2025年雅思《阅读》口语题库

2025年雅思《阅读》口语题库

Passage1

TheRiseofVerticalFarming:CultivatingtheFutureinConcreteJungles

A.By2050,itisestimatedthattheworld’spopulationwillhaveincreasedbynearlythreebillionpeople.Tofeedthisgrowingpopulation,wewillrequireanadditional109millionhectaresofarableland,anarearoughly20%largerthanBrazil.Thisstarkprojectionhasledagronomistsandurbanplannerstoseekinnovativesolutionstotheloomingfoodcrisis.Onesuchsolutionthathasgainedsignificanttractionisverticalfarming.Thismethodinvolvesgrowingcropsinverticallystackedlayers,oftenintegratedintootherstructureslikeskyscrapers,shippingcontainers,orwarehouses,utilizingcontrolled-environmentagriculture(CEA)technology.

B.Unliketraditionalfarming,whichisheavilydependentonspecificclimaticconditionsandlargeswathesofland,verticalfarmingbringstheproductionindoors.Bycontrollingfactorssuchaslight,humidity,temperature,andgases,verticalfarmscanoptimizeplantgrowthyear-round,regardlessofexternalweatherpatterns.Thiscontrolledenvironmentalsosignificantlyreducestheneedforpesticidesandherbicides,astheenclosedstructureminimizesexposuretopestsandweeds.Consequently,theproducegrownisoftenconsideredcleanerandpotentiallymorenutritious,asthenutrientmixcanbepreciselytailoredtotheplant'sneeds.

C.Thecoretechnologydrivingverticalfarmingisoftenhydroponics,aeroponics,oraquaponics.Hydroponicsinvolvesgrowingplantsinnutrient-richwatersolutionswithoutsoil.Aeroponicstakesthisastepfurtherbysuspendingplantrootsintheairandmistingthemwithnutrients.Thismethodusesupto90%lesswaterthantraditionalagriculture.Aquaponicscombineshydroponicswithaquaculture(raisingfish),wherethewasteproducedbythefishsuppliesnutrientsfortheplants,andtheplantsnaturallyfilterthewaterforthefish.Thesesoil-lesstechniquesarenotonlywater-efficientbutalsospace-efficient,allowingforhighercropyieldspersquarefoot.

D.Oneofthemostsignificantadvantagesofverticalfarmingisitspotentialtodrasticallyreducethecarbonfootprintassociatedwithfoodproduction.Currently,foodtravelsanaverageof1,500to2,500milesfromfarmtotable.Verticalfarmscanbesituatedintheheartofurbancenters,eliminatingtheneedforlong-haultransportation.This"farm-to-table"proximityensuresthatfoodisfresherwhenitreachestheconsumerandreducestheemissionsgeneratedbytrucksandplanes.Furthermore,verticalfarmscanrecyclewaterandharvestenergythatwouldotherwisebewasted,contributingtoamorecirculareconomy.

E.However,theeconomicviabilityofverticalfarmingremainsasubjectofintensedebate.Theinitialcapitalexpenditure(CapEx)forsettingupahigh-techverticalfarmisastronomical.Costsincludehigh-endLEDlightingsystems,climatecontrolmachinery,andautomatedharvestingequipment.Operationalexpenditure(OpEx)isalsohigh,primarilyduetothemassiveelectricityconsumptionrequiredtopowerthelightsandventilationsystems24/7.Criticsarguethatunlessenergycostsdropsignificantlyorrenewableenergyintegrationbecomesstandard,verticalfarmswillstruggletocompetewiththelowproductioncostsoftraditionalruralfarming.

F.Despitetheseeconomichurdles,theindustryhasseenasurgeininvestment,particularlyfromtech-centricventurecapitalists.CompanieslikePlenty,AeroFarms,andBoweryFarminghaveraisedbillionsofdollarstoscaletheiroperations.Thesecompaniesarguethatastechnologymatures,costswilldecreasethrougheconomiesofscale.Theyalsopointtotheincreasingscarcityofwaterandarablelandasajustificationforthehighercosts,framingverticalfarmingnotjustasabusiness,butasanecessityforfuturesurvival.

