2026年全国英语等级考试（PETS）五级模拟试题及答案

2026年全国英语等级考试（PETS）五级模拟试题及答案SectionI:ListeningComprehensionPartA:Note-takingandGap-filling(填空题)Directions:Youwillhearalectureonthetopicof"ThePsychologyofDecisionMaking".Listentothelectureandcompletethenotesbelowbyfillinginthemissinginformation.Youwillhearthelecturetwice.Writenomorethanthreewordsforeachblank.ThePsychologyofDecisionMaking1.Thetraditionaleconomictheoryassumesthatconsumersareentirely________intheirdecision-makingprocesses.2.Theconceptof"boundedrationality"suggeststhathumandecision-makingislimitedbycognitive________andtimeconstraints.3.The"satisficing"strategyinvolveschoosinganoptionthatis"goodenough"ratherthanlookingforthe________solution.4.An"anchor"indecisionmakingreferstotheinitialpieceof________offeredwhenachoiceispresented.5.Inanexperiment,judgesrolledapairofdicebeforesentencing;thosewhorolledahighernumbergavesignificantly________sentences.6.Thestatusquobiasdemonstratesthatpeopletendtoremainwiththeir________option,evenwhenbetteralternativesexist.7.Peoplefrequentlymakeinconsistentchoicesduetothe________oftheirpersonalvaluationsystem.8.Insteadofthoroughlycalculatingtheoutcomes,weheavilyrelyonouremotional________whenevaluatingrisks.9.Ourperceptionofriskisdisproportionatelybiasedtowards________ratherthanempiricalprobability.10.Whileheuristicsaregenerallyuseful,theycanleadtosystematicerrorsandsevere________.PartB:MultipleChoice(单项选择题)Directions:Youwillhearfiveshortconversationsortalks.Aftereachconversationortalk,youwillhearaquestion.Choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesgiven.Youwillheareachpieceonlyonce.11.A)Auniversityprofessor.B)Afinancialanalyst.C)Awildlifephotographer.D)Amarinebiologist.12.A)Thedeclineinlocalhousingprices.B)Theimpactoftourismoncoralreefs.C)Thechallengesofstartinganewbusiness.D)Thehistoryofurbandevelopment.13.A)Hefindsitincrediblyfascinating.B)Heconsidersitawasteoftime.C)Hethinksitisoverlycomplicated.D)Hebelievesitneedsmorefunding.14.A)Toencourageinvestmentinrenewableenergy.B)Tocriticizethegovernment'senvironmentalpolicies.C)Toannounceanewpartnershipwithatechcompany.D)Toexplainthemechanismofcarbontrading.15.A)Itwascancelledduetobadweather.B)Itwillberescheduledfornextmonth.C)Itrequiresparticipantstobringtheirownequipment.D)Ithasreacheditsmaximumregistrationcapacity.PartC:MultipleChoice(单项选择题)Directions:Youwillhearaninterviewwitharenownedarchaeologist,Dr.SarahChen,aboutherrecentdiscoveriesintheAmazonrainforest.Aftertheinterview,youwillhearfivequestions.Choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesgiven.Youwillheartheinterviewtwice.16.WhatinitiallyledDr.ChentoexplorethisspecificregionoftheAmazon?A)Satelliteimageryshowingdeforestation.B)Localindigenousmythsaboutalostcity.C)Aserendipitousdiscoveryofaceramicshard.D)HistoricalmapsfoundinaSpanisharchive.17.AccordingtoDr.Chen,howdidtheancientcivilizationmanagetothriveinsuchaharshenvironment?A)Byconstructingmassivereservoirstostorerainwater.B)Byutilizingacomplexsystemofterracedfarming.C)Bydevelopingasymbioticrelationshipwithaspecifictreespecies.D)ByimportingfertilesoilfromtheAndesmountains.18.Whatdoesthe"TerraPreta"(darkearth)signifyabouttheancientinhabitants?A)Theywereprimarilynomadichunters.B)Theyhadadvancedknowledgeofsoilengineering.C)Theyreliedentirelyonriverfloodsforagriculture.D)Theysufferedfromseverevolcaniceruptions.19.WhydoesDr.Chenemphasizethediscoveryoftheastronomicalobservatory?A)ItprovestheyhadcontactwiththeMayancivilization.B)Itindicatesahighlydevelopedunderstandingofthecosmos.C)Itsuggeststheirreligiouspracticeswerebasedonhumansacrifice.D)Itshowstheycouldpredictearthquakeswithgreataccuracy.20.WhatisDr.Chen'sultimatehopeforthisarchaeologicalsite?A)Toturnitintoamajortouristdestination.B)Tosecurefundingforamassiveexcavationproject.C)Toinfluencemodernagriculturalpracticesintheregion.D)Topreservethesitewithoutfurtherhumaninterference.TranscriptforSectionIPartATranscript:Goodmorning,everyone.Todaywedelveintothefascinatingrealmofcognitivepsychology,specificallythepsychologyofdecisionmaking.Fordecades,theprevailingeconomictheorywasbasedontheconceptofHomoeconomicus—theideathatconsumersareentirelyrationalintheirdecision-makingprocesses.Traditionaleconomistspositedthatindividualsalwaysactinawaythatmaximizestheirutility,weighingallpossibleoutcomesperfectly.However,modernpsychologyhasthoroughlydismantledthisassumption.Entertheconceptof"boundedrationality,"pioneeredbyHerbertSimon.Simonarguedthathumandecision-makingisinherentlylimitedbycognitiveconstraintsandtimeconstraints.Wesimplydonothavethebrainpowerorthelifespantoevaluateeverysinglevariablewhenmakingachoice.Consequently,humansdonotoptimize;they"satisfice."Thesatisficingstrategyinvolveschoosinganoptionthatis"goodenough"ratherthanexhaustivelysearchingfortheabsoluteoptimalsolution.Wesettleforasatisfactoryoutcomeratherthananidealone.Butourcognitivelimitationsarejustthebeginning.Wearealsoplaguedbyvariouscognitivebiases.Oneofthemostpervasiveistheanchoringeffect.Ananchoristheinitialpieceofinformationofferedwhenachoiceispresented.Onceananchorisset,otherjudgmentsaremadebyadjustingawayfromthatanchor,usuallyinsufficiently.Aclassicexperimentdemonstratedthisvividly:judgeswereaskedtorollapairofdicebeforesentencingahypotheticalshoplifter.Thedicewereloaded—somerolledlownumberslikethree,whileothersrolledhighnumberslikenine.Strikingly,thosewhorolledahighernumbergavesignificantlyharshersentences,despiteknowingthedicerollwascompletelyirrelevanttothecase.Anotherfascinatingbiasisthestatusquobias.Thisdemonstratesthatpeopletendtoremainwiththeircurrentoption,evenwhenbetteralternativesexistandthecostsofswitchingarenegligible.Weirrationallypreferthingstostaythesame,fearingpotentiallossesmorethanwevalueequivalentgains.Furthermore,peoplefrequentlymakeinconsistentchoicesduetotheinstabilityoftheirpersonalvaluationsystem.WemightpreferAtoB,andBtoC,butthenpreferCtoA,completelyviolatinglogicaltransitivity.Why?Becauseinsteadofthoroughlycalculatingtheoutcomesusingcomplexalgorithms,weheavilyrelyonouremotionalintuitionwhenevaluatingrisksandbenefits.Ourperceptionofriskisdisproportionatelybiasedtowardsvividnessratherthanempiricalprobability.Wefearairplanecrashesmorethancaraccidentssimplybecauseplanecrashesaremorespectacularlyreported,despitestatisticalevidenceprovingcarsarefardeadlier.Tonavigatethiscomplexworld,weuseheuristics—mentalshortcuts.Whileheuristicsaregenerallyusefulandallowustofunctionefficiently,theycanleadtosystematicerrorsandseveremisjudgments.Understandingthesepsychologicalunderpinningsiscrucial,notjustforeconomists,butforanyonestrivingtomakebetter,moreinformeddecisionsintheirdailylives.PartBTranscript:11.M:Goodafternoon,listeners.TodayinthestudiowehaveDr.AlanGrant.Dr.GranthasspentthelasttwodecadestrackingthemigratorypatternsofthebluewhaleacrossthePacificOcean.Hisrecentphotographyseries,publishedinNationalGeographic,haswonmultipleawards.Dr.Grant,welcome.Question:WhatisDr.AlanGrant'sprofession?