2026年3月雅思真题及答案

2026年3月雅思真题及答案

Part1:Listening

Instructions:

Youwillhearanumberofdifferentrecordingsandyouwillhavetoanswerquestionsonwhatyouhear.Therewillbetimeforyoutoreadtheinstructionsandquestionsandyouwillhaveachancetocheckyourwork.Alltherecordingswillbeplayedonceonly.Thetestisin4sections.Attheendofthetest,youwillbegiven10minutestotransferyouranswerstoananswersheet.

SECTION1

Questions1-10

Completethenotesbelow.WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSAND/ORANUMBERforeachanswer.

SummerVolunteerProgram

Organization:GreenEarthConservation

Location:WestCoastNationalPark

ProjectType:MarineLifeProtection

Duration:4weeks

Cost:$(1)__________(includesaccommodationandmeals)

Requirements:

Mustbeabletoswim

Needtobring(2)__________andsunscreen

Agerequirement:between18and(3)__________

ContactPerson:SarahJenkins

Emailaddress:s.jenkins@(4)__________.org

Referenceneeded:Froma(5)__________orformeremployer

Applicationdeadline:(6)__________30th

Orientationdate:July(7)__________

Specifictasks:

Cleaningbeaches

Monitoringturtlenests

Guiding(8)__________

Accommodationdetails:

Shared(9)__________

NoWi-Fiintherooms

Laundryserviceavailable(10)__________aweek

SECTION2

Questions11-20

Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,orC.

11.Thenewlibraryextensionwillprimarilyfocuson...

A.increasingthenumberofbooks.

B.providingdigitalresources.

C.creatingmorestudyspaces.

12.Whatisthemainchangeregardingtheborrowingperiod?

A.Ithasbeenextendedforallstudents.

B.Ithasbeenshortenedforpopularitems.

C.Itvariesdependingonthefaculty.

13.Membersofthepubliccanjointhelibraryforafeeof...

A.$20peryear.

B.$50peryear.

C.Freeofcharge.

14.Thecaféinthelibrary...

A.iscurrentlyunderrenovation.

B.offersadiscounttostudents.

C.willcloseearlierthanthelibrary.

15.Whereisthelostpropertyofficelocated?

A.Onthegroundfloorneartheentrance.

B.Onthefirstfloornexttothereception.

C.Inthebasement.

16.Whatdoesthespeakersayaboutthequietzone?

A.Mobilephonesarestrictlyprohibited.

B.Laptopsarenotallowed.

C.Talkingispermittedindesignatedareas.

17.Howcanstudentsreserveastudyroom?

A.Byusinganappontheirphone.

B.Bysigningabookatthedesk.

C.Byemailingthelibrarian.

18.Thespecialworkshoponreferencingwillbeheldon...

A.Tuesdaymorning.

B.Wednesdayafternoon.

C.Thursdayevening.

19.Whichdepartmenthasrecentlymovedtothetopfloor?

A.TheSciencedepartment.

B.TheHistorydepartment.

C.TheLawdepartment.

20.Whatistheprizeforthesummerreadingchallenge?

A.Abookstorevoucher.

B.Atabletcomputer.

C.Afreelibrarymembershipforayear.

SECTION3

Questions21-30

Completethesentencesbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.

21.Thestudentsagreethattheirpresentationshouldfocusontheimpactofsocialmediaon__________health.

22.SarahsuggeststheylookatarecentstudyconductedbytheUniversityof__________.

23.Jamesisconcernedaboutfindingenough__________datatosupporttheirarguments.

24.Theydecidetoincludeacasestudyinvolvingaspecific__________platform.

25.Theprofessorrecommendedpayingattentiontothe__________ofthesurveyparticipants.

26.Theyplantodividetheworkintothreemainparts:introduction,analysis,and__________.

27.Sarahwillberesponsibleforcreatingthevisual__________.

28.Jameswantstoensuretheymentiontheissueofcyber__________.

29.Theyagreetomeetagainon__________morningtofinalizethescript.

30.Thepresentationmustnotlastlongerthan__________minutes.