G.Thepsychologicalandsocialimpactsofreintroducingagricultureintourbanspacesshouldnotbeoverlooked.Proponentssuggestthatverticalfarmscanserveaseducationalhubs,reconnectingcitydwellerswiththeoriginsoftheirfood.Inaworldwheremanychildrenthinkfoodcomesfromsupermarkets,thesegreenskyscraperscanprovideatangiblelinktonature.Moreover,theaestheticappealofintegratinggreeneryintoarchitecturecanimprovethementalwell-beingofresidents,reducingstressindenselypopulatedenvironments.

H.Lookingahead,theintegrationofArtificialIntelligence(AI)androboticspromisestofurtherrevolutionizeverticalfarming.AI-drivensystemscanmonitorplanthealthatamicroscopiclevel,adjustingnutrientdeliveryandlightspectrainreal-timetomaximizeyield.Roboticscanhandlelabor-intensivetaskssuchasseeding,pruning,andharvesting,reducingtherelianceonhumanlaborandincreasingefficiency.Thislevelofprecisionagriculturecouldeventuallymakeverticalfarmsthenormratherthantheexception,fundamentallychanginghowhumanitysustainsitself.

Questions1-6

ThereadingPassagehaseightparagraphs,A-H.

Whichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation?

Writethecorrectletter,A-H,inboxes1-6onyouranswersheet.

1.Areferencetotheintegrationoftechnologythatcanmimichumancognitivefunctionstooptimizecropmanagement.

2.Detailsregardingthespecifictechniquesusedtocultivateplantswithouttheuseofsoil.

3.Thepotentialenvironmentalbenefitsrelatedtothereductionoffuelusagefortransport.

4.Statisticsconcerningtheprojectedgrowthofthehumanpopulationanditsimplicationsforlanduse.

5.Adiscussiononthefinancialchallengesandhighenergyconsumptionassociatedwiththisagriculturalmethod.

6.Theargumentthatverticalfarmsoffereducationalvalueandmentalhealthbenefitstocityinhabitants.

Questions7-10

DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgivenintheReadingPassage?

Inboxes7-10onyouranswersheet,write

TRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformation

FALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformation

NOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis

7.Verticalfarmingcompletelyeliminatestheneedforanyformofchemicalinterventioninplantgrowth.

8.Aquaponicsisasystemthatreliessolelyonchemicalfertilizerstoprovidenutrientstotheplants.

9.Thecostoftransportingfoodoverlongdistancesiscurrentlyhigherthanthecostofoperatingaverticalfarm.

10.Verticalfarmingallowsfortheproductionofcropsthroughouttheyear,independentofseasonalweatherchanges.

Questions11-13

Completethesentencesbelow.

ChooseONEWORDONLYfromthepassageforeachanswer.

Writeyouranswersinboxes11-13onyouranswersheet.

11.Hydroponics,aeroponics,andaquaponicsareallmethodsthatallowforcultivationwithouttheneedfor__________.

12.Bylocatingfarmswithincities,thedistancefoodtravelsissignificantlyreduced,creatinga__________modeloffooddistribution.

13.Criticsofverticalfarmingoftencitethehighcostof__________asamajorbarriertoeconomiccompetitiveness.

Passage2

TheEnigmaoftheVoynichManuscript:ASix-Century-OldPuzzle

A.IntherarebookreadingroomoftheBeineckeRareBookandManuscriptLibraryatYaleUniversityliesoneoftheworld'smostmysteriousartifacts:theVoynichManuscript.Carbon-datedtotheearly15thcentury(between1404and1438),thisillustratedcodexiswritteninanunknownscript,inanunknownlanguage,orpossiblyanelaboratecipher.Todate,despitetheeffortsofcountlessprofessionalcryptographers,includingcodebreakersfrombothWorldWarIandWorldWarII,noonehasbeenabletodecipherasinglewordofitstextdefinitively.

