《数字测图》课件-2.图根平面

数字测图DigitalMappingPlanimetricRootControl图根平面控制目录CONTENTS全站仪图根平面控制测量TotalstationplanimetricrootcontrolmeasurementRTK图根平面控制测量RTKplanimetricrootcontrolmeasurement测站点增补Surveypointsupplementation当测区高级控制点的密度一般不能满足大比例尺数字测图的需求时，需加密适当数量的图根控制点（又称图根点），直接供测图使用，这项工作称为图根控制测量。Whenthedensityoftheadvancedcontrolpointsinthesurveyareacannotgenerallymeettherequirementsoflarge-scaledigitalmapping,itisnecessarytoencryptanappropriatenumberofrootcontrolpoints(alsoknownasrootpoints)thatcanbedirectlyusedformapping.Thisworkiscalledmappingcontrolsurvey.图根控制测量Mappingcontrolsurvey0102Totalstationtraversemeasurement全站仪导线测量RTKGPS测量RTKGPSmeasurementRootsurveylines图根导线Roottriangles图根三角Radiationpointmethod辐射点法交会测量One-stepmeasurementmethod一步测量法01Totalstationtraversemeasurement全站仪导线测量Intersectionmeasurement因地形限制图根导线无法附合时，可布设支导线。支导线不多于四条边，长度不超过450m，最大边长不超过160m。边长可单程观测一测回。水平角观测首站应连测两个已知方向，观测一测回，其固定角不符值不应超过±40″；其他站水平角观测一测回。全站仪图根平面控制测量TotalstationplanimetricrootcontrolmeasurementIftheplanimetricsurveylinecannotbeclosedduetoterrainrestrictions,asupportsurveylinecanbesetup.Thenumberofsidesofthesupportsurveylineshouldnotexceedfour,andthelengthshouldnotexceed450m,withamaximumsidelengthof160m.Thesidelengthcanbeobservedforonetraverse.Thehorizontalangleobservationofthefirststationshouldbemeasuredfortwoknowndirections,withonetraverse,andthefixedangledifferenceshouldnotexceed±40".Otherstationsshouldmeasureonetraverseforhorizontalangleobservation.全站仪图根平面控制测量Totalstationplanimetricrootcontrolmeasurement图根导线可采用近似平差。Theplanimetricsurveylinecanbeprocessedbyapproximateadjustment.计算时角度值取至秒，边长和坐标取至毫米。Theanglevaluesareroundedtoseconds,thesidelengthsandcoordinatesareroundedtomillimeters.Radiationpointmethod辐射点法辐射点法就是在某一通视良好的等级控制点上，用极坐标测量方法，按全圆方向观测方式依次测定周围几个图根控制点。Radiationpointmethodistomeasureseveralrootcontrolpointsaroundacertaingoodvisibilityclasscontrolpointusingthepolarcoordinatemeasurementmethodinafullcircleobservationmanner.Theadvantagesofradiationpointmethod辐射点法的优点12图根点只需与测站通视，易于选择有利于测图的最佳位置。Therootpointsonlyneedtobevisiblefromthesurveystation,makingiteasiertochoosetheoptimalpositionformapping.无需平差计算，可直接获得坐标，只要采取一定的措施，相对于测站的点位精度可控制在5cm之内，常用于以地形为主的数字测图。Noadjustmentcalculationisrequired,andcoordinatescanbeobtaineddirectly.Aslongascertainmeasuresaretaken,thepositionaccuracyofthepointsrelativetothesurveystationcanbecontrolledwithin5cm,whichiscommonlyusedindigitalmappingbasedonterrain.Theadvantagesofradiationpointmethod辐射点法的优点为了保证图根点的可靠性，通常需要另选定向点，再对各图根控制点进行第二次观测，取两次观测值的均值作为图根控制点的最终坐标。Inordertoensurethereliabilityoftherootpoints,asecondobservationofeachrootcontrolpointisusuallyrequired,andthemeanvalueofthetwoobservationvaluesistakenasthefinalcoordinateoftherootcontrolpoint.One-stepmeasurementmethod一步测量法一步测量法就是在图根导线选点、埋石以后，利用全站仪将图根导线测量与碎部测量同时作业，在测定导线后，提取各条导线测量数据进行导线平差，而后再按新坐标对碎部点进行坐标重算，这样在一定程度上可以提高外业工作效率。One-stepmeasurementmethodisamethodthat,aftertherootsurveylinepointselectionandstoneburial,usestotalstationtosimultaneouslycarryoutrootsurveylinemeasurementandfragmentarymeasurement.Afterdeterminingthesurveyline,extractthedataofeachsurveylinemeasurementandperformsurveylineadjustment,andthencalculatethecoordinatesofthefragmentarypointsaccordingtothenewcoordinates.Thiscanimprovetheefficiencyoffieldworktoacertainextent.RTK图根平面控制测量RTKplanimetricrootcontrolmeasurement快速静态定位模式要求GPS接收机在每一流动站上静止的进行观测。在观测过程中，同时接收基准站和卫星的同步观测数据，实时解算整周未知数和用户站的三维坐标，如果解算结果的变化趋于稳定，且其精度已满足设计要求，便可以结束实时观测。