(C)12.W:Therecentsurgeincruiseshiptourismhasbroughtunprecedentedeconomicbenefitstothecoastaltowns.However,marinebiologistsareraisingthealarm.Theheavyanchorsofthesemassiveshipsaredestroyingcenturies-oldcoralreefs,whichserveasthefoundationalecosystemforthousandsofmarinespecies.Question:Whatisthemaintopicofthetalk?(B)13.M:Irecentlyattendedaconferenceonquantumcomputing.Whilethetheoreticalframeworkisbrilliant,thepracticalimplementationisanightmare.Theamountoffundingrequiredjusttobuildastablequbitisastronomical,andIhonestlythinkwearedecadesawayfromacommerciallyviableproduct.Question:Whatisthespeaker'sattitudetowardsquantumcomputing?(C)14.W:Thegovernment’snewinitiativeaimstotaxcarbonemissionsatthesource.Byputtingapriceonpollution,theyhopetoincentivizecompaniestotransitiontosolarandwindenergy.Criticsargueitwillstifleeconomicgrowth,butsupportersbelieveitistheonlywaytomeetourclimatetargets.Question:Whatistheprimarypurposeofthisannouncement?(A)15.M:Weregrettoinformyouthattheannualwildernesssurvivalcamphasbeencancelled.Theforestfiresinthenorthernregionhavemadetheairqualityhazardous.Wearecurrentlyworkingonreschedulingtheeventforlateautumn,andallregisteredparticipantswillreceiveafullrefundinthemeantime.Question:Whathappenedtothesurvivalcamp?(A)PartCTranscript:Interviewer:Today,wearejoinedbyDr.SarahChen,whoserecentarchaeologicalexcavationsintheAmazonrainforesthavesentshockwavesthroughtheacademiccommunity.Dr.Chen,thankyouforbeinghere.WhatinitiallyledyoutoexplorethisincrediblyremotespecificregionoftheAmazon?Dr.Chen:Thankyouforhavingme.Well,itwasn'tsatelliteimageryorsomegrandhistoricalmap.Itwasactuallyaserendipitousdiscovery.Alocalfarmer,clearingsomebrush,broughtabeautifullycraftedceramicshardtoaregionalmuseum.Thestylewascompletelyunknowntous,distinctfromtheclassicalAmazoniancultures.Thatoneshardwasthebreadcrumbtrailthatledusintothedeepjungle.Interviewer:AndwhatyoufoundtherechallengedpreviousassumptionsabouttheAmazon.Itwaslongbelievedthatthesoilwastoopoortosupportlargecivilizations.Howdidtheysurvive?Dr.Chen:Exactly.ThetraditionalviewwasthattheAmazonwasa"counterfeitparadise"—richinflorabutpoorinsoilforagriculture.Butwediscoveredtheyutilizedacomplexsystemofterracedfarming,whichpreventedsoilerosion.Moreimportantly,theydidn'tjustfarmonexistingsoil;theycreatedit.Wefoundvastdepositsof"TerraPreta,"ordarkearth.Thissignifiesthattheancientinhabitantshadanincrediblyadvancedknowledgeofsoilengineering.Theywereessentiallymakingtheirownfertilesoilbycompostingorganicwaste,charcoal,andbrokenpottery.Interviewer:Thatisremarkable.Youalsomentionedanastronomicalobservatoryonthesite.Whyisthatsosignificant?Dr.Chen:TheobservatorywasaseriesofstandingstonesalignedperfectlywiththesolsticesandtheheliacalrisingofthePleiades.Thisindicatesahighlydevelopedunderstandingofthecosmos.Itwasn'tjustabouttrackingtimeforagriculture;itwasacomplexcalendarthatintegratedtheirsocial,agricultural,andreligiouslife.Itprovestheywerenotmerelysurviving;theywerethrivingandobservingtheuniversewithincredibleprecision.Interviewer