B.ThemanuscriptisnamedafterWilfridVoynich,aPolishbookdealerwhoacquireditin1912.Itisconstructedfromvellum(calfskin)andcontains240pages,thoughsomepagesappeartobemissing.Thetextiswritteninaflowing,gracefulscriptthatrunsfromlefttoright.Whatstrikesmostresearchersisthestatisticalregularityofthetext.Thewordsfollowpatternssimilartonaturallanguages,suchasZipf’sLaw,whichstatesthatthemostfrequentwordinalanguageoccurstwiceasoftenasthesecondmostfrequentword,andsoon.Thissuggeststhatthetextisnotjustrandomgibberishbutadherestosomelinguisticstructure.

C.Themanuscriptisrichlyillustratedwithbizarre,vibrantdrawingsthathavebeencategorizedintosixdistinctsectionsbasedontheimagery.Thefirstandmostextensivesectionisherbal,containingdrawingsofplants,manyofwhichareunidentifiedspeciesorfantasticalcompositesofrealplants.Thesecondsectionfeaturesastronomicaldrawings,depictingsuns,moons,andstars,oftenaccompaniedbynakedfiguresinpoolsofgreenliquid,whichsomescholarsinterpretasrepresentingthezodiacorconstellations.

D.Thethirdsectionappearstobebiological,focusingonhumananatomy.However,theillustrationsaregrotesqueandanatomicallyincorrect,showingdisembodiedheadsorwomenwithswollenabdomensconnectedbytubesornetworksofpipes.Thishasledtothetheorythatthemanuscriptmightbeagynecologicaltreatise,thoughthestrangeimagerymakesthisdifficulttoverify.Thefourthsectioniscosmological,containingcomplexcirculardiagramsresemblingrosettesorportals.Thefifthsectionispharmaceutical,showingjar-likecontainersholdingplantparts.Thefinalsectionconsistsoftextonly,possiblycontainingrecipes,withstar-likeflowersmarkingeachparagraph.

E.Theoriesregardingtheauthorshipandpurposeofthemanuscriptabound.SomehistoriansattributeittoRogerBacon,a13th-centuryEnglishFranciscanfriarandpolymathknownforhisworkinopticsandalchemy.However,thecarbondatingplacesthemanuscript'screationafterBacon'sdeath,rulinghimoutasthedirectscribe,thoughhecouldhaveinspiredthework.AnotherpopulartheorysuggestsitwascreatedbyayoungLeonardodaVinci,duetothesimilarityinthestyleoftheillustrations,particularlythewaterplants.However,mostarthistoriansdisputethis,citingdifferencesintechniqueandthefactthatLeonardowasleft-handed,whiletheVoynichscribewaslikelyright-handed.

F.Themostenduringdebatecentersonwhetherthemanuscriptisahoaxoragenuineattempttorecordknowledge.The"hoaxtheory"gainedtractioninthe1940swhenWilliamF.Friedman,arenownedcryptographerwhohelpedbreaktheJapanesePurplecodeduringWWII,investigatedthetext.Friedmanconcludedthatthetextwastoocomplextobeasimplehoaxandsuggesteditwasconstructedusingasophisticatedcipheroraconstructedlanguage.Conversely,in2003,computerscientistGordonRuggproposedthatthetextwasgeneratedusinga"Cardangrille,"asteganographictoolusedtohidemessageswithinatableofrandomtext.Ruggdemonstratedhecouldcreatetextwithsimilarstatisticalpropertiesusingthismethod,lendingweighttothehoaxhypothesis.