RapidstaticpositioningmoderequiresGPSreceiverstoobservestaticallyateachmobilestation.Duringtheobservationprocess,GPSdataisreceivedsynchronouslyfromthereferencestationandsatellites,andtheintegerunknownandthree-dimensionalcoordinatesoftheuserstationarecalculatedinrealtime.Iftheresultsofthecalculationbecomestableandtheaccuracymeetsthedesignrequirements,thereal-timeobservationcanbeended.01快速静态定位测量RapidstaticpositioningmeasurementRTK图根平面控制测量RTKplanimetricrootcontrolmeasurement01快速静态定位测量Rapidstaticpositioningmeasurement速度快Fastspeed精度高Highaccuracy效率高HighefficiencyRTK图根平面控制测量RTKplanimetricrootcontrolmeasurement在采集图根点坐标时，针对某一具体型号的RTK总需要满足一定的采集精度指标，一般要求锁定卫星颗数大于6，精度因子小于4，解算状态必须是固定解状态，水平精度HRMS小于2cm，高程精度小于3cm，只有当这些指标满足的情况下，方可实施图根控制。TheothermethodisRTKreal-timedynamicmeasurement.Whencollectingthecoordinatesoftherootcontrolpoint,itisnecessarytomeetcertainaccuracyindicatorsforaspecificmodelofRTK.Generally,itisrequiredthatthelockedsatellitenumberisgreaterthan6,theaccuracyfactorislessthan4,thesolutionstatusmustbeafixedsolutionstate,thehorizontalprecisionHRMSislessthan2cm,theelevationprecisionislessthan3cm,andonlywhentheseindicatorsaremet,cantherootcontrolbeimplemented.02RTK实时动态测量法RTKreal-timedynamicmeasurementRTK图根平面控制测量RTKplanimetricrootcontrolmeasurement02RTK实时动态测量法RTKreal-timedynamicmeasurementRTK实时动态定位测量的图根点能够满足大比例尺数字测图对图根控制测量的精度要求。TherootcontrolpointsmeasuredbyRTKreal-timedynamicpositioningcanmeettheaccuracyrequirementsoflarge-scaledigitalmappingformappingcontrolsurvey.测站点增补Surveypointsupplementation01极坐标法polarcoordinatemeasurement0203支导线法supportsurveylinemeasurement自由设站法freestationsetting数字测图的平面控制的基本概念、基本原理、基本方法。Thebasicconcepts,principles,andmethodsofdigitalmappingplanimetriccontrol.THINKING全站仪图根控制测量与RTK图根控制测量各有何优势？WhataretheadvantagesoftotalstationplanimetriccontrolmeasurementandRTKplanimetriccontrolmeasurement?数字测图DigitalMappingPlanimetricElevationControl图根高程控制目录CONTENTS全站仪图根高程控制测量TotalStationPlanimetricElevationControlMeasurement图根水准测量PlanimetricLevelMeasurement图根三角高程导线PlanimetricTriangleLevelLineRTK图根高程控制测量RTKPlanimetricElevationControlMeasurement当测区高级控制点的密度一般不能满足大比例尺数字测图的需求时，需加密适当数量的图根控制点（又称图根点），直接供测图使用，这项工作称为图根控制测量。Whenthedensityoftheadvancedcontrolpointsinthesurveyareacannotgenerallymeettherequirementsoflarge-scaledigitalmapping,itisnecessarytoencryptanappropriatenumberofplanimetriccontrolpoints(alsoknownasplanimetricpoints)thatcanbedirectlyusedformapping.全站仪图根高程控制测量TotalStationPlanimetricElevationControlMeasurementTotalstationsurveylines全站仪导线测量RTKGPS测量RTKGPSmeasurement闭合水准路线Closedtraverse符合水准路线Conformingtraverse支水准路线Branchtraverse水准网Levelnetwork图根水准测量PlanimetricLevelMeasurement应起闭于高等级高程控制点上，可沿图根点布设为附合路线或闭合路线。Shouldbeclosedonahigh-levelelevationcontrolpointandcanbesetupasaconformingorclosedtraversealongtheplanimetricpoint.图根三角高程导线PlanimetricTriangleLevelLinePlanimetricOpticalDistanceMeasurementofTriangleElevationcontrol图根光电测距三角高程测量图根光电测距三角高程测量的技术要求应符合规范规定。测距要求和图根导线测量一致。Thetechnicalrequirementsforplanimetricopticaldistancemeasurementoftriangleelevationcontrolshouldcomplywiththespecifiedregulations.Thedistancemeasurementrequirementsshouldbeconsistentwiththeplanimetrictraversemeasurement.RTKGPS快速静态定位测量和实时动态测量法都能同时获取测点的三维坐标。RTKGPSrapidstaticpositioningmeasurementandreal-timedynamicmeasurementmethodcanbothobtainthethree-dimensionalcoordinatesofthemeasurementpoint.RTK图根高程控制测量RTKPlanimetricElevationControlMeasurement利用RTK采集图根点坐标时，一般要求锁定卫星颗数大于6，精度因子小于4，解算状态必须是固定解状态，水平精度小于2cm，高程精度小于3cm，只有当这些指标满足的情况下，方可实施图根控制。