SECTION4

Questions31-40

Completethenotesbelow.WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSforeachanswer.

TheHistoryofTea

Origins:

LegendsaysEmperorShenNungdiscoveredteain2737BC.

Originallyusedfor__________(31)purposes.

CultivationbeganinChina.

Spreadtoothercountries:

Japan:IntroducedbyBuddhistmonksinthe9thcentury.

Europe:Arrivedinthe17thcenturyviaPortugueseandDutch__________(32).

Britain:Becamepopularinthe18thcentury;replaced__________(33)asthenationaldrink.

TheTeaCeremony:

InJapan,itiscalled"Chanoyu".

Focuseson__________(34),harmony,andrespect.

Requiresyearsofpracticetomaster.

EconomicImpact:

TheBritishEastIndiaCompanyplayedakeyrole.

Teawasamajorfactorinthe__________(35)imbalancebetweenBritainandChina.

Tofixthis,Britainstartedexporting__________(36)toChina.

ModernTeaIndustry:

Indiaisoneofthelargestproducerstoday.

AssamandDarjeelingarefamous__________(37).

Teabagswereinventedintheearly20thcenturyinthe__________(38).

Today,herbalteasaregainingpopularityduetohealth__________(39).

Conclusion:

Teaisthesecondmostconsumedbeverageintheworldafter__________(40).

Part2:Reading

READINGPASSAGE1

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13,whicharebasedonReadingPassage1below.

TheMysteryoftheMayanCollapse

Foroveramillennium,theMayacivilizationthrivedinthedenserainforestsofCentralAmerica.Fromapproximately2000BCto900AD,theydevelopedasophisticatedculture,excellinginmathematics,astronomy,architecture,andart.Theybuilttoweringstonepyramids,createdintricatehieroglyphicwriting,anddevelopedacomplexcalendarsystemthatcouldpredictcelestialeventswithremarkableaccuracy.However,bythetimetheSpanishconquistadorsarrivedinthe16thcentury,thegreatMayacitieswerelargelyreclaimedbythejungle,inhabitedonlybyscatteredremnantsofaonce-greatsociety.ThecollapseoftheClassicMayacivilizationremainsoneofthemostintriguingarchaeologicalmysteriesofalltime.

Scholarshaveproposednumeroustheoriestoexplainthissuddenanddramaticdecline.Oneoftheearliestandmostpersistenttheoriesiswarfare.Asthecivilizationexpanded,city-statesbegantocompetefiercelyforresourcesanddominance.Archaeologicalevidencesupportsthis;hieroglyphictextsrecordwars,alliances,andthetakingofcaptives.DefensivewallsaroundcitiesbecamemorecommontowardstheendoftheClassicperiod.Someexpertssuggestthatwarfarebecamesoendemicthatitdestabilizedtheentireregion,makingthecitiesvulnerabletointernalrevoltandexternalattack.However,whilewarfarewasundoubtedlyafactor,manyarchaeologistsnowbelieveitwasasymptomofdeeperunderlyingproblemsratherthanthesolecause.

Anotherleadingtheoryfocusesonenvironmentaldegradation.TheMayapracticedintensiveagriculture,clearingvasttractsofforesttogrowmaize,theirstaplecrop.RecentstudiesusingsatelliteimageryandsoilanalysishaverevealedthattheMayapopulationdensitywasmuchhigherthanpreviouslythought.Tosupportthismassivepopulation,theyexhaustedthesoil,leadingtoreducedagriculturalyields.Furthermore,thedeforestationlikelycausedchangesinthelocalclimate,potentiallyreducingrainfall.Thisenvironmentalcollapsewouldhaveledtofoodshortages,famine,andeventually,theabandonmentofcities.