G.RecentadvancesincomputationallinguisticsandArtificialIntelligencehavebeenappliedtothemystery.In2019,ateamofresearchersusingAIalgorithmsclaimedthatthemanuscriptwaswritteninaproto-Romancelanguage,originatingfromtheIberianPeninsula(Spain/Portugal).Theyarguedthatthe"unknown"scriptwasactuallyaphoneticrepresentationofaspokenlanguagethathassincevanished.However,thisclaimwasmetwithskepticismfromthelinguisticcommunity,whopointedoutthattheAIhadessentiallybeentrainedtofindpatternsandmightbe"hallucinating"alanguagethatfitsthedatabuthasnohistoricalbasis.

H.Despitethelackofadefinitivesolution,theVoynichManuscriptcontinuestofascinate.Itrepresentstheultimateintellectualchallenge:alockedboxofknowledgefromthemedievalpastthatrefusestoyielditssecrets.Whetheritcontainslostmedicalcures,alchemicalrecipes,orismerelytheproductofamedievalprankster'sgenius,themanuscriptservesasahumblingreminderofthelimitsofhumanunderstanding.Aslongasthetextremainsunread,theVoynichManuscriptwillremainapermanentfixtureinthelandscapeofhistoricalenigmas.

Questions14-18

Lookatthefollowingstatements(Questions14-18)andthelistofpeople/theoriesbelow.

Matcheachstatementwiththecorrectpersonortheory,A-E.

Writethecorrectletter,A-E,inboxes14-18onyouranswersheet.

ListofPeople/Theories

A.RogerBacon

B.WilfridVoynich

C.WilliamF.Friedman

D.GordonRugg

E.2019AIResearchTeam

14.Proposedthatthemanuscriptmightbeasophisticatedcipherratherthanasimplefake.

15.Suggestedthetextcouldbegeneratedusingaspecificsteganographicdevicetocreateahoax.

16.Originallythoughttobetheauthorbutlaterruledoutbycarbondating.

17.Claimedthemanuscriptiswritteninalostproto-RomancelanguagefromtheIberianPeninsula.

18.Thebookdealerresponsibleforbringingthemanuscripttopublicattentioninthe20thcentury.

Questions19-22

Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,C,orD.

Writethecorrectletterinboxes19-22onyouranswersheet.

19.Accordingtothepassage,whatcharacteristicofthetextsuggestsitisnotrandomgibberish?

A.Itiswritteninanunknownscript.

B.Itcontainsdrawingsofunidentifiedplants.

C.Itfollowsstatisticalpatternssimilartonaturallanguages.

D.Itwaswrittenbyaright-handedscribe.

20.Theillustrationsinthebiologicalsectionofthemanuscriptaredescribedas

A.anatomicallyprecisemedicaldiagrams.

B.fantasticalandgrotesquerepresentationsofhumanfigures.

C.detaileddrawingsofpharmaceuticaljars.

D.circularcosmologicalrosettes.

21.WhyisthetheorythatLeonardodaVinciwrotethemanuscriptconsideredunlikely?

A.Hewasnotaliveduringthe15thcentury.

B.Hedidnotknowhowtowriteincode.

C.Thedrawingstyleisdistinctlydifferentandhewasleft-handed.

D.Heneverworkedonvellum.

22.Whatisthesignificanceofthe"Cardangrille"inthecontextoftheVoynichManuscript?

A.Itwasatoolusedtoreadthetextinthe15thcentury.

B.ItisamethodofencryptionusedbyRogerBacon.

C.Itisadevicethatcouldbeusedtogeneratetextwithsimilarstatisticalpropertiestothemanuscript.

D.Itisthenamegiventothecirculardiagramsinthecosmologicalsection.

Questions23-26

Completethesummarybelow.

ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.

Writeyouranswersinboxes23-26onyouranswersheet.

TheVoynichManuscriptisa15th-centurycodexwritteninanunknownscript.Itcontainssixsections,includingherbal,astronomical,and23__________diagrams.Whilesomebelieveitholdslostknowledge,othersargueitisahoax.The2019AIstudysuggesteditwasa24__________language,thoughexpertsareskeptical.Whetheritisagenuineworkofscienceoracleverdeception,themanuscriptremainsanunsolved251__________,challengingourunderstandingofthe26__________past.

