法律英语第四课司法系统

LessonFourJudicialSystem7/31/20261法律英语1/65Goodorderisthefoundationofallthings.

E.Burke,Britishstatesman

良好秩序是一切基础。

英国政治家伯克E

7/31/20262法律英语2/65Background美国司法制度特点：落实三权分立标准，实施司法独立；法院组织分为联邦和地方两大系统；联邦最高法院享受特殊司法审查权。

7/31/20263法律英语3/65StateandFederalCourtsThroughouttheUnitedStatestherearetwojudicialsystems.Onesystemconsistsofstateandlocalcourtsestablishedundertheauthorityofthestategovernments.TheotheristheSupremeCourtandthefederalcourtsystem,createdbyCongressundertheauthorityoftheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates.7/31/20264法律英语4/657/31/20265法律英语5/657/31/20266法律英语6/65PropernamesSecuritiesandExchangeCommission （美）证券交易委员会LaborRelationsBoard 劳资关系委员会7/31/20267法律英语7/65美国联邦法院普通法院尤其法院联邦最高法院

联邦巡回上诉法院

联邦地域法院联邦税务法院

联邦破产法院

联邦军事法院

联邦关税和权利上诉法院7/31/20268法律英语8/65TheU.S.SupremeCourtBuilding

inWashingtonD.C.7/31/20269法律英语9/65TheUnitedStatesCourtofAppealsfortheFederalCircuit美国联邦巡回法庭上诉法庭7/31/202610法律英语10/65美国州法院州最高法院——终审上诉法院

上诉法院——中级上诉法院

初审法院州最高法院初审法院内布拉斯加等几个州三级法院或者两级法院7/31/202611法律英语11/65SuperiorCourtsofGeorgia州高等法院7/31/202612法律英语12/65美国法官联邦和州最高法院法官——大法官，justice上诉法院和审判法院法官——法官，judge基层法院审判人员——治安法官，justiceofthepeace—司法官，magistrateChiefJusticeAssociateJusticeCircuitJudgeAssociateJudge7/31/202613法律英语13/65[Section2.]ThejudicialPowershallextendtoallCases,inLawandEquity,arisingunderthisConstitution,theLawsoftheUnitedStates,andTreatiesmade,orwhichshallbemade,undertheirAuthority;--toallCasesaffectingAmbassadors,otherpublicMinistersandConsuls;--toallCasesofadmiraltyandmaritimeJurisdiction;--toControversiestowhichtheUnitedStatesshallbeaParty;--toControversiesbetweentwoormoreStates;--betweenaStateandCitizensofanotherState;--betweenCitizens

ofdifferentStates;--betweenCitizensofthesameStateclaimingLands

underGrantsofdifferentStates,andbetweenaState,ortheCitizens

thereof,andforeignStates,CitizensorSubjects.

InallCasesaffectingAmbassadors,otherpublicMinistersandConsuls,andthoseinwhichaStateshallbeParty,thesupremeCourtshallhaveoriginalJurisdiction.InalltheotherCasesbeforementioned,thesupremeCourtshallhaveappellateJurisdiction,bothastoLawandFact,withsuchExceptions,andundersuchRegulationsastheCongressshallmake.

TheTrialofallCrimes,exceptinCasesofImpeachment,shallbebyJury;andsuchTrialshallbeheldintheStatewherethesaidCrimesshallhavebeencommitted;butwhennotcommittedwithinanyState,theTrialshallbeatsuchPlaceorPlacesastheCongressmaybyLawhavedirected.7/31/202614法律英语14/65司法权适用范围，应包含在本宪法、合众国法律、和合众国已订及将订条约之下发生一切包括普通法及衡平法案件；一切相关大使、公使及领事案件；一切相关海上裁判权及海事裁判权案件；合众国为当事一方诉讼；州与州之间诉讼，州与另一州公民之间诉讼，一州公民与另一州公民之间诉讼，同州公民之间为不一样之州所让与之土地而争吵诉讼，以及一州或其公民与外国政府、公民或其国民之间诉讼。在一切相关大使、公使、领事以及州为当事一方案件中，最高法院有最初审理权。在上述全部其它案件中，最高法院相关于法律和事实受理上诉权，但由国会要求为例外及另有处理条例者，不在此限。对一切罪行审判，除了弹劾案以外，均应由陪审团裁定，而且该审判应在罪案发生州内举行；但如罪案发生地点并不在任何一州之内，该项审判应在国会按法律指定之地点或几个地点举行。7/31/202615法律英语15/65Part1:CourtsFifty-twoseparatecourtsystemsintheU.S.52个独立法院系统FiftystatesDistrictofColumbiaFederalcourtsystem7/31/202616法律英语16/65Thefederalcourtsarenotsuperiortothestatecourts;theyareanindependent,coordinatesystemauthorizedbytheUS.Constitution,……联邦法院不凌驾于州法院之上；它们是由美国宪法授权独立、并列系统。7/31/202617法律英语17/65Federalism联邦制度Thepresenceoftwoparallelcourtsystemoftenraisesquestionsconcerningtherelationshipofthestateandfederalsystems,presentingimportantissuesoffederalism.两种并列法院系统存在经常带来州与联邦系统关系问题，提出了主要联邦制度问题。7/31/202618法律英语18/65TheU.S.SupremeCourtTheU.S.SupremeCourt,composeofninejustices,sitsasthefinalandcontrollingvoiceoverallthesesystems.美国联邦最高法院由9个大法官组成，对全部这些法律体系有最终控制性讲话权。7/31/202619法律英语19/65Two-tieredsystem两级审判制