:Lookingforward,whatisyourultimatehopeforthissite?Dr.Chen:WhileI'dlovetoseeamassiveexcavation,myultimatehopeisactuallytoinfluencemodernagriculturalpracticesintheregion.IfwecanunderstandhowtheancientpeoplecreatedTerraPretaandsustainedlargepopulationswithoutdestroyingtherainforest,wemightbeabletoapplythoseprinciplestomodernsustainableagriculture,preservingboththesoilandtheforestforfuturegenerations.SectionII:UseofEnglishPartA:ClozeTest(单项选择题)Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordforeachnumberedblankfromthefourchoicesgiven.Thephenomenonof"synesthesia"isaneurologicalconditionwherestimulationofonesensoryorcognitivepathwayleadstoautomatic,involuntaryexperiencesinasecondsensoryorcognitivepathway.Forindividuals21_____synesthesia,theworldisamuchmorevibrantandinterconnectedplace.Oneofthemostcommonformsisgrapheme-colorsynesthesia,wherenumbersorlettersare22_____perceivedasbeingcolored.Historically,synesthesiawasoften23_____asaformofmadnessoranoveractiveimagination.However,modernneurosciencehas24_____thatitisagenuineperceptualphenomenon,distinctfromhallucination.Researchershavefoundthatsynesthetes,thosewhoexperiencesynesthesia,haveincreasedstructural25_____incertainbrainregions,particularlythoseinvolvedinprocessingsensoryinformation.Thissuggeststhatsynesthesiaisaresultof26_____neuralconnections.Theexactmechanismisstillamatterof27_____debate.Sometheoriesproposethatitiscausedbyanexcessofneuralconnectionsthatarenormally28_____downduringearlychildhood.Othersarguethatitisafundamentaldifferenceinhowthebrain29_____information.30_____thedebatecontinues,synesthesiaoffersauniquewindowintothehumanmind.Itchallengesourunderstandingofperceptionandforcesustoreconsiderthe30_____ofourownsensoryexperiences.21.A)withB)ofC)forD)on22.A)intuitivelyB)consistentlyC)spontaneouslyD)consciously23.A)dismissedB)diagnosedC)treatedD)perceived24.A)provedB)validatedC)examinedD)analyzed25.A)densityB)complexityC)connectivityD)volume26.A)cross-wiredB)underdevelopedC)damagedD)redundant27.A)mildB)ongoingC)trivialD)resolved28.A)cutB)shutC)prunedD)slowed29.A)processesB)interpretsC)filtersD)stores30.A)DespiteB)WhileC)BecauseD)Unless31.A)boundariesB)limitationsC)reliabilityD)objectivityPartB:BlankFilling(填空题)Directions:Completethefollowingtextbyfillingineachblankwithonesuitableword.ArtificialIntelligencehasmadeunprecedentedstridesinrecentyears,yetthedevelopmentoftrulyautonomousmachinesraisesprofoundethicalquestions.Oneoftheprimaryconcernsrevolves32_____theissueofaccountability.Ifaself-drivingcarisinvolved33_____afatalaccident,whoistoblame?Themanufacturer,thesoftwareengineer,ortheownerofthevehicle?Currentlegalframeworksareill-equippedtohandle34_____complexities.Traditionaltortlawreliesontheconceptofhumannegligence,butanalgorithmdoesnotpossessintent35_____negligence.Tobridgethisgap,legalscholarsareproposingthecreationofan"electronicpersonhood."ThislegalfictionwouldallowtheAItobeinsured,therebyensuringthatvictimsarecompensated36_____requiringafindingofdirecthumanfault.Critics,however,arguethatgrantingpersonhoodtomachinesdiminishestheuniquemoralstatusofhumanbeings.TheyfearthatcorporationsmightuseAIpersonhood37_____ashieldtoavoidliabilityfortheirownnegligentprogramming.Furthermore,theopacityofmachinelearningalgorithmsmakesitnearlyimpossibletoascertainthereasoning38_____aspecificdecision.This"blackbox"phenomenonpresentsasignificanthurdleforthejudicialsystem,39_____reliesheavilyontheabilitytoestablishcausation.Ultimately,theintegrationofAIintosocietyrequiresadelicatebalancebetweentechnologicalinnovationandethicalpreservation.Thelawswewritetodaywillshapethefuture40_____human-machineinteraction,andwemustproceedwithcaution.SectionIII:ReadingComprehensionPartA:MultipleChoice(单项选择题)Directions:Readthefollowingtextsandanswerthequestionsthatfollow.Choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesgiven.Text1Theconceptofthe"wisdomofcrowds"suggeststhatthecollectiveopinionofagroupofindividualsisoftenmoreaccuratethantheopinionofasingleexpert.Thisphenomenon,popularizedbyJamesSurowiecki,reliesonfourkeyconditions:diversityofopinion,independenceofmembers,decentralization,andamechanismforaggregation.Whentheseconditionsaremet,groupscanmakeremarkablyaccuratepredictions.However,thewisdomofcrowdscaneasilydevolveintothemadnessofcrowds.Thisoccurswhentheelementofindependenceiscompromised.Whenindividualsareinfluencedbytheopinionsofothers—aphenomenonknownasherdingbehavior—thecollectiveintelligencecollapses.Insteadofindependentjudgmentsconvergingonthetruth,individualssimplymimictheactionsofothers,leadingtocascadingerrors.Thestockmarketisaprimeexampleofthisduality.Onmostdays,themarketefficientlyaggregatesvastamountsofinformation,pricingassetswithremarkableaccuracy.Butduringabubble,thefeedbackloopbreaksdown.Investors,seeingothersbuy,buytoo,drivingpricestounsustainablelevels.Thediversityofopinionvanishes,replacedbyauniform,irrationalexuberance.41.Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingisNOTaconditionforthe"wisdomofcrowds"?A)Membersmusthavedifferentopinions.B)Membersmustmakedecisionsindependently.C)Thegroupmustbeledbyasingleexpert.D)Theremustbeawaytocombinetheopinions.42.Whatcausesthe"madnessofcrowds"?A)Alackofdiversityinthegroup.B)Herdingbehaviorandlossofindependence.C)Toomuchdecentralization.D)Ineffectiveaggregationmechanisms.43.Howdoesthestockmarketillustratethedualityofcrowdbehavior?A)Itshowsthatexpertsarealwaysbetterthancrowds.B)Itdemonstratesthatcrowdsarealwaysirrational.C)Itactsefficientlynormallybutsuffersfrombubblesduetoherding.D)Itprovesthatdecentralizationisbadforfinancialmarkets.Text2TheadventofCRISPR-Cas9geneeditingtechnologyhasrevolutionizedthefieldofgenetics,offeringthepotentialtocurehereditarydiseases,improvecropyields,andevenresurrectextinctspecies.However,thispowercomeswithimmenseethicalresponsibility.Themostcontentiousissueisgermlineediting—alteringtheDNAofembryos,sperm,oreggs.Unlikesomaticcellediting,whichonlyaffectstheindividualbeingtreated,germlinemodificationsareheritable.Theywillbepassedontofuturegenerations,permanentlyalteringthehumangenepool.ProponentsarguethatgermlineeditingcoulderadicatedevastatinggeneticdisorderslikeHuntington'sdiseaseorcysticfibrosis,sparingfuturegenerationsfromsuffering.Theyviewitasamoralimperativetousethistechnologytoimprovehumanhealth.Furthermore,theyarguethatparentsalreadyengageingeneticselectionthroughIVFandpreimplantationgeneticdiagnosis;CRISPRissimplyamoredirecttool.Conversely,criticswarnoftheslipperyslopetowardeugenics.Theyfearthatgermlineeditingwillbeusednotjustforcuringdiseases,butforenhancement—selectingforheight,intelligence,orathleticability.Thiscouldleadtoageneticdivide,wherethewealthycanaffordtoengineersuperioroffspring,exacerbatingsocialinequalities.Furthermore,thelong-termecologicalandevolutionaryconsequencesofpermanentlyalteringthehumangenomeareentirelyunknown.Aneditdeemedbeneficialtodaymighthavecatastrophicconsequencesinafutureenvironment.Giventheseprofoundimplications,thereisaglobalconsensusthatstrictinternationalregulationsareneeded.However,theenforcementofsuchregulationsremainsachallengeinahighlycompetitivescientificlandscape.44.Whatistheprimarydifferencebetweensomaticandgermlineediting?A)Somaticeditingismoreexpensive.B)Germlineeditingcanbepassedtooffspring.C)Somaticeditingisillegalinmostcountries.D)Germlineeditingonlyaffectsthetreatedindividual.45.Whatisthemainargumentoftheproponentsofgermlineediting?A)Itisamoraldutytoeliminategeneticdiseases.B)Itshouldbeusedforgeneticenhancement.C)ItislessdirectthantraditionalIVFmethods.D)Itisanaturalextensionofhumanevolution.46.Whatdocriticsfearistheultimateconsequenceofunregulatedgermlineediting?A)Theimmediateextinctionofcertainspecies.B)Ageneticdivideandincreasedsocialinequality.C)AdecreaseintheuseofIVF.D)Thelossoftraditionalmedicalpractices.47.Whatisthecurrentglobalstanceongermlineediting?A)Itisuniversallybanned.B)Itiswidelyencouragedwithnorestrictions.C)Thereisaconsensusthatstrictregulationsarenecessary.D)Onlydevelopingcountriesareallowedtouseit.Text3Intherealmofastrophysics,thepursuitofdarkmatterremainsoneofthemostelusivefrontiers.Darkmatterisahypotheticalformofmatterthatisthoughttoaccountforapproximately85%ofthematterintheuniverse.Itspresenceisimpliedbygravitationaleffectsthatcannotbeexplainedbygeneralrelativityunlessmorematterispresentthancanbeseen.Forinstance,therotationalspeedofgalaxiesissohighthat,basedonvisiblematteralone,theyshouldtearthemselvesapart.Thestandardmodelofcosmologyreliesheavilyontheexistenceofdarkmatter.ThemathematicalequationforNewtoniangravity,F=G,whereFisthegravitationalforce,Gisthegravitationalconstant,andandarethemassesoftheobjectsseparatedbyadistancer,simplydoesnotholdtrueatthegalacticscalewithouttheinclusionofdarkmatter.Thevisiblemassisinsufficienttogeneratethenecessarygravitationalpull.However,despitedecadesofsearching,directdetectionofdarkmatterparticleshasfailed.Thishasledsomephysiciststoproposealternativetheories,suchasModifiedNewtonianDynamics(MOND).MONDsuggeststhatthelawsofgravityneedtobemodifiedatextremelylowaccelerations,eliminatingtheneedfordarkmatterentirely.WhileMONDsuccessfullyexplainssomegalacticrotationcurves,itfailstoadequatelyexplainthegravitationallensingobservedingalaxyclusters,aphenomenonwheredarkmattertheoryexcels.Thedebatecontinuestofuelastronomicalresearch,pushingtheboundariesofourunderstandingoftheuniverse.48.Whatisthemainideaofthefirstparagraph?A)Darkmattermakesup85%ofthevisibleuniverse.B)Darkmatterisahypotheticalconceptwithnoevidence.C)Darkmatterisimpliedbygravitationaleffectsthatvisiblemattercannotexplain.D)Generalrelativitydisprovestheexistenceofdarkmatter.49.Accordingtothetext,whyisthestandardgravitationalequationF=A)ThegravitationalconstantGisincorrect.B)Thevisiblemasscannotgenerateenoughgravitationalpull.C)Thedistanceristoolargetomeasureaccurately.D)Theequationonlyappliestodarkmatter,notvisiblematter.50.WhatistheprimaryweaknessoftheMONDtheory?A)Itreliestooheavilyonthestandardmodelofcosmology