八　必修 第二册　Unit 2　Wildlife Protection

八必修第二册Unit2

WildlifeProtection(20分钟20分)阅读理解(共8小题;每小题2.5分,满分20分)A(2025·广东模拟)Whenstressedout,manyofusturntojunkfoodlikedeep-friedfoodforcomfort.Butanewstudyfoundthatinanimals,ahigh-fatdietdisturbsresidentgutbacteria(肠道细菌),changesbehaviorand,throughacomplexpathwayconnectingtheguttothebrain,influencesbrainchemicalsinwaysthatfuelanxiety.“Everyoneknowsthatthesearenothealthyfoods,butwetendtothinkaboutthemstrictlyintermsofalittleweightgain,”saidleadauthorChristopherLowry.“Ifyouunderstandthattheyalsoimpactyourbraininawaythatcanpromoteanxiety,thatmakestheriskevenhigher.”Lowry’steamdividedmiceintotwogroups:Halfgotastandarddietofabout11%fatfornineweeks;theothersgotahigh-fatdietof45%fat,consistingmostlyoffatfromanimalproducts.ThetypicalAmericandietisabout36%fat,accordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention.Whencomparedtothecontrolgroup,thegroupeatingahigh-fatdiet,notsurprisingly,gainedweight.Buttheanimalsalsoshowedsignificantlylessdiversityofgutbacteria.Generallyspeaking,morebacterialdiversityisassociatedwithbetterhealth,Lowryexplained.Thehigh-fatdietgroupalsoshowedhigherexpressionofthreegenes(tph2,htr1a,andslc6a4)involvedinproductionandsignalingofthebrainchemicalcalledserotonin(血清素)—particularlyinaregionofthecentralpartofthebrainknownasthedorsalraphenucleuscDRD,whichisassociatedwithstressandanxiety.Whileserotoninisoftenregardedasa“feel-goodbrainchemical”,Lowrynotesthatcertainpartsinthebrain,whenactivated,touchoffanxiety-likeresponsesinanimals.Especially,heightenedexpressionoftph2inthecDRDhasbeenassociatedwithmooddisordersinhumans.“Tothinkthatjustahigh-fatdietcouldchangeexpressionofthesegenesinthebrainisextraordinary,”saidLowry.“Thehigh-fatgroupessentiallyhadahighanxietystateintheirbrain.”However,Lowrystressesthatnotallfatsarebad,andthathealthyfatslikethosefoundinfish,nutsandseedscanbegoodforthebrain.【语篇属性】语篇类型说明文主题语境人与社会(科技发展与信息技术创新,科学精神、信息安全)语篇内容研究发现在动物身上,高脂肪饮食会破坏肠道细菌,改变行为,并通过连接肠道和大脑的复杂途径影响大脑化学物质,从而加剧焦虑语篇结构Para.1Findingsofanewstudyaboutimpactofahigh-fatdietonemotionsPara.2Lowry’sopiniononthenewfindingPara.3HowthestudyisconductedPara.4Detailsofthefinding:theeffectsofahigh-fatdietonthebrainPara.5Notallfatsarebad【命题意图】1.Whatisthenewfinding?第一段主要介绍了一个新研究的发现,高脂饮食对情绪有影响。命题者便从这个角度命题,旨在考查考生对本文主题的把握2.Whatisthemainideaofthethirdparagraph?第三段主要介绍了这个研究的方法,因此本题的设置显然是考查考生对段落大意的归纳和总结能力3.Whathappenedtothemicethatateahigh-fatdiet?第四段中详细介绍了实验的结果,那些吃高脂饮食的老鼠肠道细菌的多样性明显减少。本题的设置旨在考查考生对繁杂情况中的细节把握能力4.WhatdoesLowryagreewith?最后一段中提到Lowry的观点,认为并非所有的脂肪都不好,本题从这个角度命制考查了考生对文章中人物态度和观点的理解1.Whatisthenewfinding?A.Junkfoodleadstooverweight.B.High-fatfoodbringsbadmoods.C.Brainchemicalscauseanxiety.D.Gutbacteriabenefitbrainhealth.【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据第一段“Butanewstudyfoundthatinanimals,ahigh-fatdietdisturbsresidentgutbacteria,changesbehaviorand,throughacomplexpathwayconnectingtheguttothebrain,influencesbrainchemicalsinwaysthatfuelanxiety.”可知,新的发现是高脂肪食物会带来坏心情。故选B。2.Whatisthemainideaofthethirdparagraph?A.Howthestudyisconducted.B.Whatthestudywantstofind.C.Whyusemicetodotheresearch.D.Howmuchfatisinthediets.【解析】选A。段落大意题。根据第三段第一句“Lowry’steamdividedmiceintotwogroups”可知,本段主要介绍研究的方法。故选A。3.Whathappenedtothemicethatateahigh-fatdiet?A.Theylookedmoreanxious.B.Theylostmuchmoreweight.C.Theysufferedmooddisorders.D.Theylackedgutbacteriavariety.【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Whencomparedtothecontrolgroup,thegroupeatingahigh-fatdiet,notsurprisingly,gainedweight.Buttheanimalsalsoshowedsignificantlylessdiversityofgutbacteria.”可知,与对照组相比,吃高脂肪食物的老鼠缺乏肠道细菌的多样性。故选D。4.WhatdoesLowryagreewith?A.Everyfatisharmful.