Passage3

TheArchitectureofThought:HowCognitiveScienceisReshapingDesign

A.Forcenturies,thearchitecturalprofessionhasreliedonablendofartisticintuition,engineeringprinciples,andhistoricalprecedenttocreatethespacesweinhabit.ArchitectslikeLeCorbusierandFrankLloydWrightchampionedtheideaofthearchitectasavisionarygenius,imposingaspecificaestheticandfunctionalorderupontheenvironment.However,the21stcenturyhasseentheemergenceofanewparadigm:neuro-architecture.Thisinterdisciplinaryfieldseekstounderstandhowthebuiltenvironmentaffectsthehumanbrainandbehavior,usingtoolsfromneuroscienceandpsychologytoinformdesigndecisions.

B.Thepremiseofneuro-architectureisthatourbrainsdidnotevolvetonavigatethemodernworld.WeareadaptedtothesavannasofEastAfrica,preferringopenspaceswithscatteredrefugeandclearviewsofthehorizon—aconceptknownas"prospectandrefuge."Evolutionarypsychologysuggeststhatenvironmentsofferingthesefeaturesreducestressandincreasefeelingsofsafety.Moderndesignoftenignorestheseprimalinstincts,creatingwindowlessroomsorclaustrophobiccubiclesthatcantriggerthebrain's"fightorflight"response,releasingcortisolandimpairingcognitivefunction.

C.RecentstudiesusingfunctionalMagneticResonanceImaging(fMRI)andElectroencephalography(EEG)haveprovidedempiricalevidenceforthesetheories.ResearchersattheUniversityofWaterloo,forinstance,foundthatparticipantsexposedtoimagesofnature-filledenvironmentsshowedhigheractivityintheanteriorcingulatecortex,aregionassociatedwithempathyandemotionalstability,comparedtothoseexposedtourbanscenes.Thissuggeststhatbiophilicdesign—integratingnaturalelementsintoarchitecture—isnotmerelyanaestheticchoicebutabiologicalnecessityformentalhealth.

D.However,theapplicationofcognitivesciencetoarchitecturegoesbeyondjustinsertingplantsintoalobby.Itinvolvesunderstandinghowthebrainprocessesspatialnavigation.Thehippocampus,thebrainregionresponsibleformemoryandnavigation,contains"placecells"and"gridcells"thatcreatementalmapsofoursurroundings.Complex,disorientingfloorplanscanoverloadtheseneuralsystems,leadingtoanxietyandcognitivefatigue.Conversely,legiblelayoutswithclearlandmarksanddistinctzonesfacilitatewayfindingandreducethementalloadrequiredtonavigateaspace.

E.Thishasprofoundimplicationsforthedesignofhealthcarefacilities.PatientssufferingfromdementiaorAlzheimer'sdiseaseoftenexperiencesignificantspatialdisorientation.Byapplyingprinciplesofneuro-architecture,designerscancreateenvironmentsthatcompensateforthesecognitivedeficits.Thisincludeshigh-contrastcolorcodingtodifferentiateareas,non-slipflooringthatprovidestactilefeedback,andunobstructedsightlinestoaidinnavigation.Suchdesignsdonotcurethediseasebutcansignificantlyreduceagitationandimprovethequalityoflifeforpatients.

F.Theeducationalsectorisalsoundergoingatransformationdrivenbycognitivescience.Traditional"factorymodel"schools,withrowsofdesksfacingablackboard,aredesignedforpassiveinformationtransfer—amodelatoddswithhowthebrainlearnsbest.Neuro-architecturesupportsactive,collaborativelearningenvironments.Researchindicatesthatexposuretonaturallightimprovesalertnessandcircadianrhythms,whiledynamicspacesthatallowformovementcanenhancebloodflowtothebrain,aidingconcentrationandmemoryretention.