.B)Itcannotexplaintherotationalspeedofgalaxies.C)Itfailstoaccountforgravitationallensingingalaxyclusters.D)Itrequirestheexistenceofdarkmatter.PartB:ParagraphMatching(段落匹配题)Directions:Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutthehistoryofcoffee.Fivesentenceshavebeenremovedfromthetext.ChoosefromthesentencesA-Ftheonewhichfitseachgap(51-55).Thereisoneextrasentenceyoudonotneedtouse.ThestoryofcoffeebeginsintheancientcoffeeforestsoftheEthiopianplateau.Accordingtolegend,a9th-centurygoatherdernamedKaldinoticedthathisgoatsbecameunusuallyenergeticaftereatingtheredberriesofacertainbush.51__________.FromEthiopia,coffeemadeitswayacrosstheRedSeaintotheArabianPeninsula.Bythe15thcentury,coffeewasbeingcultivatedintheYemenidistrictofArabia.52__________.ThebustlingcoffeehousesofMeccaandCairobecameknownas"SchoolsoftheWise,"wherepatronsengagedinlivelydebates,listenedtomusic,andplayedchess.EuropeantravelerstotheNearEastbroughtbackstoriesofadark,bitterbeverage.Bythe17thcentury,coffeehadmadeitswaytoEuropeandbecamecontroversial.53__________.Despitethecontroversy,coffeehousesquicklybecamecentersofsocialactivityandcommunicationinmajorEuropeancitieslikeLondon,Paris,andVienna.InEngland,theseestablishmentswereoftencalled"pennyuniversities,"becauseforthepriceofapenny,onecouldpurchaseacupofcoffeeandengageinstimulatingintellectualconversations.Thedemandforcoffeegrewexponentially,leadingtoafierceracetocultivatetheplantoutsidetheMiddleEast.TheDutcheventuallymanagedtoobtainseedlingsinthelatterhalfofthe17thcentury.54__________.Theseplantsflourished,andsoontheDutchhadaproductiveandprofitablecoffeetradeestablishedinJava.ThejourneyofcoffeetotheAmericaswasequallydramatic.In1714,theMayorofAmsterdampresentedagiftofayoungcoffeeplanttoKingLouisXIVofFrance.55__________.ThissingleplantissaidtobetheparentofallthemillionsofcoffeetreesacrosstheCaribbeanandLatinAmericatoday.A)TheysuccessfullyplantedtheminthecolonyofJava,inpresent-dayIndonesia.B)Hepresentedhisfindingstothelocalmonastery,wherethemonksmadeadrinkwiththeberriesandfounditkeptthemalertthroughlongeveningprayers.C)Thisplantwasentrustedtoanavalofficer,GabrieldeClieu,whobravedpirates,storms,andawatershortagetotransportitsafelytotheislandofMartinique.D)Thelocalclergycondemnedthedrink,callingitthe"bitterinventionofSatan,"andappealedtoPopeClementVIIItobanit.E)Itwasherethatthepracticeofroastingandboilingthebeanstocreatethedrinkwerecognizetodaywasfirstdeveloped.F)However,itwasnotuntilthe19thcenturythatcoffeebecameacommonhouseholdbeverageinEurope.PartC:ShortAnswerQuestions(简答题)Directions:ReadthefollowingtextaboutthephilosophyofStoicism,andanswerthequestionsinafewwordsorasentence.StoicismisanancientGreekphilosophy,foundedinAthensbyZenoofCitiumaround300BC.Whileitisoftenmisunderstoodasaphilosophyofemotionalsuppressionorapathy,Stoicismisactuallyasophisticatedframeworkfornavigatingtheunpredictabilityoflifewithgraceandresilience.AtthecoreofStoicphilosophyisthedichotomyofcontrol.TheStoicsbelievedthatinlife,wehavecontroloversomethings—ourthoughts,beliefs,judgments,andactions—butwedonothavecontroloverotherthings—externalevents,theopinionsofothers,andtheoutcomesofouractions.TheStoicsarguedthatsufferingcomesfromourirrationaldesiretocontroltheuncontrollable.Byacceptingwhatisoutsideourpowerandfocusingourenergyentirelyonwhatiswithinourpower,