Nebraska内布拉斯加Three-tieredsystem三级审判制Trialcourt

初审法院Twolevelsofappeal

两级上诉AnylitigantPleadhiscasebeforeShouldhelose7/31/202620法律英语20/65InthefederalsystemTrialcourt(初审法院)theU.S.DistrictCourt(94)美国地域法院IntermediateappellatecourtsTheU.S.CourtofAppealsfortheFederalCircuit美国联邦巡回法院上诉法院(11+2)TheU.S.SupremeCourt美国最高法院哥伦比亚特区上诉法院联邦尤其法院巡回法院7/31/202621法律英语21/6511districts7/31/202622法律英语22/65VariousspecializedtribunalsUSBankruptcyCourt,USArmedForcesCourtofAppeals,USCourtofInternationalTrade,USTaxCourt，USClaimsCourt7/31/202623法律英语23/65Eachcourtofappealshasfouror

morejudgeswhositinpanelsofthreetoreviewdistrictcourtdecisions,aswellassomedecisionsofadministrativeagencies.每个上诉法院都有4个或更多法官，他们组成3人小组，审议地域法院裁决和行政机关一些决定。7/31/202624法律英语24/65Alosinglitigantinthecourtofappealsmay,insomecases,beabletoobtainreviewbytheUnitedStatesSupremeCourt.在上诉法院败诉诉讼人有时能够取得美国联邦最高法院复审。7/31/202625法律英语25/65CasesinthestatecourtsTrailcourtU.S.SupremeCourtStateappellateStatesupremecourt7/31/202626法律英语26/65Since1988,reviewbytheSupremeCourtincivilcasesisdiscretionary;virtuallyallcivilappealsasofrighttothehighestcourthavebeenabolished.从1988年开始，最高法院对民事案件复审有决定权；实际上，全部民事案件都作为权利而上诉到最高法院作法已经被废除了。7/31/202627法律英语27/65ThehighestcourtplaydifferentroleCaliforniaOnlycriminalcasesinwhichcapitalpunishmenthasbeenimposedareappealabletothestatesupreme.NewyorkAgreatofmanycasesareappealabletothestate’shighestcourt.7/31/202628法律英语28/65Inthefederalcourts,exceptinafewverylimitedcircumstances,appealstotheUnitedStatesSupremeCourtarediscretionary,bywritofcertiorari.在联邦法院，除了极个别情况外，经过调案复审令，向美国最高法院上诉是自由决定。7/31/202629法律英语29/65Thecourt联邦最高法院Decideswhatarethemostimportantquestionsthatdeserveitsattention.哪些是值得其关注最主要问题。Willrefusetoreviewdecisionsraisingissuesthatitfeelsarenotascrucial.将拒绝复审它认为不是至关主要问题裁决。7/31/202630法律英语30/65Itsupervisestheadministrationoflawbythelowercourtsonanadhocbasis.联邦最高法院按照特殊标准监督较低层次法院对法律管理。7/31/202631法律英语31/65InNewYorkAppealstothestate’shighestcourt

areasrightinagreatmanycasesprovidedforbystatute.在纽约等州，将各种案件上诉到州最高法院是法律赋予权利。Assurethatcases