Climatechange,specificallydrought,hasgainedsignificanttractioninrecentyearsasaprimaryexplanation.Sedimentcoresfromlakesintheregion,suchasLakeChichancanabinMexico,providedataonprecipitationlevelsoverthousandsofyears.Thesecoresindicateaseriesofsevere,prolongeddroughtsduringthe9thcentury,coincidingpreciselywiththeperiodofcollapse.TheMayareliedheavilyonseasonalrainstofilltheirreservoirsandwatertheircrops.Amulti-decadaldroughtwouldhaveplacedimmensestrainontheirwatermanagementsystems,leadingtosocialunrestastheelitefailedtoprovidefortheirpeople.Thecombinationofdwindlingwatersuppliesandfailingcropscouldhavetriggeredamassexodusfromthecitiestomoreruralareas.

Amorecomplexviewsuggeststhatitwasnotasingleeventbuta"systemcollapse."TheMayacivilizationwasacomplexwebofpolitical,economic,andreligiousinstitutions.Whenstressors—suchasdrought,warfare,andoverpopulation—wereappliedsimultaneously,thesystemreachedatippingpoint.Thekingsandpriests,whoclaimedtohaveadivineconnectiontothegodsresponsibleforrainandharvest,losttheirlegitimacy.Asthepopulacelostfaithintheirleaders,thesocialfabricunraveled.Peoplestoppedmaintainingthetemplesandinfrastructure,andtheadministrativesystemthatheldthecitiestogetherdisintegrated.

ItisimportanttonotethattheMayapeopledidnotdisappear.Whilethecitieswereabandoned,theMayaculturepersistedinthenorthernYucatanPeninsulaandthehighlandsofGuatemala.Theyadaptedtothechangingconditions,focusingmoreontradeandlessonthemonumentalarchitecturethatcharacterizedtheClassicperiod.The"collapse"wasmoreofatransformation—ashiftfromacomplex,urbanizedsocietytoamoredecentralized,ruralone.TheresilienceoftheMayapeopleisevidenttodayinthemillionsoftheirdescendantswhostillspeakMayanlanguagesandmaintaintraditionalcustoms.

Inconclusion,thecollapseoftheClassicMayawaslikelytheresultofaperfectstormoffactors.Intensewarfare,environmentalmismanagement,andseveredroughtslikelyactedinconcerttounderminethefoundationsoftheircivilization.TheMayastoryservesasacautionarytaleabouthowcomplexsocietiescanbevulnerabletoenvironmentalandclimaticshifts,alessonthatremainsacutelyrelevantinthemodernworld.

Questions1-7

DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage1?

Write:

TRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformation

FALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformation

NOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis

1.TheMayacivilizationbegantodeclinebeforetheSpanisharrivedinCentralAmerica.

2.TheMayacalendarwaslessaccuratethanmodernastronomicalpredictions.

3.WarfareisconsideredbyallexpertstobetheprimarycauseoftheMayacollapse.

4.TheMayapopulationdensitywaslowerthanscholarsinitiallybelieved.

5.Deforestationmayhavecontributedtoadecreaseinlocalrainfall.

6.SedimentcoresfromLakeChichancanabprovidedevidenceofdroughtsinthe9thcentury.

7.TheMayakingsclaimedtohaveadirectinfluenceovertheweather.

Questions8-13

Completethesentencesbelow.

ChooseONEWORDONLYfromthepassageforeachanswer.

8.TheMayaclearedforeststogrowmaize,whichwastheir__________crop.

9.Intensiveagricultureledtosoil__________andlowerfoodproduction.

10.ThecollapseoftheMayacivilizationisdescribedbysomeasa__________collapseduetotheinterplayofmultiplefactors.

11.Whentheleadersfailedtoprovidewater,theylosttheir__________intheeyesofthepeople.

12.TheMayapeopledidnotvanishbutadaptedbymovingtothenorthern__________Peninsula.

13.Thecollapseisbetterdescribedasa__________ratherthanatotaldisappearance.

READINGPASSAGE2

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions14-26,whicharebasedonReadingPassage2below.

TheFutureofVerticalFarming

Astheglobalpopulationsurgestowardsanestimated10billionby2050,thechallengeoffeedingtheworldwithoutexhaustingitsnaturalresourcesisbecomingincreasinglyurgent.Traditionalagriculture,whichdominatesthelandscape,isfacingacrisisoflandscarcity,waterdepletion,andvulnerabilitytoclimatechange.Inresponse,aradicalnewapproachisgainingmomentum:verticalfarming.Thismethodinvolvesgrowingcropsinstackedlayers,ofteninsidecontrolledenvironmentslikeskyscrapersorwarehouses,utilizinghydroponic,aeroponic,oraquaponicsystems.

Oneofthemostsignificantadvantagesofverticalfarmingisitsefficiencyinlanduse.Bygrowingupwardsratherthanoutwards,thesefarmscanproduceamuchhigheryieldpersquarefootofland.Asingleverticalfarmoccupyingacityblockcantheoreticallyyieldthesameamountofproduceasatraditionalfarmcoveringhundredsofacres.Thisallowsfarmlandtoreturntoitsnaturalstate,promotingbiodiversityandactingasacarbonsink.Furthermore,verticalfarmscanbelocatedinurbancenters,closetotheconsumer.This"farm-to-table"proximitydrasticallyreducesthecarbonfootprintassociatedwithtransportation,whichisamajorcontributortogreenhousegasemissionsinthefoodsupplychain.

Waterconservationisanothercriticalbenefit.Traditionalagricultureisnotoriouslywater-intensive,withasignificantportionofirrigationwaterlosttoevaporationandrunoff.Incontrast,verticalfarmingsystemsoftenusehydroponics,whereplantsaregrowninnutrient-richwatersolutionswithoutsoil.Theseclosed-loopsystemscanrecycleupto95%ofthewaterused,makingthemidealforaridregionswherewaterisscarce.Additionally,becausetheenvironmentissealed,thereisnoneedforpesticidesorherbicides,resultingincleaner,healthierproduceandeliminatingchemicalrunoffintowaterways.

However,thetechnologyisnotwithoutitschallenges.Theprimaryobstacleiseconomic.Theconstructionandoperationalcostsofverticalfarmsareastronomical.High-energydemandsforartificiallighting(LEDs),climatecontrolsystems(HVAC),andpumpingmechanismsmaketheproduceexpensivetogrow.WhileenergycostsaredecreasingwiththeefficiencyofLEDtechnology,theyremainasignificanthurdle.Criticsarguethatverticalfarmingisonlyviableforhigh-value,short-cyclecropslikeleafygreens,herbs,andstrawberries,andcannotreplacestaplecropslikewheat,corn,orrice,whichrequirevastamountsofspaceandlighttomatureeconomically.

Despitetheseeconomichurdles,thetechnologyisevolvingrapidly.Innovationsinautomationandroboticsarereducinglaborcosts,whicharetypicallyhighinindoorfarming.Intelligentsystemscanmonitorplanthealth,adjustnutrientlevels,andharvestcropswithminimalhumanintervention.Moreover,theintegrationofrenewableenergysources,suchassolarpanelsinstalledonthefacility'srooforsides,canmitigatethehighelectricitycosts.Someverticalfarmsareevenexperimentingwith"biophilicdesign,"integratingthefarmintoresidentialorcommercialbuildingstoshareenergyresources.

Thesocialimplicationsofverticalfarmingarealsoprofound.Urbanfarmingcanrevitalizedecayingindustrialareasbycreatingjobsandstimulatinglocaleconomies.Itprovidesaconnectiontofoodproductionforcitydwellers,whoareoftendisconnectedfromtheoriginsoftheirmeals.Educationalprogramsassociatedwiththesefarmscanteachcommunitiesaboutnutritionandsustainability.Furthermore,verticalfarmingoffersalayeroffoodsecurity.Bydecentralizingfoodproduction,citiesbecomelessreliantonlongsupplychainsthatcanbedisruptedbyweatherevents,politicalinstability,orpandemics.

Inconclusion,verticalfarmingrepresentsaparadigmshiftinfoodproduction.Whileitcurrentlyfacessignificanteconomicandtechnicallimitations,itspotentialtoaddressthepressingissuesoflandscarcity,waterconservation,andfoodsecurityisundeniable.Astechnologyadvancesandcostsdecrease,verticalfarmsmaybecomeastapleoftheurbanlandscape,transformingourcitiesintoself-sustainingecosystems.Itisnotasilverbulletforallagriculturalproblems,butitisacrucialpieceofthepuzzleincreatingasustainablefutureforfood.

