正的)：相反。D.capricious(任性的/反复无常的）：可以指基于个人一时冲动的决定，符合语境。正确。E.benevolent(仁慈的)：相反。F.altruistic(利他的)：相反。15.A.provideanexampleofhowlossaversionleadstoirrationalfinancialdecisions.解析：文章在介绍完“lossaversion”的概念后，提到了“dispositioneffect”（过早卖出赚钱股票，过久持有亏损股票），并说这会导致“suboptimalportfolioreturns”（次优的投资组合回报）。这是为了举例说明损失厌恶如何导致非理性行为。选项分析：A项正确。16.C.Itassumesthatindividualswillalwaysmakechoicesthatmaximizetheirfinancialbenefit.解析：文章第一段提到：“Thestandardeconomictheory,whichassumesthatagentsarerationalactorswhomaximizeutility...”。选项分析：C项是对“rationalactorswhomaximizeutility”的同义改写。17.B.Itwasanadaptivemechanismforsurvivalinenvironmentswithlimitedresources.解析：文章最后一句提到：“...evolvedtohelpourancestorssurviveinaworldwhereresourceswerescarce...”。选项分析：B项正确对应了这一进化论解释。18.C.superficial解析：报告没有解决核心问题（预算分配），而是关注琐碎的行政细节。选项分析：A.comprehensive(全面的)：与“failingtoaddresscentralissue”矛盾。B.germane(相关的)：通常指切题，但这里报告没切中要害。C.superficial(肤浅的/表面的)：只关注细节，不深入核心。正确。D.perceptive(有洞察力的)：相反。E.meticulous(一丝不苟的)：虽然关注细节可能是meticulous，但句意重点在于“没解决核心问题”，superficial更能概括这种缺陷。19.B.undermine解析：句子对比了自信与傲慢。自信能激励团队，傲慢则会疏远执行者，从而削弱领导者的权威。选项分析：A.consolidate(巩固)：傲慢通常不会巩固权威。B.undermine(削弱)：符合语境。正确。C.magnify(放大)：通常不搭配authority。D.illuminate(阐明）：不合逻辑。E.vindicate(辩护/证明...无辜）：不合逻辑。20.B.somber解析：句子描述艺术家后期的作品是“departurefromvibrantcolors”（告别鲜艳色彩），转而使用“mutedtones”（柔和色调