arecorrectlydecided7/31/202632法律英语32/65Part2:Judges州法院法官普通是民选但有时候也有立法机关选举。在少数州内，州长依据一个尤其委员会提名委员会提出名单任命法官。在少数州内，法官由州长任命，但必须经过立法机关确认。联邦法官，由总统任命，须经参议院确认，通常候选人名单应送交美国律师公会一个委员会，通常只有该委员会同意后才进行任命。法官任期普通是若干年，而不是终生制，在少数州和全部联邦法院，法官是终生职。Statecourtjudgeareusuallyelected,commonlybypopularvote,butoccasionallybylegislation.inasubstantialminorityofstates,thegovernorappointsjudgesfromalistsubmittedbyaspecialnominatingboard,inasmallgroupofstates,judgesareappointedbythegovernorsubjecttolegislativeconfirmation.Thefederaljudgesareappointedbypresidentsubjecttoconfirmationbythesenate.ButthenamesofcandidatesforthefederaljudiciaryaresubmittedtothecommitteeofAmericanbarassociationandtheappointmentisusallymadeonlywithitsapproval.thejudgesonlyserveatermoftheyearratherthanforlife.Ifhisserviceissatisfactory,itiscustomarytoreturntoofficeassittingjudge.inafewstatecourtsandinthefederalcourtthejudgessitforlife.7/31/202633法律英语33/65美国法官，除属于一些低级法院者除外。均由律师队伍中选，在英国，法官则由称作是王室律师巴律师尖子中选。英美法系国家法官和律师之间，因为经历相同，大家有某种同行情谊和相互同情感觉，对律师辩论，审判长是能谅解，因为过去可能他自己也用过这些论点。那些辩护律师也能体会法官品格，因为他们可能过去曾一起为同一方当事人或在同一起案件分别为对方当事人当过律师。英美法系法官比起他们大陆同行来，威信更高，其部分原因在于普通都以为在英美法系中只有比较优异律师才能当上法官。Judegesinus,withexceptionsinsomeminorjudiciary,areselectedfromtherankoflawyers.InEnglandtheyarechosenfromtheselectgroupofbarristersknowasqueen’scounsel.(国王（女）律师通译王室法律顾问，仅系授予荣誉称号，不替国王当什么顾问，有此称号律师非经尤其许可证不得经办以国王为对手案件。此律师能够出庭时在法栏内辩护（BAR），而普通巴律师只能在法栏外辩护。Similarbackgroundsandexperienceprovideacetainfeelingoffellowshipandmutualsympathybetweenthecommon-lawbenchandthebar.Thepresiding-judgecanviewtheargumentsofcounselwithunderstanding,forhemayusedthemhimselfinpriorday.Thecontendingcouselcanappreciatethequalitiesofthejudge,fortheymayhavepracticedwithhimoragainsthimatthepast.Theprestigeoftheenglishandamericanjudiciaryisgreaterthanthatoftheircivil-lawcounterparts,partlybecauseofthegeneralfeelingthatonlythebetterlawyersgetjudicialposts.7/31/202634法律英语34/65Part2:JudgesFewerthan1/20-federal,state,county,municipalcourtjudge在从事法律职业人中，不到1/20人担任联邦、州、县和市法院法官。Berequiredtobeadmittedtopracticebutdonotpracticewhileonthebench.被要求含有开业律师资格，但在担任法官期间不得开业。7/31/202635法律英语35/65ThreesalientcharacteristicsTheranksfromwhichjudgesaredrawn提拔法官队伍Themethodoftheirselection挑选法官方法Theirtenure法官任期7/31/202636法律英语36/65Judgesaredrawnfromthepracticingbar,lessfrequentlyfromgovernmentserviceortheteachingprofession.法官主要从执业律师中选拔，极少从政府公务员或教师中选拔。careerjudiciary职业法官prescribedroute要求路径apprenticeship学徒经历service服务NO7/31/202637法律英语37/65Theoutstandingyounglawgraduateswhoactforayearortwoaslawclerkstothemostdistinguishedjudgesofthefederalandstatecourtshaveonlytherewardoftheexperiencetotakewiththemintopracticeandnotthepromiseofajudicialcareer.那些出色年轻法学毕业生，作为为联邦和州法院最著名法官工作了一两年法律职员，只是取得了实践经验报偿，而没有得到从事司法职业承诺。7/31/202638法律英语38/65Itisnotuncommonforavacancyonahighercourttobefilledbyajudgefromalowercourt,eventhiscannotbesaidtobetherule.较高级别法院空缺由较低级别法院法官来填补，在美国并非罕见，但这并不是通例。7/31/202639法律英语39/65Thelegalprofessionisnotentirelyunawareoftheadvantagesofacareerjudiciary,butitisgenerallythoughtthattheyareoutweighedbytheexperienceandindependencewhichAmericanlawyersbringtothebench.法律界并非没有意识到职业法官优势，但人们普遍认为，职业法官优势被过高地预计，相对于美国律师带给法律界经验和独立性而言。7/31/202640法律英语40/65Manyoftheoutstandingjudgesofthecountry’shighestcourtshavehadnopriorjudicialexperience.美国最高法院中有许多出色法官没有以前当法官经历。7/31/202641法律英语41/65StatecourtStatecourtjudgesareusuallyelected,commonlybypopularvote,butoccasionallybythelegislature.州法院法官普通由公众投票选举产生，偶然由立法机关任命。Thepubliclacksinterestinandinformationonthecandidatesforjudicialoffice公众缺乏对法官候选人兴趣和信息Theoutcomeiscontrolledbyleadersofpoliticalparties.结果往往被政党领袖所控制。7/31/202642法律英语42/65情况有所改变Manylocalbarassociationhaveundertakentoevaluatethequalificationofcandidatesandtosupportoropposethemonthisbasis.许多地方律师协会负担评价候选人资格责任，并在此基础上支持或反对候选人。7/31/202643法律英语43/65ThesubstitutionofasystemThegovernorappointsjudgesfromalistsubmittedbyaspecialnominatingboard由地方长官从尤其提名委员会提交名单中任命法官。Thejudgethenperiodicallystandsunopposedforreelectionbypopularvoteonthebasisofhisorherrecord.今后法官要定时以自己实绩为基础，接收没有竞争对手公民投票选举，以取得连任。7/31/202644法律英语44/65InasmallgroupofstatesJudgesareappointedbythegovernorandsubjecttolegislativeconfirmation.在少数州，法官由地方长官任命，并由立法机关同意。7/31/202645法律英语45/65FederaljudgesAppointedbythePresidentsubjecttoconfirmationbytheSenate.由总统任命，参议院同意。Politicalinfluence政治影响AppointeesareusuallyofthePresident’sorgovernor’sownparty.被任命者往往是总统或地方长官亲信。7/31/202646法律英语46/65FederaljudiciaryNamesofcandidatesforthefederaljudiciaryaresubmittedtoacommitteeoftheAmericanBarAssociationandappointmentisusuallymadeonlywithitsapproval.联邦法官候选人名单要提交到美国律师协会委员会，只有取得其同意才能进行任命。7/31/202647法律英语47/65ChiefjudgeorchiefjusticeBefilledamongthemembersofthecourtbyrotation,byseniorityofservice,orbyvoteofthejudges.首席法官从法官中产生，能够经过轮换、依据服务资历或法官选举产生。7/31/202648法律英语48/65Tenure——任期Judgescommonlyserveforatermofyearsratherthanforlife.法官通常有任期年限，而不是终生制。普通法院4、6、8年上诉法院6、8、10年7/31/202649法律英语49/65Returntoofficeforsitting