Questions14-19

Thepassagehas7paragraphs,A-G.

Whichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation?

Writethecorrectletter,A-G,nexttoQuestions14-19.

NBYoumayuseanylettermorethanonce.

14.Acomparisonofwaterusagebetweentraditionalandverticalfarmingmethods.

15.Thepotentialforverticalfarmingtocontributetoeducationalopportunities.

16.Thelimitationofverticalfarmingregardingstaplecropslikewheat.

17.Thepredictionofglobalpopulationgrowthbytheyear2050.

18.Theuseofroboticstoreducelaborcosts.

19.Thebenefitofreducingthedistancefoodtravelstoreachtheconsumer.

Questions20-23

Matchthefollowingfeatures(A-H)withthecorrectmethodoffarming.

Writethecorrectletter,A,B,orCnexttoQuestions20-23.

A.TraditionalAgriculture

B.VerticalFarming

C.BothTraditionalAgricultureandVerticalFarming

20.Usessoilastheprimarymediumforgrowingplants.

21.Canbevulnerabletoweatherpatternsandclimatechange.

22.Oftenrequirestheuseofchemicalpesticides.

23.Canbelocatedindenselypopulatedurbanareas.

Questions24-26

Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,C,orD.

24.Accordingtothepassage,whyis"farm-to-table"proximitybeneficial?

A.Itallowsfarmerstoselldirectlytoconsumerswithoutmiddlemen.

B.Itreducestheenvironmentalimpactoftransportingfood.

C.Itensuresthattheproduceisfresherandtastesbetter.

D.Itencouragespeopletoeatmorevegetables.

25.Whatisthemaineconomicchallengefacingverticalfarming?

A.Thehighcostoflandinurbancenters.

B.Theexpenseofenergyandinfrastructure.

C.Thelackofconsumerdemandforverticallyfarmedproduce.

D.Thehighcostoflaborforharvesting.

26.Whatistheauthor'soverallviewonthefutureofverticalfarming?

A.Itwillcompletelyreplacetraditionalagriculturewithinadecade.

B.Itisanunrealisticsolutionduetoitshighenergyconsumption.

C.Ithaspotentialbutrequiresfurthertechnologicaldevelopmenttobeviable.

D.Itisonlysuitableforgrowingdecorativeplantsandflowers.

READINGPASSAGE3

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40,whicharebasedonReadingPassage3below.

ThePsychologyofDecisionMaking

Everyday,wearefacedwithcountlessdecisions,rangingfromthetrivial(whattowearforbreakfast)tothelife-altering(whethertoacceptajoboffer).Forcenturies,economistsandphilosophersoperatedundertheassumptionthathumansarerationalagents.This"RationalChoiceTheory"positsthatwhenmakingadecision,individualsgatherallrelevantinformation,weightheprosandcons,andchoosetheoptionthatmaximizestheirpersonalutilityorbenefit.However,thefieldofbehavioralpsychologyhaschallengedthisview,demonstratingthathumandecision-makingisoftenirrational,biased,andinfluencedbyemotionalandsubconsciousfactors.

Oneofthepioneersofthisfield,DanielKahneman,alongwithAmosTversky,introducedtheconceptof"heuristics."Heuristicsarementalshortcutsorrulesofthumbthatallowustomakedecisionsquicklyandefficientlywithoutprocessingeverypieceofinformation.Whileusefulforsurvival,theseshortcutscanleadtosystematicerrorsinthinking,knownascognitivebiases.Forexample,the"availabilityheuristic"leadsustojudgetheprobabilityofaneventbasedonhoweasilyexamplescometomind.Becausedramaticeventslikeplanecrashesarehighlypublicized,peopletendtooverestimatethelikelihoodofdyinginaplanecrashwhileunderestimatingtheriskofcaraccidents,whicharestatisticallyfarmoredangerous.