G.Criticsofneuro-architecturearguethatitrisksreducingdesigntoaseriesofbiologicalmetrics,potentiallystiflingcreativity.Theyfearthatanover-relianceondatacouldleadtoahomogenizationofspaces,alloptimizedforthe"average"brain.However,proponentscounterthatneuroscienceprovidesaframework,notarigidsetofrules.Itactsasaconstraintwithinwhichthearchitectcanexercisecreativity,muchlikethelawsofphysicsconstrainengineering.Thegoalisnottocreateasterile,optimizedenvironment,buttocreateonethatsupportshumanflourishing.

H.Thefutureofneuro-architectureliesintheintegrationoftechnologyandreal-timedata.Imaginesmartbuildingsequippedwithsensorsthatmonitortheoccupants'physiologicalstates—heartrate,skinconductance,andbrainwaveactivity.Thebuildingcouldthenadaptitsenvironmentinreal-time,dimminglightstoreducestressoradjustingtemperaturetoimprovefocus.Thisconcept,knownas"cognitiveergonomics,"representstheultimatefusionofthebuiltenvironmentandthehumanmind,turningarchitectureintoadynamicpartnerinourcognitivelives.

I.Ultimately,theshifttowardevidence-baseddesignchallengestheromanticnotionofthearchitectasasolitarygenius.Itrequiresacollaborativeapproach,bringingtogetherarchitects,neuroscientists,psychologists,andend-users.Whilethemysteryofhowweexperiencespaceremainsprofound,thetoolstodecodethismysteryarebecomingsharper.Byunderstandingthebiologicalunderpinningsofourexperience,architectscanmovebeyondcreatingmeresheltertodesigningspacesthatactivelyheal,inspire,andelevatethehumancondition.

Questions27-31

ChoosethecorrectheadingforparagraphsB-Ffromthelistofheadingsbelow.

Writethecorrectnumber,i-viii,inboxes27-31onyouranswersheet.

ListofHeadings

i.Thelimitationsofthe"factorymodel"ineducation

ii.Theevolutionaryrootsofspatialpreferencesandstress

iii.Usingtechnologytocreateadaptiveenvironments

iv.Howthebrainmapsandnavigatesphysicalspace

v.Theroleofnatureinemotionalstability

vi.Designingforcognitivedeclineinhealthcare

vii.Theconflictbetweendataandcreativity

viii.Theshiftfromartisticintuitiontoscience

27.ParagraphB

28.ParagraphC

29.ParagraphD

30.ParagraphE

31.ParagraphF

Questions32-36

DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeviewsofthewriterintheReadingPassage?

Inboxes32-36onyouranswersheet,write

YESifthestatementagreeswiththeviews

NOifthestatementcontradictstheviews

NOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinks

32.Modernarchitecturaldesignalwayssuccessfullyprioritizeshumanbiologicalneeds.

33.Theinclusionofnaturalelementsinbuildingsissupportedbybrainimagingstudies.

34.Disorientingfloorplanscancausephysicalpaintobuildingoccupants.

35.Neuro-architectureprovidesstrictrulesthatarchitectsmustfollowwithoutdeviation.

36.Smartbuildingsinthefuturemaybeabletoadjustconditionsbasedonoccupants'stresslevels.

Questions37-40

Completethesummarybelow.

ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.

Writeyouranswersinboxes37-40onyouranswersheet.

Neuro-architectureisafieldthatcombinesneuroscienceanddesigntoimprovehowweinteractwithbuildings.Itsuggeststhathumanshaveaninnatepreferenceforenvironmentsoffering37__________andsafety,rootedinourevolutionarypast.Inhealthcare,thisapproachhelpspatientswithdementiabyusingfeatureslike38__________toaidnavigation.Criticsworrythatfocusingtoomuchonbiologicaldatamightlimit39__________,butsupportersseeitasahelpfulframework.Theultimategoalistomovebeyondjustprovidingsheltertocreatingspacesthatsupport40__________.