judgeswhoseservicehasbeensatisfactory.那些工作令人满意现任法官能连任Inafewstateandfederalcourts,thejudgessitforlife.在少数州和联邦法院，法官是终生制。7/31/202650法律英语50/65Ajudgemayberemovedfromoffice法官可能被免职Onlyforgrossmisconduct

重大失误Onlybyformalproceedings

正规程序7/31/202651法律英语51/65Theindependenceofthejudiciaryisalsoencouragedbytherulethatajudgeincursnocivilliabilityforjudicialacts,evenifguiltyoffraudandcorruption.司法独立受到以下规则勉励，即法官司法行为不负担民事责任，即使出现了诈骗和贪污犯罪。7/31/202652法律英语52/65TheAmericanBarAssociation’scodeofJudicialConduct美国律师协会“法官行为守则”StandardTowhichjudgesareexpectedtoadhere

律师应该恪守准则7/31/202653法律英语53/65CodeofJudicialConduct1.Ajudgeshallupholdtheintegrityandindependenceofthejudiciary.2.Ajudgeshallavoidimproprietyandtheappearanceofimproprietyinallofthejudge'sactivities.3.Ajudgeshallperformthedutiesofjudicialofficeimpartiallyanddiligently.7/31/202654法律英语54/654.Ajudgeshallsoconductthejudge'sextra-judicialactivitiesastominimizetheriskofconflictwithjudicialobligations.5.Ajudgeorjudicialcandidateshallrefrainfrominappropriatepoliticalactivity.6.ApplicationoftheCodeofJudicialConduct.7/31/202655法律英语55/65CodeofprofessionalresponsibilityCanon1:alawyershouldassistinmaitainingtheintegrityandcompentenceoflegalprofession.Canon2:alawyershouldassistthelegalprofessioninfulfillingthedutytomakelegalcounselavalable.Canon3:alawyershouldassistinpreventingth