Anotherpowerfulbiasisthe"confirmationbias."Thisisthetendencytosearchfor,interpret,andrecallinformationinawaythatconfirmsourpre-existingbeliefs.Intheageofsocialmedia,thisisexacerbatedbyalgorithmsthatfeeduscontentthatalignswithourviews,creatingechochambers.Ifapersonbelievesthatacertainpoliticalpolicyisharmful,theywilllikelyseekoutnewsarticlesthatcriticizethepolicyandignoreordismissevidencethatsupportsit.Thisbiasmakesitincrediblydifficulttochangesomeone'smind,eveninthefaceofcontradictoryevidence.

The"sunkcostfallacy"isanothercommontrap.Thisdescribesourtendencytocontinueanendeavoroncewehaveinvestedinit,evenifthecurrentcostsoutweighthebenefits.Thisisoftenseeninbusinessprojectsthatareclearlyfailingbutarekeptalivebecausemillionshavealreadybeenspent.Similarly,individualsmaystayinunhappyrelationshipsorcontinuewatchingaterriblemoviebecausetheyhavealready"invested"timeoremotionintoit.Rationaldecision-makingwoulddictatethatweignorepastcosts(whicharesunk)andfocusonlyonfutureutility,butouremotionalaversiontolossoftenoverrideslogic.

Emotionsplayasignificant,oftenunderestimatedroleindecision-making.NeuroscientistAntonioDamasio'sresearchonpatientswithdamagetotheemotionalcentersofthebrainrevealedthatwithoutemotion,theybecameparalyzedbyindecision.Whileweoftenviewemotionsasimpedimentstologic,Damasioarguedthat"somaticmarkers"—gutfeelingsassociatedwithpastexperiences—areessentialforfilteringoptionsandmakingswiftchoices.Fearcanmakeusrisk-averse,whileangercanmakeustakeriskswewouldn'tnormallyconsider.Understandingtheemotionalundercurrentsofourchoicesiscrucialforself-regulation.

Furthermore,thecontextinwhichadecisionispresentedcandrasticallyaltertheoutcome.Thisisknownas"framing."Forinstance,peoplearemorelikelytosupportapolicydescribedashavinga"90%survivalrate"thanonedescribedashavinga"10%mortalityrate,"eventhoughthestatisticsareidentical.Similarly,the"defaulteffect"showsthatpeoplearedisproportionatelylikelytochoosethedefaultoptionpresentedtothem,simplybecauseitrequirestheleasteffort.Thisiswhyorgandonationratesaresignificantlyhigherincountrieswhereoptingoutisthedefaultcomparedtothosewhereoptinginisrequired.

So,howcanwemakebetterdecisions?Awarenessisthefirststep.Byunderstandingtheexistenceofthesebiases,wecanconsciouslytrytomitigatethem.Techniquessuchas"consideringtheopposite"—activelyarguingagainstourinitialposition—canhelpcounterconfirmationbias.Takingastepbacktoviewthesituationfromathird-personperspectivecanreduceemotionalreactivity.Additionally,creating"decisionbuffers,"suchaswaiting24hoursbeforemakingasignificantpurchase,canhelpcounteractimpulsivebehaviordrivenbythesunkcostfallacyorimmediategratification.

Inconclusion,themythoftheperfectlyrationalhumanisjustthat—amyth.Ourdecisionsareshapedbyacomplexinterplayofcognitiveshortcuts,emotionalresponses,andenvironmentalcues.Whilewecannoteliminatethesebiasesentirely,understandingthepsychologybehindourchoicescanempowerustothinkmoreclearly,actmoredeliberately,andultimately,makedecisionsthatbetteralignwithourlong-termgoalsandvalues.

Questions27-31

Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,C,orD.

27.WhatisthemainideaofRationalChoiceTheory?

A.Humansoftenmakedecisionsbasedonemotions.

B.Humansalwaysmakedecisionsthatmaximizetheirbenefit.

C.Humansgatherallinformationbeforemakingachoice.

D.Humansareincapableofmakinglogicaldecisions.