B.Fishfatisharmless.C.Stresscomesfromfat.D.Somefatsaregood.【解析】选D。推理判断题。根据最后一段“However,Lowrystressesthatnotallfatsarebad,andthathealthyfatslikethosefoundinfish,nutsandseedscanbegoodforthebrain.”可知,Lowry认为有些脂肪是好的。故选D。【失分剖析】第1题容易误选A。因为常识认为,吃垃圾食品会发胖,受此影响,考生可能误选A。第一段的核心是“Butanewstudyfoundthat...”强调的是高脂饮食对于肠道菌群的影响。B(2024·重庆模拟)Meat,milk,cheese—justsomeofthethingsprovidedbygoats.Butnowwecanalsoaddfiresafetytothislist.Aswildfiresdamageincreasinglylargeareasoftheplaneteachyear,goatherdsmayofferawayofreducingtherisk.Wildfiresaremadepossiblebyhotdryweatherconditionsaswellasasupplyofdeadplantsthatserveasfuel.Wemayhavelimitedcontroloverthefirstfactor,butwecancontrolthesecond.Reducingthefuelload(易燃物总量)lowerstheprobabilityofwildfiresoccurring,aswellastheamountofdamagecaused.Thisiswherewecanturntogoatstoprovideasolution.Goatsarebeingusedforlandscapemanagementinanumberofplacesaroundtheworld,includingGreece,Spain,Portugal,ChileandvariouspartsoftheUnitedStates.Goatshaveaverytoughdigestivesystem.Manykindsofplantsthatarepoisonoustootheranimalscanbeeasilyeatenbygoats.It’snotjustfully-grownplantsthatgoatsareabletodealwith:anyseedsthatpassthroughagoatbecomenonviableandwillnotgrow.Humanclearanceteamshavetoworryaboutgettingtohard-to-reachvegetationareasbutgoatsdon’t.Theyareskilledmountainclimbersandcanstandontheirhind(后面的)legs,reachinguptotwometrestoeatshrubsandgrassthathumanswouldstruggletoreach.Becauseofthis,usinggoatscanreduceboththepossibilityofworkplaceaccidentsandtheamountofmoneyspentonfireprotectionmeasures.Goatherdshavebeenfoundtoclearsomelandsforathirdofthepriceofhumanplantscontrolteams.Costandsafetyaren’ttheonlybenefits.Goatsarequieterthanlawnmowersandpeopleusuallyprefertoseegoatsgrazingratherthanlitresofherbicide(除草剂)beingsprayedontheland.Childrenareoftenfascinatedtoseethegoatsatworkandthisprovidesanopportunitytoeducatepeopleaboutpreventingwildfires.【语篇属性】语篇类型说明文主题语境人与自然(人与动物)语篇内容文章主要说明了如何利用山羊来减少山火。语篇结构Para.1Goatscancontributetofiresafetybyreducingwildfirerisks.Para.2Uncontrollableandcontrollablefactorsofwildfires.Goatscanhelpcontrolthisbyeatingvegetation.Para.3Theadvantagesofgoatsinreducingwildfires.Para.4Usinggoatsforvegetationcontroliscost-effective,quieter,andcaneducatethepublic.【命题意图】5.Whatisatthemercyofhumanbeingsdefinitelyaboutwildfires?第二段主要讲述减少燃料负荷降低了发生野火的可能性,也降低了造成的损失。此题旨在考查读者对文章中关于人类对野火控制能力的理解。6.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“nonviable”inParagraph3mean?画线词所在句讲述任何经过山羊的种子都不能存活,也不会生长。这个问题旨在评估读者对文章中专业术语的理解。7.Whyaregoatsmoresuitabletofiresafetytasksthanmen?第三段主要讲述山羊群清理植被的安全和成本问题。此题的目的是考查读者对文章中提到的山羊相较于人类在执行防火任务时的优势的理解。8.Whatmightbetalkedaboutinthefollowingparagraph?全文主要讲述山羊在减少山火方面的优势。这个问题旨在预测下文可能讨论的内容。5.Whatisatthemercyofhumanbeingsdefinitelyaboutwildfires?A.Weatherchanges.B.Thefuelamount.C.Worldwidediseases.D.Cheeseproduction.【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据第二段“Wildfiresaremadepossiblebyhotdryweatherconditionsaswellasasupplyofdeadplantsthatserveasfuel.Wemayhavelimitedcontroloverthefirstfactor,butwecancontrolthesecond.”可知,人类可以通过控制燃料量来控制野火。故选B。6.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“nonviable”inPa