***

AnswerKeyandExplanations

1.H

Explanation:ParagraphHdiscussestheintegrationofArtificialIntelligence(AI)androbotics,whichmimichumancognitivefunctions,tomonitorplanthealthandoptimizeyield.

2.C

Explanation:ParagraphCdetailsthecoretechnologiesofhydroponics,aeroponics,andaquaponics,whicharesoil-lesscultivationmethods.

3.D

Explanation:ParagraphDexplicitlymentionsreducingthecarbonfootprintbyeliminatinglong-haultransportationandreducingemissionsfromtrucksandplanes.

4.A

Explanation:ParagraphAprovidesthestatisticsregardingthepopulationgrowthby2050andtheneedfor109millionhectaresofadditionalland.

5.E

Explanation:ParagraphEfocusesontheeconomichurdles,specificallythehighcapitalexpenditure(CapEx)andoperationalexpenditure(OpEx)duetoelectricityconsumption.

6.G

Explanation:ParagraphGdiscussesthepsychologicalandsocialimpacts,specificallymentioningeducationalhubsandtheaestheticappealimprovingmentalwell-being.

7.FALSE

Explanation:ParagraphBstatesthatthecontrolledenvironment"significantlyreducestheneedforpesticidesandherbicides,"butitdoesnotsayit"completelyeliminates"theneedfor"anyformofchemicalintervention."

8.FALSE

Explanation:ParagraphCexplainsthataquaponicscombineshydroponicswithaquaculture,wherefishwastesuppliesnutrients.Itdoesnotrelysolelyonchemicalfertilizers.

9.NOTGIVEN

Explanation:ThepassagementionsthatverticalfarmsreducetransportemissionsandthatOpExishighduetoelectricity,butitneverdirectlycomparesthespecificdollarcostoftransportversusthespecificdollarcostofoperatingaverticalfarm.

10.TRUE

Explanation:ParagraphBstatesthatverticalfarmscan"optimizeplantgrowthyear-round,regardlessofexternalweatherpatterns."

11.soil

Explanation:ParagraphCmentions"Thesesoil-lesstechniques..."referringtohydroponics,aeroponics,andaquaponics.

12.farm-to-table

Explanation:ParagraphDmentions"This'farm-to-table'proximity..."inthecontextofreducingtraveldistance.

13.electricity

Explanation:ParagraphEmentions"Operationalexpenditure(OpEx)isalsohigh,primarilyduetothemassiveelectricityconsumption..."

14.C

Explanation:ParagraphFstatesthatWilliamF.Friedmanconcludedthetextwastoocomplextobeasimplehoaxandsuggestedasophisticatedcipher.

15.D

Explanation:ParagraphFmentionsGordonRuggproposedusinga"Cardangrille"togeneratetext,supportingthehoaxtheory.

16.A

Explanation:ParagraphEmentionsRogerBaconwasacandidateforauthorshipbutwasruledoutbecausecarbondatingplacesthemanuscriptafterhisdeath.

17.E

Explanation:ParagraphGmentionsthe2019AIresearchteamclaimeditwaswritteninaproto-Romancelanguage.

18.B

Explanation:ParagraphBstatesthemanuscriptisnamedafterWilfridVoynich,aPolishbookdealerwhoacquireditin1912.

19.C

Explanation:ParagraphBnotesthe"statisticalregularityofthetext"andmentionsZipf’sLaw,whichsuggestsitisnotrandomgibberish.

20.B

Explanation:ParagraphDdescribesthebiologicalsectionillustrationsas"grotesqueandanatomicallyincorrect,showingdisembodiedheadsorwomenwithswollenabdomens."

21.C

Explanation:ParagraphEstatesthatarthistoriansdisputethedaVincitheorydueto"differencesintec