大量的实践证明，RTK实时动态定位测量的图根点能够满足大比例尺数字测图对图根控制测量的精度要求。WhenusingRTKtocollectcoordinatesofplanimetriccontrolpoints,itisgenerallyrequiredthatthelockedsatellitenumberisgreaterthan6,theaccuracyfactorislessthan4,thesolutionstatusmustbeafixedsolutionstate,thehorizontalprecisionislessthan2cm,theelevationprecisionislessthan3cm,andonlywhentheseindicatorsmeettheconditions,cantheplanimetriccontrolbeimplemented.AlargenumberofpracticalapplicationshaveshownthattheplanimetriccontrolpointsmeasuredbyRTKreal-timedynamicpositioningcanmeettheaccuracyrequirementsoflarge-scaledigitalmappingforplanimetriccontrolmeasurement.RTK图根高程控制测量RTKPlanimetricElevationControlMeasurementFreeStationSetting自由设站法优点在于要求的控制点数目少，设站基本不受图形限制。Theadvantageoffreestationsettingisthatitrequiresfewercontrolpointnumbersandstationingisbasicallynotlimitedbygraphics.自由设站的平面坐标按间接平差计算，具有较高的平面坐标精度，其高程可按测距三角高程测量方法求得。Theplanecoordinatesoffreestationsettingarecalculatedbyindirectadjustment,whichhashigherplanecoordinateaccuracy,anditselevationcanbeobtainedbysurveyingandmeasuringtriangleelevation.0102Connectingtwocontrolpointsusingdirectionanddistance用方向和距离连测两个控制点用方向连测三个控制点Connectingthreecontrolpointsusingdirection03Settingupfreestationsusingextraobservations用多余观测进行自由设站自由设站操作完成后，仪器即已完成了测站和定向设置（不用另行进行测站和后视设置），可直接进入数据采集的碎部点测量界面进行碎部测量工作。Aftercompletingthefreestationsettingoperation,theinstrumenthascompletedthemeasurementandorientationsetting(noneedtoperformadditionalmeasurementandrearsightsetting),andcandirectlyenterthedatacollectioninterfaceforfragmentarypointmeasurementforfragmentarymeasurementwork.FreeStationSetting自由设站法在地形琐碎、复杂地段，小沟、小山脊转弯处，房屋密集的居民地，以及雨裂冲沟繁多的地方，对测站点的数量要求会多一些，但切忌用增补的测站点作大面积的测图。Inareaswithcomplicatedterrain,suchassmallvalleys,ridges,denselypopulatedresidentialareas,andmanyrainerosiongullies,thenumberofmeasurementpointsrequiredmaybehigher,butitisimportantnottouseadditionalmeasurementpointsforlarge-scalemapping.FreeStationSetting自由设站法某测绘单位承接了某城市1:500地形图测绘任务，测绘范围为3km×4km，测量控制资料齐全，依据的技术标准有《城市测量规范》，《1:5001:10001:2000外业数字测图技术规程》等。外业测图采用全野外数字测图，其中某条图根导线边长为采用单向观测、一次读数。图根导线测量完成后发现边长测量方法不符合规范要求，及时进行了重测。Asurveyingunitundertooka1:500terrainmapmappingtaskinacertaincity,withasurveyareaof3km×4km.Themeasurementcontroldatawascomplete,andthetechnicalstandardsreferredtoincludedthe"UrbanSurveyingandMappingRegulations",the"1:5001:10001:2000OutdoorDigitalSurveyingTechnicalSpecifications"andsoon.Theoutdoormappingwascarriedoutusingfullyoutdoordigitalsurveying,andthelengthofacertainrootsurveylinewasmeasuredusingsingle-directionobservationandoncereading.Aftercompletingthemeasurementoftherootsurveyline,itwasfoundthatthemethodofmeasuringthelengthdidnotmeettherequirementsofthespecifications.Itwaspromptlyre-measured.SurveyingCase测绘案例THINKING该案例中图根导线测量方法为什么不符合规范要求？Whydoesthemethodofmeasuringthelengthoftherootsurveylineinthiscasenotmeettheregulatoryrequirements?做测量项目，一定要依据规范，本项目依据的主要技术标准为《城市测量规范》，《1:5001:10001:2000外业数字测图技术规程》。《城市测量规范》中规定图根导线边长采用Ⅱ级测距仪，一测回观测法。一测回是指照准目标一次，一般读数4次，测回内读数较差为10mm以内。Whenconductingmeasurementprojects,itisessentialtofollowthestandards.Inthisproject,themaintechnicalstandardsarethe"UrbanSurveyingandMappingRegulations"andthe"1:5001:10001:2000OutdoorDigitalSurveyingTechnicalSpecifications".Accordingtothe"UrbanSurveyingandMappingRegulations",thelengthoftherootsurveylineshouldbemeasuredusingaClassIIrangefinderandone-revolutionobservationmethod.Onerevolutionmeansaimingatatargetonce,withageneralreadingoffourtime