28.Accordingtotheavailabilityheuristic,whydopeoplefearplanecrashesmorethancaraccidents?

A.Planecrashesaremorefrequentthancaraccidents.

B.Caraccidentsarerarelyreportedinthenews.

C.Vividmemoriesofplanecrashesmakethemseemmoreprobable.

D.Peopledonotunderstandthestatisticsbehindcaraccidents.

29.Whatisthe"sunkcostfallacy"?

A.Investingmoneyinafailingbusinesstoturnitaround.

B.Continuingabehaviorbecauseofpreviousinvestment,despitenegativeoutcomes.

C.Thetendencytoavoidlossesratherthanacquiregains.

D.Thebeliefthatpasteventspredictfutureoutcomes.

30.WhatdidAntonioDamasio'sresearchrevealabouttheroleofemotion?

A.Emotionspreventusfrommakingrationalchoices.

B.Patientswithoutemotionswerebetteratmakinglogicaldecisions.

C.Emotionsarenecessaryforefficientdecision-making.

D.Gutfeelingsareusuallywrongandshouldbeignored.

31.Whydoesthe"defaulteffect"influenceorgandonationrates?

A.Peoplearetoolazytochangethedefaultsetting.

B.Peoplestronglybelieveinthedefaultoption.

C.Thedefaultoptionisusuallythemostmedicallysound.

D.Peopledonotunderstandtheconsequencesoftheirchoice.

Questions32-35

DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeviewsofthewriterinReadingPassage3?

Write:

YESifthestatementagreeswiththeviews

NOifthestatementcontradictstheviews

NOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinks

32.RationalChoiceTheoryiscompletelyaccurateindescribinghumanbehavior.

33.Socialmediaalgorithmscanmakeconfirmationbiasworse.

34.Thesunkcostfallacyonlyappliestofinancialdecisions.

35.Framingcanbeusedtomanipulatepeople'sdecisions.

Questions36-40

Completethesummaryusingthelistofwords,A-H,below.

Writethecorrectletter,A-H,inboxes36-40onyouranswersheet.

UnderstandingDecisionMaking

Humandecision-makingisofteninfluencedbymentalshortcutsknownas(36)__________.Thesecanleadtoerrors,suchastheconfirmationbias,whereweonlynoticeinformationthatsupportsour(37)__________.Anotherfactoristhesunkcostfallacy,whichcausesustocontinuewithactionsbasedonpastinvestments.Emotionsalsoplayavitalrole;withoutthem,decision-makingcanbecomedifficult.Finally,thewayachoiceispresented,or(38)__________,canchangeourperception.Toimprove,weshouldtrytobeawareofthesebiasesandperhapstryto(39)__________bylookingattheothersideofanargument.Thishelpsusmakedecisionsthatfitourtrue(40)__________.

A.heuristics

B.values

C.beliefs

D.framing

E.statistics

F.considertheopposite

G.emotions

H.delay

Part3:Writing

WRITINGTASK1

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonthistask.

Thechartsbelowshowthepercentageofelectricityproducedbydifferentsourcesinaspecificcountryin1995,2005,and2015.

Summarisetheinformationbyselectingandreportingthemainfeatures,andmakecomparisonswhererelevant.

Writeatleast150words.

[ChartDescription:Threepiechartsrepresentingtheyears1995,2005,and2015.

1995:Coal(60%),Nuclear(25%),Gas(10%),Renewables(5%).

2005:Coal(45%),Nuclear(30%),Gas(15%),Renewables(10%).

2015:Coal(30%),Nuclear(20%),Gas(25%),Renewables(25%).]

WRITINGTASK2

Youshouldspendabout40minutesonthistask.

Writeaboutthefollowingtopic:

Somepeoplebelievethatitisbesttoencouragechildrentohaveapart-timejobwhentheyarestillatschool,whileothersdisagree.

Discussbothviewsandgiveyourownopinion.

Givereasonsforyouranswerandincludeanyrelevantexamplesfromyourownknowledgeorexperience.

Writeatleast250words.

Part4:Speaking

PART1

Theexaminerasksthecandidateabouthim